Bed- and risetimes of human ad lib sleep are determined by the endogenous mechanism of sleep-wake regulation. However, humans are capable to volitionally prolong (i.e. without any external influences) the wake phase of their sleep-wake cycle to early night hours. We hypothesized that the conscious behaviors mostly known under the terms "bedtime procrastination" and "mind-bedtime procrastination" can compete with the biological sleep-wake regulator for setting bedtimes on weekdays and/or weekends and thus this behavior can contribute to the delay of sleep relative to the bedtime signal from this regulator. University students (5375 in total) were grouped in accord with their earlier or later weekday and weekend bedtimes. To test the hypothesis, the group-averaged sleep times were calculated and simulated. Near 8% of students reported later weekday than weekend bedtimes. The simulations of their sleep times suggested that these times cannot be explained by a model of sleep-wake regulator without the additional assumption of bedtime delay caused by the volitional missing the bedtime signal from this regulator (i.e. this missing can be a result of such volitional behavior as mind-bedtime procrastination on weekdays rather than on weekends). We concluded that the concept of two conflicting - biological and "social" - "clocks" that was introduced in this journal 20 years ago can be extended to the concept of three conflicting "clocks." Bed- and risetimes on weekdays and weekends can reflect the competition between three - biological, "social," and, additionally, "mental" - "clocks." In accord with the concept of two "conflicting clocks," weekday risetimes can be mostly determined by "social clocks" competing with the biological clocks that can be solely responsible for weekend risetimes. However, weekday and/or weekend bedtimes cannot be always set by the biological clocks. Sometimes, they are determined by the additional conflict of "mental (mind) clocks" with the biological (body) clocks. This conflict can lead to weekday sleep insufficiency and can be, in particular, explained by such kind of conscious behavior as mind-bedtime procrastination.

Women and evening (late) chronotypes more often than men and morning (early) chronotypes report problems with health, mood, and sleep. Can we expect that, in turn, women report evening preference more often than men? Instead, the literature on chronotypes suggests that men report a slightly larger evening preference than women. To explain this paradoxical finding, we investigated the role of morning and evening components of earliness-lateness. Previous studies have shown that preferences for earliness-lateness (i.e. morningness-eveningness) can vary depending on whether the morning or evening hours are considered. Therefore, we tested the following hypotheses: 1. Sex is unrelated to the combination of lateness in the morning hours with lateness in the evening hours because women more often than men combine morning lateness with evening earliness rather than with evening lateness. 2. Only morning lateness is associated with sleep, mood, and health problems, while evening lateness is not. Paired assessments of morning and evening earliness-lateness and problems with health, mood, and sleep were reported by 439 male and 1143 female university students. We examined relationships between these problems, sex, morning lateness, evening lateness, and their combination. Results supported the study hypotheses. Evening lateness did not contribute to the link of combination of morning and evening lateness to health, mood, and sleep problems and 2) this combination was unrelated to sex of students. Namely, female students less often than male students reported evening lateness that did not contribute to the association of combination of morning and evening lateness with health, mood, and sleep problems. Instead, they more often reported morning lateness that was also associated with health, mood, and sleep problems. As a result, they more often reported problems with health, mood, and sleep, while sex of students was not related to combination of morning lateness with evening lateness (i.e. with morning-evening preference).

Since the circadian clocks cannot directly respond to the signals of social clocks, earlier risetimes on weekdays lead to loss of certain amount of sleep. However, these clocks can partly reduce this loss by advancing sleep phase due to advancing the pattern of 24-h exposure to light caused by earlier risetimes. In an in silico study, a model of sleep-wake regulation was applied to show that the difference between earlier and later weekday risers in weekday risetime is equal to the sum of differences between them in sleep loss and sleep phase advance that can be measured as their differences in weekend-weekday gap in risetime and in weekend risetimes, respectively. Such differences in sleep loss and sleep phase advance were estimated from bed- and risetimes self-reported for weekdays and weekends by 4940 university students and lecturers subdivided into subsamples with different weekday risetimes and chronotypes. We also estimated, for these subsamples, the percentages of weekday sleep insufficiency and circadian misalignment determined as a less than 6 hours in bed on weekdays and a larger than 3-h weekend-weekday gap in risetime, respectively. Additionally, advance phase shifts of the circadian clocks were predicted by model-based simulations of self-reported sleep times.

