Transparent wood possesses advantages such as light weight, high strength, translucency, thermal insulation, acoustic performance, and sustainability, demonstrating significant development potential. Its properties are highly compatible with the demands of pop-up commercial spaces, which are characterized by pop-up, low energy consumption, and strong visual expression. Based on Artificial Intelligence-Generated Content (AIGC) technologies, this study takes an urban greenhouse installation as a case study and develops a systematic design methodology for applying transparent wood in modern pop-up exhibition spaces. Through field research, questionnaire surveys, and the integration of design requirements using AIGC, the study employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to construct an evaluation system encompassing esthetic performance, structural safety, sustainability, and exhibition experience. In addition, a Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) method is adopted for quantitative assessment. The results indicate that transparent wood not only meets the requirements of lightweight structures and full life-cycle environmental performance, but also enhances spatial transparency and immersive atmosphere. This research proposes a standardized evaluation framework and a reproducible design reference for material selection in pop-up exhibition spaces.

As a renewable resource, fast-growing wood plays an important role in the carbon cycle, carbon fixation, and emission reduction. However, the deconstruction and reconstruction of the wood cell wall at the molecular level is the main technical bottleneck restricting resource utilization efficiency. This study innovatively proposed the strategy of synergistic dissociation of a dual organic green solvent system, and used compound double organic acids to pretreat fast-growing poplar wood. Peracetic acid (PA) breaks the β-O-4 bond in lignin primarily via free-radical cleavage, whereas oxalic acid (OA) attacks the hemicellulose glycosidic bond mainly through H+. This dual-acid strategy overcomes the limitations of single-acid treatment by sequentially targeting the entangled hemicellulose and lignin fractions, thereby promoting more effective dissociation of the wood cell wall. Dense wood (DWO-A) has excellent mechanical properties. The relative content of cellulose is 60.79%, the crystallinity is 54.75%, and the flexural strength is 175.69 MPa, which is 264.2% higher than that of the RW. Its specific strength is better than ABS, PVC, and other materials. Environmental assessment indicates that the technology has the characteristics of low cost, biodegradability, and low carbon. To establish a green and efficient way for the high-value utilization of fast-growing wood. It has broad application prospects in construction, furniture, and other industries.

In the 5G era, electromagnetic pollution poses an invisible threat to human safety. Given that electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption invariably generates heat, this phenomenon may induce structural degradation of the material and pose safety risks. It is crucial to develop high-strength, flame-retardant electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. Herein, we propose a green and sustainable approach to induce stable dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with in situ lignin and non-covalent bonding in waste bamboo materials. The in situ lignin released during bamboo fiber pretreatment was utilized as a "bridge" to enhance the interfacial bonding between CNTs and the fibers, and co-assembles with the CNTs through inter-boundary hydrogen bonding, electrostatic stabilization, and π-π stacking. Then, biocomposites were synthesized in one step by hot pressing, using molten in situ lignin as a green binder for self-bonding. The biocomposite exhibits excellent EMI shielding performance (72.5 dB), superior mechanical properties, flame retardancy (total heat release reduced by 35.22%, Total smoke production reduced by 81.58%). It offers a sustainable approach to developing multifunctional structural materials for the construction, aerospace, and military sectors.

Structural engineering of electromagnetic wave absorbing (EMWA) materials faces critical challenges in scalable fabrication and multifunctional integration. Herein, a flexible and sustainable bamboo-based composite (BMXMo) featuring engineered microcapacitor-Schottky heterostructures is proposed to synergize ultra-efficient K-band microwave absorption with self-powered health monitoring. The heterostructure is constructed by assembling conductive Ti3C2Tx MXene electrodes and 1T/2H-MoS2 dielectric nanoflowers within a densified bamboo matrix. The heterostructure optimizes impedance matching while enhancing multi-scale polarization via interfacial/dipolar effects and Schottky-modulated charge trapping. The optimized BMXMo55 film exhibits exceptional EMWA performance, with an ultra-high reflection loss of − 52.05 dB and a broad effective absorption bandwidth of 7.95 GHz (covering 18–26 GHz). Moreover, the mechanical flexibility and unique microcapacitor-Schottky structure enable efficient surface charge modulation, allowing the direct fabrication of high-performance triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). The resulting BMXMo-TENG devices generate an open-circuit voltage of 81.8 V and a power density of 6.4 µW cm⁻², sufficient to drive commercial electronics. Furthermore, an integrated self-powered sensing system is demonstrated for real-time and precise monitoring of various physiological signals, including respiratory rhythms, joint kinematics, and micromotions. This work pioneers a sustainable platform for multifunctional wearables in electromagnetic-heavy environments, unifying high-efficiency EMWA with autonomous biosensing.

