Introduction: The growing demand for stress-resistant industrial microorganisms in green biomanufacturing has intensified research into the stress tolerance mechanisms of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As the central organelle for energy metabolism and redox homeostasis, mitochondrial function is critical for enhancing yeast adaptability under stress conditions. Materials and methods: This study investigates the molecular mechanism by which Q0130 (ATP9, subunit C of Φ0-ATP synthase) improves stress tolerance in S. cerevisiae through the regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism. A yeast strain overexpressing Q0130 was constructed, and its growth performance and mitochondrial function were evaluated under high-temperature and high-ethanol conditions. Results: The results revealed that Q0130 overexpression helped maintain mitochondrial homeostasis under thermal stress (40 °C), significantly enhanced yeast growth (by 58%), and mitigated the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Conclusions: This study, for the first time, links ATP9 to adaptive energy metabolism across different stress types, providing a theoretical foundation for mitochondrial-targeted engineering of highly stress-tolerant yeast strains and advancing the performance of yeast chassis cells in green biomanufacturing.

Background The efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) relies heavily on microbial communities. However, the microbial characteristics of different treatment units in the Qian’an WWTP (Hebei, China) remain unclear. This study investigates its microbial diversity and functions to provide a basis for process optimization. Methods Samples were collected in October 2024 from four representative units were selected: sludge (group A), sedimentation tank water (group C), aeration tank water (group E), and raw wastewater (group F). Bacterial and fungal communities were analyzed via Illumina NextSeq 2000 PE300 platform sequencing, with functional potentials predicted using PICRUSt2 and FUNGuild, respectively. Results Bacterial richness was highest in groups A, C, and E and lowest in group F, whereas fungal richness was highest in groups C and E and lowest in group F. The microbial community structures of groups C and E were highly similar in terms of richness and diversity patterns, but both differed markedly from groups A and F. At the phylum level, bacteria in group A were significantly enriched in Chloroflexi and Firmicutes, and fungi by Rozellomycota; bacteria in groups C, E and F were mainly Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Fungal composition varied significantly, with Rozellomycota in A, Blastocladiomycota in C/E, and Ascomycota in F. Predicted Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed 25 differential metabolic pathways ( e.g ., amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism). Furthermore, 24 predicted functional genes related to nitrogen metabolism (nitrification, nitrogen fixation) were inferred, suggesting strong nitrogen cycling potential. Fungal functional groups differed significantly among groups: Ectomycorrhizal fungi dominated in group A, Insect Parasite-Undefined Saprotroph in groups C and E, and Animal Pathogen was predicted to account for up to 54.41 ± 4.75% in group F. Conclusions This study clarifies the microbial characteristics across treatment units and highlights the nitrogen cycling potential of the WWTP microbiome, providing a scientific basis for optimizing treatment processes.

Arenicola cristata represents a classic type of seafood delicacy along the coast of China. The intestinal microbial communities within it play significant roles by engaging in both beneficial and pathological interactions with their hosts. In order to investigate the relationship between the diversity of the intestinal microbiome and the living environment of A. cristata, this research utilized 16S rDNA gene sequencing technology to analyze the microbial population in A. cristatas from shrimp ponds and tidal flats via the PacBio sequencing platform. Moreover, the metabolites of intestinal microorganisms in A. cristatas from shrimp ponds were also detected. The findings demonstrated that the intestinal samples A. cristata from shrimp ponds exhibited a greater number of features, higher richness, and more diverse species when compared to those from tidal flats. Additionally, there was a significant variation in microbial species between the two habitats. In the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, the top annotated metabolites were terpenoids and polyketides, while lipids and lipid-like molecules were most commonly encountered in the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) database. The LIPID MAPS database indicated that glycerophospholipids (GP) were predominant. The analyses of gut symbiotic microorganisms and the habitat environment furnished evidence on the environmental adaptability of A. cristatas and laid the groundwork for the development of specialized functional strains in the intestinal tract of A. cristatas, as well as for the exploration and utilization of high-quality natural metabolites.