The circadian phase difference between morning and evening types is a fundamental aspect of chronotype. However, results of categorizations into chronotypes based on reported sleep times show low concordance with those based on measurements of the hormonal or physiological or molecular rhythm-markers of the circadian phase. This might be partially explained by the profound individual differences in the phase angle between the sleep-wake cycle and these rhythms that depends on chronotype, age, sex, and other factors. Here, we examined the possibility of using self-reported sleep times in the condition of 5-days-on/2-days-off school/work schedule to estimate circadian phase differences between various chronotypes. In an in silico study, we determined that, for such an estimation, similarities of the compared chronotypes in weekend sleep duration and weekend-weekday gap and in risetime are required. In the following empirical and simulation studies of sleep times reported by 4940 survey participants, we provided examples of the estimation of circadian differences between chronotypes, and the model-based simulations of sleep times in morning and evening types exemplified a way to confirm such estimations. The results of in silico, empirical, and simulation studies underscore the possibility of using bedtimes and risetimes for direct estimation of the circadian phase differences between individuals in real-life situations, such as a 5-days-on/2-days-off school/work schedule. Additionally, the results of these studies on different chronotypes provided further mathematical modeling and empirical evidence for our failure to sleep more on weekends to recover/compensate/pay back/ catch up on lost sleep.

Morningness-eveningness is usually assessed as either a trait or a state using either a morning–evening preference scale or sleep timing reported for free days, respectively. These assessments were implemented in numerous studies exploring the associations between morningness-eveningness and health, mood, and sleep problems. Evening types almost always had more problems than morning types. We examined these associations in university students with conflicting results of trait and state assessments of morningness-eveningness and tried to confirm their chronotype using a multidimensional chronotyping approach that recognizes four types other than morning and evening (lethargic, vigilant, napping, and afternoon). The conflicting trait and state assessments of morningness-eveningness were found in 141 of 1582 students. Multidimensional chronotyping supported morningness of morning types with late weekend sleep timing, and the associations with health, mood, and sleep problems resembled the associations of other morning types (i.e., these associations persisted despite late sleep timing). In contrast, evening types with early weekend sleep timing were more likely classified as lethargic or napping types rather than evening types. They did not resemble evening types in their associations with health, mood, and sleep problems (i.e., early sleep timing did not change these associations). Model-based simulations of the sleep–wake cycles of students with conflicting trait and state assessments suggested that their bedtimes cannot be solely determined by their biological clocks. On weekdays or weekends, mind-bedtime procrastination can lead to missing the bedtime signal from their biological clocks (i.e., self-deprivation of sleep or, in other words, voluntary prolongation of the wake phase of the sleep–wake cycle).

Previously, based on the material of multiple wake-sleep transitions when performing a bimanual psychomotor test based on a mobile app, we identified and interpreted 4 qualitatively different patterns of behavioral activity. In the same 191 1-hour experiments within 73 students we analyzed the data to see how interhemispheric interactions change when waking up from sleep. Using the Ward hierarchical clustering method, 4 clusters were identified. The average values of behavioral indicators in clusters were estimated, two sets of clusters were compared using Pearson's chi-square test. It is shown that the pronounced pattern of asymmetry between the hands is the rarest; for the least "sleepy" cluster, alternating awakenings with different hands is characteristic, for the most "sleepy" - the least predictability of patterns over time. It is also shown that the "asymmetric" and "sleepy" clusters never switched each other between falling asleep and waking up, and are more often switched by the remaining two clusters than vice versa. The results obtained can reflect the dynamics of interhemispheric interactions during sleep-wake transitions. It is argued that the differences between the clusters are due to the restructuring of functional connectivity in different ranges of EEG activity.