A laminated bamboo sandwich panel with a grid core was developed, utilizing bamboo veneers for both surface and core layers. Four-point bending tests evaluated the effects of structural parameters—processing methods, grid count, and layer thickness—on ultimate load-carrying, deflection, strain, specific stiffness, and specific strength. The empirical results indicated that grid core processing significantly influences performance, with partition sandwich panels exhibiting 108.9

Considering the diminishing forest as a natural resource, the efficient use of small-diameter shrubs is crucial for global sustainable development. This approach has significant potential to prevent wasting forest resources and reduce carbon emissions. However, small-diameter timber has inherent drawbacks, such as the looseness of this material, susceptibility to cracking and deformation, and low strength, all of which significantly impact its range of applications. In this study, an efficient, green method was developed to prepare adhesive-free biocomposites from discarded small-diameter shrubs via ultrasonic pretreatment and thermoforming. After the ultrasonic pretreatment, the flexural and tensile strengths of the biocomposites increased by 145 % and 132 %, respectively. Ultrasonic pretreatment separated and destroyed chemical bonds among the lignocellulosic biomass macromolecules through high-speed shear and microjets. This process significantly increased the amount of binding sites on the cellulose fibres, and further densified the cell walls through hot pressing. Moreover, the ultrasonic pretreatment may remove components of the wood flour that act as fillers or density enhancers, resulting in a reduction in the density of the biocomposite. Simultaneously, lignin acted as a binder and improved fibre bonding through both physical and chemical cross-linking, resulting in a dense cellulose structure with a threedimensional lattice structure and a less hydrophilic surface, as evidenced by a water contact angle of 81.72 degrees. In addition, the high-quality, binder-free biocomposites did not emit harmful gases such as formaldehyde. Hence, they are expected to become sustainable materials for building decoration and furniture applications in the future.

Glulam columns, extensively used in structural applications, are highly sensitive to environmental factors, particularly humidity, which can compromise their mechanical properties and structural integrity. Leveraging China’s abundant fast-growing poplar resources, this study investigates the mechanical behavior and damage evolution of glulam columns under axial compression, focusing on the effects of slenderness ratios and ambient humidity. Utilizing Acoustic Emission (AE) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of the internal fracture mechanisms, with DIC capturing surface strain and displacement changes during damage progression. Specimens with varying slenderness ratios were subjected to different humidity conditions, enabling the identification of critical failure states. The results demonstrate that increasing slenderness ratios shift failure modes from strength-dominated to buckling-dominated, significantly reducing loading-bearing capacity. High humidity environments were found to exacerbate buckling susceptibility and diminish mechanical performance, albeit with enhanced deformation capacity. Notably, the study establishes the structural suitability of fast-growing poplar-based glulam columns and derives predictive equations for stability coefficients under high relative humidity. The synergistic use of AE and DIC effectively correlates stress concentrations with microcrack initiation and propagation, demonstrating their potential as robust tools for real-time structural health monitoring. This study establishes a foundation for optimizing the design and application of glulam columns in variable environmental conditions.

The existing research mainly improves the performance of wood (round tenon) rotating welded specimens by using a single type of additive. Due to the single type of chemical additive used, the performance of welded specimens is limited. Therefore, we have found a joint pretreatment modification method that can simultaneously improve the waterproof, mechanical, and environmental adaptability of welded specimens. It mainly includes: the CA group (calcium carbonate and oleic acid treatment) and, the CN group (Na2SO3 and CuSO4 oxidation sulfonation treatment). Techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, mechanical testing (Wood Nail Grip Strength testing and Water Resistance Test testing), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry were utilized to assess the welded interfaces. Methods including pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mechanical testing, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to evaluate the welded interfaces. Following the treatments, the interfaces displayed a grout-like layered structure with increased amounts of cellulose and lignin, enhancing intramolecular cohesion. Hydrogen bonding of oleic acid-stearic acid and tetrahydrofuran (THF) and high molecular weight aromatic methoxy groups were generated at the welding interface of the CA group. Consequently, this leads to a significant improvement in the mechanical properties and water resistance of the rotating welding interface, which in turn enhances the environmental adaptability of the welded specimen. Excluding the CN group, all samples met the ≥ 0.7 MPa strength criterion set by GB/T 14018–2009 “Test Method for Wood Nail Grip Strength” in China, with the CA group showing superior interface performance, In addition, the calcium carbonate whiskers in the CA group enhanced the mechanical properties of the welded specimens, but weakened the water resistance, which led to a large difference between dry and wet in the CA group. The CN group enhances the activity of lignin due to the oxidative sulfonation reaction, maintains a certain viscosity of the welding interface, and is resistant to water. Therefore, although the overall welding strength is low, there is no dry and wet difference in this group.

Eco-friendly biocomposites of 3D wood fibres with antistatic properties and high thermal conductivity: a sustainable solution for smart home applications.