Background With the acceleration of urbanization, urban rivers have become a significant component of the urban ecosystem, attracting considerable attention regarding their ecological status and biodiversity. This study focuses on the Shiliu River, aiming to analyze the microbial diversity and functions present in the overlying water and sediments of severely polluted areas. Methods This study investigated the Shiliu River. In August 2024, sediment and overlying water samples were collected from its severely polluted reaches. The NextSeq 2000 PE300 platform was employed for sequencing to detect bacterial and fungal taxa abundances. PICRUSt and FUNGuild predicted sample functional abundances using bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene sequences, respectively. Results The findings demonstrate that sediments exhibit higher bacterial and fungal richness than overlying water, with significant discrepancies in bacterial and fungal community compositions. Dominant taxa differ at both phylum and genus levels: in sediments, the predominant bacterial phylum is Proteobacteria and genus norank_Anaerolineaceae, while the dominant fungal phylum is Rozellomycota and genus unclassified_Rozellomycota. In overlying water, the bacterial phylum remains Proteobacteria but the dominant genus shifts to Acinetobacter, whereas fungal phyla and genera (Rozellomycota and unclassified_Rozellomycota) are consistent with sediments. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional annotation identifies 25 metabolic pathways, with amino acid metabolism-related genes showing the highest abundance in both environments. Clusters of Orthologous Genes (COG) annotation reveals the highest abundance of [R] General function prediction in both sample groups, and FUNGuild analysis indicates that Animal Endosymbiont-Animal Pathogen-Plant Pathogen-Undefined Saprotroph is the most prevalent functional category in both sediments and overlying water. This study provides a microbiological foundation by clarifying microbial community structures (dominant phyla, functional taxa), decoding pollutant-degrading metabolic potentials (N/C cycling pathways), and identifying river health ecological indicators. This enables targeted bioremediation strategies (e.g., sediment microbial consortia for nutrient removal) and integrates microbial ecological data into urban river restoration. Conclusions This study reveals the microbial community structures in the sediments and overlying water of the polluted Shiliu River, finding diverse patterns with higher richness in sediments, Proteobacteria and Ascomycota as dominants. Shared taxa have different abundances, indicating niche differentiation. Sediments have enriched nitrogen/carbon cycling pathways for pollutant degradation. These results offer a microbiological basis for urban river restoration, identify bioremediation-target taxa, and stress the integration of microbial ecology into pollution management.

The occurrence of rust fungi on Corydalis bungeana Turcz. and Salix babylonica L. were found in same area of Hebei Province, China from 2022 to 2023. The life cycle connection of these rust fungi was suspected because Peng et al. (2022) reported the life cycle of Melampsora ferrinii Toome & Aime by inoculations, producing spermogonia and aecia on Corydalis species, and uredinia on S. babylonica. The morphology of the uredinial and telial stages on S. babylonica collected in the field was identical with the description of M. ferrinii by Toome and Aime (2015), and its identity was confirmed by phylogenetic analyses using the method of Ji et al. (2020) (LSU-PP087777, ITS-PP091274; Similarity with M. ferrinii: LSU-100%, ITS-99.85%). To confirm the life cycle of this rust fungus, inoculations were conducted on C. bungeana with basidiospores obtained from the teliospores on fallen leaves of Salix babylonica. The fallen leaves producing basidiospores were cut into small pieces (ca. 5 mm2) and placed on healthy leaves of C. bungeana. The inoculated plants were kept in a moist plastic box in darkness at 15-20℃ for 2 days and then transferred to the floor near windows at about 15-20℃ for observations. Ten days after inoculations small yellow spots of spermogonia appeared on the upper surface of the leaves of C. bungeana. About 7 days later, pale yellow aecia with aeciospores were produced mainly on the under surface of the leaves and petioles. The morphology of rust fungus on C. bungeana collected from the fields and obtained by inoculations was identical with the description by Peng et al. (2022). Phylogenetic analyses also showed that a specimen on C. bungeana collected from the field (LSU-OR607838, ITS-OR612063) were included into the same clade of M. ferrinii (Similarity: LSU-100 %, ITS-99.85). Based on morphology, inoculations and DNA sequence analyses, the rust fungi on C. bungeana and S. babylonica are identified as different stages of life cycle of M. ferrinii. This rust fungus has been reported to produce spermogonia and aecia on C. acuminata Franch., C. edulis Maxim. and C. racemosa (Thunb.) Pers. in China (Peng et al. 2022), and uredinia and telia on S. babylonica in USA, Argentina and Iran (Toome and Aime 2015, Abbasi et al. 2024), and on Salix sp. in Chile (Zapata 2016). Therefore, C. bungeana is a new host for M. ferrinii, and its field occurrence on S. babylonica is reported for the first time in China although Peng et al. (2022) reported successful results in its inoculations to S. babylonica in China. This report contributes to the control of rust diseases caused by this species. Specimens used in this experiment were deposited in the Fungal Herbarium of the Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China (HMJAU) and sequences newly analyzed were deposited in GenBank.