OBJECTIVE:To study the histological changes in lung of rats, evaluate their dynamics and determine the Bax and Bcl-2 genes expression in bronchial epithelium, alveolar type 1 cells and neutrophils at different times after the administration of baclofen. MATERIAL AND METHODS:The experiment was conducted on 20 mature (at the age of 20 weeks) male Wistar rats with a mass of 290-350 g, distributed in 4 groups (5 rats in each). Animals in the control group did not receive baclofen. Rats in experimental groups received baclofen at a dose of 85 mg/kg: in the 1st group, the experiment duration was 3 hours (time to maximum observed blood drug concentration); in the 2nd group - 4.5 h (drug half-life and time to maximum observed concentration of the main drug's metabolite - beta-[p-chlorophenyl])-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the blood); in the 3rd group - 24 h. RESULTS:A complex of pathological reactions developed in lungs of experimental animals when baclofen muscle relaxant was administered, namely circulatory disturbances at all levels of the microvasculature (venular and capillary congestion, hemorrhages in the interalveolar septums, alveoli, sludge), emphysema, sites of which punctuated with atelectases and dystelectases. The complex of pathological changes in the lungs had a certain dynamics and reached its highest severity by the 24th hour. Bax expression was strong, while Bcl-2 expression was moderate in the immunohistochemical (IHC) study of bronchical epithelium and alveolar type 1 cells, Bax and Bcl-2 expression in neutrophils was moderate in rats of the 1st group. The expression of Bax and Bcl-2 was strong in the bronchial epithelium and alveolar type 1 cells, the expression of Bax in neutrophils was moderate, and BCL-2 - strong in animals of the 2nd group. The expression of Bax in bronchial epithelium and alveolar type 1 cells was moderate, expression of Bcl-2 in bronchial epithelium and alveolar type 1 cells - strong, expression of Bax in neutrophils - weak and expression of Bcl-2 - strong among the rats of the 3rd group. CONCLUSION:The complex of pathological changes in lungs had a certain dynamic. Data on the histological changes in lungs in combination with the results of the chemical study, can be used to diagnose the poisoning by baclofen and to establish the time since the drug was administered. The results obtained during the IHC study suggest the involvement of apoptosis in the development of lesion of bronchial epithelium and alveolar type 1 cells. In addition, the expression of Bcl-2 in epithelial cells may play a role in the process of their regeneration.

Our previous studies using data on multiple fallings asleep while performing a bimanual psychomotor test with a mobile app on a smartphone identified and interpreted four qualitatively different patterns of behavioral activity in interhemispheric interactions during falling asleep. Additional studies in the same 73 students consisted of 191-hour experiments whose data were analyzed to identify changes in interhemispheric interactions on waking from sleep. Analysis using the Ward hierarchical clustering method identified four clusters. Mean values of behavioral indicators in these clusters were estimated and two sets of clusters were compared using the Pearson χ2 test. A marked pattern of asymmetry between the hands was very rare; the least “sleepy” cluster was characterized by alternation of the hands on awakening, while the most “sleepy” cluster was characterized by less predictability of patterns over time. The results also showed that that the “asymmetric” and “sleepy” clusters never replaced each other between falling asleep and waking up and were more often replaced by the remaining two clusters than vice versa. These results may reflect the dynamics of interhemispheric interactions during transitions between sleep and waking. It is suggested that between-cluster differences are due to the characteristic features of restructuring of the functional connectivity of the brain in different ranges of EEG activity.

The effect of the toxic dose of the muscle relaxant baclofen on the parameters of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems was studied in adult male Wistar rats (n=20). Systolic and diastolic BP, HR, and respiratory rate were measured; histological changes in the lungs 3, 4.5, and 24 h after drug administration. Baclofen was administered orally in a sublethal toxic dose of 85 mg/kg under anesthesia. Cardiac activity was analyzed using RSM physiological indicators monitoring system with MouseMonitor S (Indus Instruments) software. Histological examination was performed by light microscopy. Baclofen significantly decreased the respiratory rate and increased HR and BP. Histological examination of the lungs revealed a complex of general pathological processes, such as local circulatory disorders (venular and capillary fullness, sludge), leukocyte infiltration of the interalveolar septa and their thickening due to edema. These findings can be used to estimate the time elapsed after baclofen treatment.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the overtime histological changes in the lungs after intoxication with baclofen alone or in combination with ethanol. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out on 35 male Wistar rats weighing 290-350 g and aged 20 weeks. The animals were split into 7 equal groups (n=5); test drugs were administered via nasogastric tube: rats from Groups 1, 3 and 5 were treated with baclofen at 85 mg/kg; rats from Groups 2, 4 and 6 received similar dose of baclofen and 40% alcohol by volume at a dose of 7 ml/kg; control group rats were not administered with any drugs. Animals of all groups were removed from the experiment by cervical dislocation under anesthesia (chlorolase) after 3 hours (Groups 1, 2), 4.5 hours (Groups 3, 4) and after 24 hours (Groups 5, 6, and the controls). Lung tissue samples were examined by light microscopy. The nonparametric Kraskel-Wallis test was used for multiple comparisons between the groups, and nonparametric Mann–Whitney test with Bonferroni correction was used for pairwise comparison. Results. Light microscopy showed no pathological changes in the lungs of the Control group animals. Baclofen alone, or in combination with ethanol caused significant circulatory disorders (venular and capillary fullness, hemorrhages in the interalveolar septa (IAS) and alveoli, sludge phenomenon), emphysema, atelectasis and distelectasis, and pulmonary edema. IAS thickness in rats from all experimental groups was different from that in animals from the Control group, all differences confirmed by the Kruskel-Wallis test: H=748, p =0.00001. In Group 1 animals IAS was 44.2% thinner ( p =0.00052) vs the control Group, while in all remaining experimental groups it was, on the contrary, thicker: in Group 2 – 57.6% increase in thickness ( p =0.000038), in Group 3 – 99 % ( p =0.00001), in Group 4 – 2.2-fold increase ( p = 0.00001), in Group 5 – 2.1-fold ( p = 0.00001), in Group 6 – 2.5-fold increase ( p = 0.00001). Most significant increase in IAS thickness (6-fold, p =0.00001) occurred within the period from 3 to 4.5 hours after administration of baclofen, while within the period from 4.5 to 24 hours no statistically significant increase occurred ( p =0.99). Co-administration of baclofen and ethanol caused 2.8-fold ( p =0.00001) increase in IAS thickness after 3 hours as compared to the effects of baclofen only. IAS thickness at 4.5 hours after baclofen and ethanol co-administration increased by additional 41.8% as compared to thickness at 3 hours ( p =0.00001). IAS became 11.8% thicker at 24 hours vs 4.5 hours ( p =0.87). At 24 hours IAS was 21.7% ( p = 0.0011) thicker after baclofen and ethanol co-administration vs baclofen alone. The alveoli size increased by 69.4% ( p =0.00001) in Group 1 animals vs the Control group, by 14.3% ( p =0.43) - in Group 2, by 55% ( p =0.00004) - in Group 3, by 26.3% ( p =0.002) - in Group 4, by 45% ( p =0.0003) - in Group 5 (baclofen, 24 h), by 43.3% ( p =0.0004) – in Group 6 (baclofen and ethanol, 24 h). Co-administration of baclofen and ethanol initially caused a slight increase in alveoli size, bur 3 hours later there was a visible shrinkage in the diameter of alveoli by 32.5% ( p = 0.003) vs baclofen mono, 4.5 hours later – by 18.5% ( p = 0.062), and 24 hours later – by 1.2% ( p = 0.99), that is, the differences were leveled. Conclusion. The combined effects of baclofen and ethanol induce more severe alterations in pulmonary tissue compared to baclofen alone. The pathological changes in the lungs reached their maximum by 24 hours, which confirmed by morphometric assessment. Morphological changes in pulmonary tissue alongside with established chemical properties of the two agents can be used to diagnose cases of intoxication either with baclofen alone or in combination with ethanol.

Septoplasty is a powerful surgical stressor [1-3].After surgical interventions in the nasal cavity in the body of animals, stress reactions occur [4-6], due to an increase in predominantly nociceptive impulses that occur at the site of injury [7, 8]. Purpose of the Study:to assess changes in heart rate variability in the simulation of septoplasty in rats under the influence of phthorothane and zoletil.