The insect gut is home to an extensive array of microbes that play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as in the protection against pathogenic microorganisms. The variety of these gut microbes is impacted by factors such as age, diet, pesticides, antibiotics, sex, and caste. Increasing evidence indicates that disturbances in the gut microbiota can lead to compromised insect health, and that its diversity has a far-reaching impact on the host's health. In recent years, the use of molecular biology techniques to conduct rapid, qualitative, and quantitative research on the host intestinal microbial diversity has become a major focus, thanks to the advancement of metagenomics and bioinformatics technologies. This paper reviews the main functions, influencing factors, and detection methods of insect gut microbes, in order to provide a reference and theoretical basis for better research utilization of gut microbes and management of harmful insects.

Alcohol dehydrogenase（ADH） is a major enzyme of short chain alcohol metabolism in all organisms and plays an important role in the process of substance metabolism and energy conversion.Utilizing the KEGG database of Setosphacria turcica genome,22 members of the ADH gene family（StADH1-StADH22） of Setosphaeria turcica were obtained in this paper.The ADH genes were distributed over 12 scaffolds with 232-495 aa in length,the theoretical isoelectric point of 5.65-9.22,81.8% acidic family members and 12.1% hydrophilic proteins.Four family members were located in mitochondria,2 members in peroxisome,and the other 16 family members were located in cytoplasm.Phylogenetic analysis results show that there are 11 Setosphaeria turcica ADH family proteins closely related with yeast ADH gens（YADH1-7） which have the similar conservative motifs and structure domains,and the other 11 StADH family proteins are far from yeast ADH and contain different conservative motifs and structure domains.Through the analysis of Setosphaeria turcica-Zea mays gene expression transcriptome,there are four StADH family genes StADH1,StADH4,StADH6 and StADH12 participate in the pathogen infection process,and StADH1,StADH4 and StADH12 play very important role in the later period of infection.Furthermore,StADH1 might be related to the pathogenicity specificity of the pathogen.

Three species of the rust fungus genus Blastospora, Bl. betulae, Bl. itoana, and Bl. smilacis, have been reported in East Asia. Although their morphological characteristics and life cycles have been investigated, their phylogenetic positions have not been clarified sufficiently. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these three species were included into Zaghouaniaceae of Pucciniales. However, Bl. betulae was phylogenetically distinct from Bl. itoana and Bl. smilacis and different from other genera. Based on this result, and applying recent International Code of Nomenclature decisions/recommendations/requirements, Botryosorus, gen. nov., and Bo. deformans,, comb. nov., were applied for Bl. betulae. Two new combinations, Bl. radiata for Bl. itoana and Bl. makinoi for Bl. smilacis, were also applied. Their host plants and distribution were described based on literature records. Zaghouania yunnanensis, comb. nov., was proposed for Cystopsora yunnanensis as a result of this analysis.

[目的]对玉米大斑病菌Hsp70(Setosphaeria turcicaHsp70,StHsp70)基因家族进行结构鉴定和功能分析,为进一步阐明StHsp70在玉米大斑病菌生长发育和致病过程中的作用奠定基础.[方法]利用玉米大斑病菌基因组数据库获得StHsp70基因家族成员,利用生物信息学方法进行理化性质、亚细胞定位、系统进化、保守基序和结构域分析,构建三级结构模型,并预测启动子等顺式作用元件.[结果]StHsp70基因家族包括11个成员,分别为StHsp70-1～StHsp70-11,多数定位于细胞质,其次为内质网、线粒体和细胞核.系统进化分析结果表明,StHsp70家族成员可分为7类,其中Class A～F分别与酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)热激蛋白SSA、SSB、SSC、KAR2、SSE、SSZ高度同源,而Class G在酵母中未发现其同源蛋白.结构预测分析发现,StHsp70家族成员都含有保守基序Motif 5,而Motif 6只存在于Class A～D中,Class G仅含有2～4种基序,与其他StHsp70家族成员存在显著差异.N端的NBD结构域类型在玉米大斑病菌和酵母不同Hsp70类型间存在显著差异,可能与亚细胞定位有关.不同类型StHsp70的C末端结构和延伸性变化较大,特别是Class G的StHsp70与其他类型具有显著区别,可能与底物的多样性有关.[结论]玉米大斑病菌Hsp70家族11个成员可以分为7类,其中Class G的4个成员在理化性质和结构特征上都与其他成员具有显著的区别,表明StHsp70属于多功能分子伴侣家族.

[目的]分析玉米大斑病菌寄主选择性毒素(host selective toxin,HST)生物合成基因簇Cluster 397.3的结构,以及该基因簇组成基因在玉米大斑病菌侵染过程中的表达情况,为玉米大斑病菌HST的结构和功能研究奠定基础.[方法]以玉米大斑病菌23号生理小种et28a和01-23菌株,1号生理小种ny001和01-11菌株,玉米感病自交系B37为材料,利用antiSMASH技术预测玉米大斑病菌次生代谢产物合成基因簇,通过Synteny共线性分析获得玉米大斑病菌HST生物合成基因簇Cluster 397.3,并对其基因组成和结构进行分析,再利用RNA-Seq技术分析该基因簇的组成基因在玉米大斑病菌侵染玉米叶片3,5,7,10 d的表达情况.[结果]玉米大斑病菌次生代谢产物合成基因簇Cluster 397.3与交链链格孢(Alternaria alternata)ACT-毒素合成基因簇有保守的共线性,含有1个聚酮合酶(PKS)、1个氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶(CPS)、1个短链脱氢酶/还原酶(SDR)、1个锌结合氧化还原酶(ZOR)、1个保守假定蛋白(CHP)、2个细胞色素P450(P450)及2个耐药转运蛋白(DRT)等9个基因.其中PKS与ACT-毒素合成酶基因 ACTTS3 同源,编码的聚酮合酶包括 PksD、PS-DH、Methyltransf_12、PKS_KR、PKS_NbtC superfamily 和NADB_Rossmann superfamily 6个典型结构域.RNA-Seq分析结果表明,将玉米大斑病菌接种玉米叶片3,5,7,10 d后,Cluster 397.3组成基因均能表达,且以3 d时表达量整体较高;除CHP基因外,01-11菌株中基因表达量均显著高于01-23菌株.[结论]Cluster 397.3基因表达差异与玉米大斑病菌生理小种的分化和致病特异性有关,该基因簇可能参与了玉米大斑病菌寄主选择性毒素的生物合成.