Studies of hemispheric asymmetry in humans during sleep and falling asleep give contradictory results—there is evidence of the dominance of both the right and left hemispheres when falling asleep. Such a discrepancy in the results may be due to both the high heterogeneity of asymmetry patterns and the difficulty of ensuring homogeneous experimental conditions in neurophysiological testing. 102 healthy participants repeatedly performed a monotonous bimanual psychomotor test at home. 227 trials were selected for analysis. We extracted sequences of microsleep episodes, indicating which hand executed motor activity last before falling asleep, and calculated various complexity measures (Shannon entropy, ordinary/normalized Lempel–Ziv complexity, ordinary/conditional permutation entropy, Petrosyan dimension). After clustering the data, the extracted clusters were pairwise compared according to the indicators of the psychomotor test (total tap number, number of sleep episodes, total sleep duration, inter-tap interval). We obtained four clusters based on the complexity measures estimates. They are characterized by similar psychomotor characteristics of the research participants. The third cluster is of the greatest interest, characterized by the absence of “global” asymmetry (i.e., without a clearly expressed dominance of one of the hands), high drowsiness level and the existence of temporary hand dominances for relatively short time intervals. The results indicate against the existence of a pronounced hemispheric asymmetry when falling asleep, while at the same time testifying to the existence of short-term hand dominance episodes, possibly due to the local dynamics of functional connectivity during the wake–sleep transition.

Exposure to water-pipe smoking, whether flavored or unflavored, has been shown to instigate inflammation and oxidative stress in BALB/c mice. This consequently results in alterations in the expression of inflammatory markers and antioxidant genes. This study aimed to scrutinize the impact of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)—a key active component of green tea—on inflammation and oxidative stress in BALB/c mice exposed to water-pipe smoke. The experimental setup included a control group, a flavored water-pipe smoke (FWP) group, an unflavored water-pipe smoke (UFWP) group, and EGCG-treated flavored and unflavored groups (FWP + EGCG and UFWP + EGCG). Expression levels of IL-6, IL1B, TNF-α, CAT, GPXI, MT−I, MT−II, SOD−I, SOD−II, and SOD-III were evaluated in lung, liver, and kidney tissues. Histopathological changes were also assessed. The findings revealed that the EGCG-treated groups manifested a significant decline in the expression of inflammatory markers and antioxidant genes compared to the FWP and UFWP groups. This insinuates that EGCG holds the capacity to alleviate the damaging effects of water-pipe smoke-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, enhancements in histopathological features were observed in the EGCG-treated groups, signifying a protective effect against tissue damage induced by water-pipe smoking. These results underscore the potential of EGCG as a protective agent against the adverse effects of water-pipe smoking. By curbing inflammation and oxidative stress, EGCG may aid in the prevention or mitigation of smoking-associated diseases.

The association of insufficient sleep with reduced self-perceived health was previously well established. Moreover, it was sometimes shown that the indicators of poorer health were significantly related to chronotype and weekday-weekend gaps in sleep timing and duration. It remains to be elucidated, however, whether chronotype and these gaps can contribute to the reduced health self-ratings independently from shortened sleep duration or, alternatively, their relationship with health can be simply explained by their association with insufficient sleep on weekdays. In an online survey, we tested whether the self-rated health of university students can be predicted by several individual characteristics of the sleep-wake cycles, such as chronotype, weekday and weekend sleep times, weekday-weekend gap in sleep times, sleepability and wakeability at different times of the day, etc. Responses to a question about general health and to items of several questionnaires for chronobiological assessment were collected from smartphones of 1582 university students (mean age +/- standard deviation was 19.5 +/- 1.7 y). The results of regression analyses suggested that lower odds of having good self-rated health were significantly associated with an earlier weekday risetime, a later weekday bedtime, and, consequently, a shorter weekday time in bed. After accounting for weekday sleep, self-rated health showed significant association with neither chronotype nor weekday-weekend differences in sleep duration and timing. Besides, the adverse health effects of reduced weekday sleep were independent from the significant adverse effects of several other individual sleep-wake characteristics including poorer nighttime sleepability and lower daytime wakeability. We concluded that university students perceive the negative health impacts of losing sleep by waking up early on weekdays irrespective of their night sleep quality and daytime level of alertness. Their chronotype and weekday-weekend difference in sleep times might not be among significant contributors to this perception. It is of practical importance to consider the reduction of weekday sleep losses among the interventions aimed at preventing sleep and health problems.