RNA甲基化是最主要的RNA修饰方式,而N6-甲基腺嘌呤(N6-methyladenosine,m6A)是真核生物mRNA最常见的一种转录后修饰,在生物生长发育过程中发挥重要的调控作用.作为RNA甲基化修饰的重要蛋白,RNA甲基转移酶在植物病原真菌中的功能尚未见报道.本研究利用生物信息学方法,对植物病原真菌RNA甲基转移酶的结构及功能进行了初步探究.结果表明,在106种植物病原真菌中,共鉴定到159个RNA甲基转移酶基因,通过理化性质分析可知,159个植物病原真菌RNA甲基转移酶编码氨基酸的平均长度约为470 aa(变化范围:179～1206 aa),平均相对分子量约为52.64 kD(变化范围:20.04～134.35 kD),平均等电点约为7.26(变化范围:4.90～10.28).植物病原真菌RNA甲基转移酶的进化关系较为保守,相同门的植物病原真菌RNA甲基转移酶大体聚集在同一进化枝,且同一进化枝中蛋白保守基序的相似性较高.利用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)方法对玉米大斑病菌(Setosphaeria turcica)中编码RNA甲基转移酶(S.turcica RNA methyltransferases 1,StMETTL1)的基因在病菌不同发育时期的表达量进行分析发现,StMETTL1在侵染钉时期的表达量显著升高(P<0.05),推测StMETTL1可能在玉米大斑病菌侵染宿主过程中发挥了重要的作用.本研究为进一步了解m6A在植物病原真菌中的作用提供了数据支持.

Elucidation of the in vitro antitumor effects of Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharides is very important for their future clinical application. In this paper, we use Sarcoma-180 (S180) cells to test the antitumor activity of the mushroom polysaccharides. The S180 cells in freshly prepared mouse ascites were directly treated by water-soluble polysaccharides from mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus and immediately detected by MTT [3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di- phenytetrazoliumromide] method. The results can be directly visualized with naked eyes through the color changes. The in vitro antitumor activity of P. ostreatus polysaccharides on S180 cells are dose-dependently and time-dependently. P. ostreatus strains p11, p23, P44, p105 and p176 showed significant inhibition to S180 cell activity under high polysaccharides concentration (1000μg/ml ~ 1250μg/ml), and there are non-significant effects under the middle concentration (750μg/ml). On the contrary, the S180 cell activity were significantly enhanced under low concentration (250μg/mL-500μg/ml). The effects of polysaccharides generally increased during 4-8 treat hours, but remained stable more than 7 hours. However, the strains P23, P44 and P105 enhanced the S180 cell activity for short time processing (4-5h), but inhibited the cell activity for long time processing (6-8h). Among the tested mushroom strains, P44 exhibited the highest inhibition rate (68.4%) under high concentration of 1250µg/ml and treat time of 7-8 hours, P23 had the highest enhancement (119.5%) under low concentration of 250µg/ml and treat time of 8 hours. The antitumor activity of P. ostreatus polysaccharides was dependent on its concentration and treat time, indicating the complicated antitumor mechanism of mushroom polysaccharides and the strict study should be conducted before their clinical application.

[目的]明确草莓杂交品种及其亲本遗传背景.[方法]试验筛选出10条可用于草莓杂交品种及其亲本遗传背景分析的ISSR引物,利用该组引物对12份遗传背景复杂的草莓试验材料进行遗传背景分析.[结果]亲本之间、亲本与子代之间及亲本与组培变异株之间平均遗传距离分别为0.3258、0.2607和0.1981,平均遗传相似系数分别为0.6551、0.7478和0.7672,聚类分析和多维尺度分析均表明遗传背景比较狭窄,并证明本试验中的10条ISSR引物可成为草莓遗传背景分析的有力工具.[结论]草莓遗传背景分析将为其种质创新奠定基础.