Objective: to study changes in the autonomic nervous system in patients after closed sinus lift with simultaneous dental implantation based on the analysis of heart rate variability. Material and methods. Ninety-three patients underwent sinus lifting with simultaneous dental implantation. Depending on the prescribed NSAID, patients were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group 1 (32 patients) received a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor from the coxib class - etoricoxib (60 mg); group 2 was prescribed a sulfonamide derivative, a selective inhibitor of COX-2 with a low inhibitory effect on COX-1 - nimesulide (100 mg), and group 3 received a non-selective inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2 – ketorol (10 mg). All drugs were administered orally 1 hour, 24 hours, and 48 hours after the end of the manipulations. Using the electrocardiographic (ECG) analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), we assessed VLF (ms2) – very low-frequency component, HF (ms2) – high- frequency component of the heart rate, LF (ms2) – low-frequency component, and LF/HF – vagosympathetic index. Results. The eterocoxib group had the most favorable dynamics of the HRV parameters. In particular, these patients did not demonstrate centralization of the cardiac activity regulation, which is reflected by VLF, and had a less pronounced sympathetic tone (a decrease in the low-frequency spectrum of HRV and an increase in HF), which is confirmed by a lower vagosympathetic index as compared with the other groups. Conclusions. The use of modern non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as selective COX-2 blockers, leads to a decrease in the response of the autonomic nervous system to surgical damage during sinus lift with simultaneous dental implantation. Цель: изучить изменения вегетативной нервной системы у пациентов после проведения закрытого синус- лифтинга с одномоментной дентальной имплантацией на основании анализа вариабельности сердечного ритма (ВСР). Материал и методы. Синус-лифтинг проводился 93 пациентам с одномоментной дентальной импланта- цией. В зависимости от назначаемых нестероидных противовоспалительных средств (НПВС) пациентов случайным образом распределяли в 3 группы. В 1-й группе (32 пациента) назначали селективный ингибитор циклооксигеназы-2 (ЦОГ-2) из класса коксибов – эторикоксиб (60 мг), во 2-й группе назначали производное сульфонамида селективный ингибитор ЦОГ-2 с низким угнетающим влиянием на ЦОГ-1 – нимесулид (100 мг), в 3-й группе – неселективный ингибитор ЦОГ-1 и ЦОГ-2 – кеторол (10 мг). Все препараты назначали через 1 час, 24 и 48 часов после окончания манипуляций перорально. По результатам записи электрокардиограм- мы (ЭКГ) анализа вариабельности сердечного ритма (ВРС) оценивали VLF (мс2) – очень низкочастотный компонент, HF (мс2) – высокочастотный компонент сердечного ритма, LF (мс2) – низкочастотный компонент, LF/HF – вагосимпатический индекс. Результаты. Группа этерококсиба имела наилучшую динамику показателей ВСР. Так, у этих пациентов не отмечалось централизации регуляции сердечной деятельности, что отражает VLF, меньшая симпати- котония (уменьшение низкочастотного спектра ВСР и увеличение HF), что подтверждается более низким вагосимпатическим индексом по сравнению с остальными группами. Выводы. Применение современных НПВС, таких как селективные блокаторы ЦОГ-2, приводит к уменьшению реакции со стороны вегетативной нервной системы в ответ на хирургическое повреждение при проведении синус-лифтинга с одномоментной дентальной имплантацией.