以黄瓜品种津优4号为试材,采用营养液水培的方式,对幼苗进行盐分(NaCl 90 mmol?L-1)处理,研究不同浓度的水杨酸对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和离子吸收的影响.研究结果表明,外源水杨酸可提高黄瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、生物量和叶绿素含量;根、茎、叶、叶绿体中K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的含量随水杨酸浓度的增加,出现不同程度的上升,且2 mmol?L-1水杨酸处理后离子含量增幅最明显.

在植物病原真菌中,CWI-MAPK(cell wall integrity-mitogen-activated protein kinase)级联途径主要参与调控病菌细胞壁完整性、细胞周期以及致病性等,Swi4是该级联途径下游关键转录因子.在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中,转录因子ScSwi4作为一种调控表达元件参与细胞壁的生物合成及细胞周期调控,但其同源基因在丝状病原真菌中的功能鲜见报道.玉米大斑病(northern leaf blight of corn)由大斑刚毛座腔菌(Setosphaeria turcica)引起,本研究克隆获得玉米大斑病菌StSwi4基因,对其序列及编码蛋白质进行特征分析,发现其DNA全长为2247 bp,cDNA全长为2037 bp,含有3个外显子和2个内含子,编码678个氨基酸;StSwi4蛋白包含1个KilA-N保守结构域和2个ANK保守结构域.对该蛋白的系统进化关系分析发现,玉米大斑病菌与梨黑斑链格孢菌(Alternaria gaisen)、烟草赤星病菌(A.alternate)、番茄匐柄霉菌(Stemphylium solani)的进化关系较近.利用IPTG诱导StSwi4-His融合蛋白表达,利用镍柱亲和层析技术获得其纯化蛋白,SDS-PAGE和Western blot结果表明,该融合蛋白可以在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中表达.利用qPCR技术分析StSwi4基因在病菌不同发育时期的表达模式,发现该基因在分生孢子时期的表达水平最高.本研究明确了转录因子基因StSwi4的结构特征及表达模式,为深入揭示其在病菌致病过程中的分子机制提供基础资料.

对中学与高校协同开展创新创业教育的教学模式、协同育人平台、协同教育质量评价体系进行论述,将高校先进的教学方法、教研成果与中学的教学实践相结合,为中学开展创新创业教育提供了一条新途径.

为了培育出具有优良互补性状的平菇和杏鲍菇新菌株,以高产、抗杂能力强的平菇品种CCEF89和优质、适应性强的杏鲍菇品种PL7为亲本菌株,建立原生质体聚乙二醇(PEG)融合体系,得到最佳融合条件:两亲本原生质体数量按1:1混合,30％PEG 6000,0.01 mol·L-1 Ca2+,32℃水浴30 min,融合率达0.0101％ ～0.0282％.通过拮抗反应试验和Rep-PCR分子鉴定,从515个融合再生菌株中获得12个融合菌株P1～P12;出菇试验表明,P1和P5为杏鲍菇新菌株,其他为平菇新菌株.P1和P5的产量、生物学效率均显著高于其亲本菌株PL7,并且抗杂能力显著提高;与亲本菌株CCEF89相比,平菇新菌株P4、P10和P11长满培养料和形成原基的时间缩短5.5～7.3 d,第1茬平均产量提高18.0％ ～24.0％,总生物学效率提高21.00％ ～27.67％.利用原生质体融合技术培育出了具有亲本优良互补性状的平菇和杏鲍菇新菌株,为同时进行2种不同食用菌的种质资源创新和新品种选育提供了一种新途径.

通过对正常小鼠和糖尿病小鼠灌喂杏鲍菇(Pleurotus eryngii)多糖溶液,研究了杏鲍菇多糖的降血糖作用.结果表明,当浓度在200 mg·kg-1以上时,杏鲍菇多糖能够显著降低糖尿病小鼠的血糖含量,抑制体重下降,缓解多饮、多食、多尿等糖尿病症状,具有作为良好的糖尿病治疗药物开发潜力.