Nuts should be an important component of a diet rich in functional foods designed for food security, owing to several nutritional benefits on their contents of omega-3 fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, essential and nonessential amino acids, vitamins, flavonoids, folic acids, and plant sterols. Nuts are often combined with fruits and vegetables to improve food diversity for improved food security for prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Nuts such as almonds, walnuts, pistachios, and peanuts (which are actually legumes) may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes mellitus, owing to their high content of polyphenolics, flavonoids, and other nutrients. Epidemiological studies have suggested that nut eating is associated with diminished risk of cardiometabolic diseases, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, and stroke. Recent cohort studies showed that eating 20–60 g/day of nuts may be protective against NCDs. A metaanalysis of studies showed that one serving of nuts per week or per day may cause a 4% [risk ratio (RR): 0.96] or 27% (RR: 0.73) decline in risk for all-cause mortality and decreased risk of CVD mortality, respectively. A more recent metaanalysis showed that increased intake of tree nuts or peanuts can cause a significant decline in all-cause mortality and mortality due to many NCDs. Further larger studies are necessary to confirm these results.

The study evaluates the dependence of p53 protein expression on the appearance of dark neurons (DNs) in the hippocampus in rats during experimental modeling of septoplasty. Septoplasty simulation was carried out on 15 sexually mature male Wistar rats. We studied histological sections of the hippocampus stained with Nissl toluidine blue and antibodies to the p53 protein. In the CA1 subfield, the number of p53-positive neurons significantly increased on the 2nd, 4th (p < 0.001) and 6th days (p < 0.05). In the dynamics, the peak of the growth of p53 protein expression in the cytoplasm of CA1 and CA2 neurons fell on the 2–4th day after the operation, and on the 6th day the number of these neurons decreased (p < 0.001). In the cytoplasm of CA3 neurons in all periods after surgery, an increase in the expression of the p53 protein as compared to the control group was noted. In the CA1 pyramidal layer, the number of DNs decreased on the 6th day (p < 0.001). In CA2, after 2 days, a minimum of DNs as compared with the 4th day (p < 0.001) was noted. In CA3, on the 4th day, there was a peak in DNs as compared with the rest of the days (p < 0.001). A positive strong association was found in all periods of assessment and in all subfields of the hippocampus between an increase in the number of dark and p53-positive neurons. The appearance of dark and p53-positive neurons in the hippocampal formation in rats after simulating septoplasty are typical responses of nervous tissue to stress. It is obvious that the expression of the p53 protein is associated with the basophilia of the cytoplasm of neurons, their morpho-functional state. Presumably, the p53 protein can trigger not only the activation of damaged neurons in the hippocampus but also play a neuroprotective role. Upcoming studies should determine the role of the p53 protein in the further fate of damaged neurons in the pyramidal layer and differentiate the mechanisms of its expression.

Under national “lockdown,” the habitual late risers need not wake up early, and, similarly to the early risers, they don’t lose much sleep on weekdays. We tested whether, despite a decrease in weekday sleep loss, the difference between distinct chronotypes in health and sleep problems persisted during “lockdown.” Two online surveys were conducted from 10th to 20th of May, 2020 and 2021, one of them after 6 non-working weeks and another after 14 working weeks (during and after “lockdown,” respectively). Participants were students of the same grade at the same university department (572 and 773, respectively). The self-assessments included the Single-Item Chronotyping (SIC) designed for self-choosing chronotype among several their short descriptions and several questions about general health, mood state, outdoors and physical activity, and sleep concerns. The results suggested that the responses to each of the questions were not randomly distributed over 6 distinct chronotypes. Such a nonrandomness was identified within each of three pairs of these chronotypes, evening vs. morning types (with a rising throughout the day vs. a falling level of alertness, respectively), afternoon vs. napping types (with a peak vs. a dip of alertness in the afternoon, respectively), and vigilant vs. lethargic types (with the levels of alertness being permanently high vs. low, respectively). Morning, afternoon, and vigilant types reported healthier sleep/mood/behavior/habits than three other types. The most and the least healthy sleep/mood/behavior/habits were reported by morning and evening types, respectively. These relationships with health and sleep problems and the frequencies of 6 chronotypes remained unchanged after “lockdown.” Such results, in particular, suggested that the association of evening types with poorer health and sleep might not be attributed to a big amount of weekday sleep loss. The accounting for this association might help in designing interventions purposed on reduction of sleep and health problems.