The efficient use of fast-growing and waste materials to prepare self-bonding composites is not only environmentally sustainable and formaldehyde-free but also offers significant potential to reduce forest resource depletion and mitigate carbon emissions. However, the inadequate mechanical properties, limited water resistance, and absence of multifunctionality in these composites have significantly hindered their practical application thus far. In this study, we synthesized high-performance BPC (NaOH-UT) biocomposites from waste bamboo powder through a synergistic ultrasonic-alkali treatment, followed by targeted modulation of the bamboo cell wall via a hydrothermal process. Lignin, employed as an eco-friendly binder, formed a threedimensional network through physicochemical cross-linking mechanisms. The biocomposites demonstrated exceptional mechanical properties, including a flexural strength of 78.57 MPa and tensile strength of 54.82 MPa, representing increases of 234.15 % and 200.73 %, respectively, despite their minimal thickness of 2.2 mm. The synergistic ultrasonic-alkali treatment exposed more lignin to the fiber surface, while high-temperature and highpressure conditions induced a molten lignin phase. This phase facilitated self-bonding and established a threedimensional lignin network, imparting water resistance (contact angle: 77.51 degrees) and flame retardancy, with a thickness expansion rate of merely 9 %. Furthermore, economic analysis and life cycle assessment demonstrated that BPC (NaOH-UT) biocomposites exhibit an optimal balance between structural stability and biodegradability. These composites also possess distinct economic advantages, demonstrating significant potential as sustainable materials for building structure, interior decoration, and furniture manufacturing.

Traditional electromagnetic shielding materials primarily address electromagnetic interference (EMI) but overlook excessive heat accumulation caused by the miniaturization and high-frequency operation of integrated electronics. This thermal buildup compromises device lifespan, stability, and reliability, restricting their applicability in heat-sensitive applications. In this study, heterogeneous dual-network bio-based composites (BPC/MWCNT) exhibiting high thermal conductivity, EMI shielding effectiveness, and mechanical strength were fabricated via lignin regeneration technology, utilizing lignin as a structural bridge. The BPC/MWCNT biocomposites demonstrate outstanding mechanical properties, achieving tensile and flexural strengths of 53.28 MPa and 60.58 MPa, respectively. This property originates in the melt-regenerated in-situ lignin acting as a green binder under high-temperature/-pressure conditions, forming a robust adhesive interface via interfacial hydrogen bonding, pi-pi stacking, and mechanical interlocking, thereby reconciling the mutually repulsive properties. Notably, the biocomposite exhibits a thermal conductivity of 1.03 W m(-1) K-1, surpassing conventional wood and bamboo materials by a significant margin. This enhanced performance arises from a dense three-dimensional dual-network BPC/MWCNT structure formed through high-temperature compression. Despite the inherently low thermal conductivity of bamboo fibers, the architecture facilitates efficient heat conduction and dissipation at the interface between the highly conductive MWCNT and bamboo fibers. Furthermore, the incorporation of MWCNT improves electrical conductivity and delivers an EMI shielding effectiveness of 73.8 dB. The three-dimensional dual-network architecture achieved via this sustainable strategy offers a viable solution to address simultaneous thermal accumulation and EMI challenges in integrated electronics.

Traditional wood-based panels composed of wood and petroleum based adhesives is widely used in furniture manufacturing and construction industries. However, these adhesives are not biodegradable, inhibiting the recycling of artificial board. More seriously, the emission of carcinogenic formaldehyde will lead to severe pollution and environmental issues. This study presents a method for preparing self-bonding composites. Waste poplar powder is used as raw material in the biocomposite, in which exogenous lignin is added, and lignin is extracted from the waste of the paper industry - black liquor, which is beneficial to the environment and the recycling of resources. The resulting biocomposites are characterized by aldehyde-free, better strength, and water stability. The dimensional stability and mechanical strength, bending strength (84.40 MPa), and tensile strength (35.40 MPa) of the biocomposite are 2.0 and 1.6 times that of composites obtained by hot pressing without pretreatment and are 2.7 and 2.4 times that of medium density fiberboard (MDF), lignin plays an important role as an adhesive, which is the key to improving mechanical properties. Moreover, the biocomposite features higher water stability and fire resistance than the traditional wood fiberboard. In conclusion, the developed black liquor-wood biocomposites are potential alternatives used to replace the formaldehyde wood-based fiberboard.

This study introduces gypsum-wheat-straw composite (GWC) as an innovative sheathing panel to enhance the fire resistance of light wood frame (LWF) walls, addressing the limitations of conventional gypsum board (GB) which can crack and compromise wall integrity when exposed to fire. Through a series of numerical simulations and experimental studies on mesoscale walls, we evaluated the thermal performance and fire resistance of GWC at elevated temperatures. The investigation focused on the impact of embedded compression strips, the number of sheathing layers, and panel types on fire resistance. The findings indicate that GWC sheathing panels significantly delay the temperature rise within walls compared to GB. Specifically, the walls sheathed with single-layer GWC showed a 20-minute delay in reaching charring temperature versus GB-sheathed walls. In double-layer configurations, the addition of GWC beneath an outer GB layer extended the time to charring temperature by an additional 17-30 min. During fire resistance tests, GWC maintained its integrity with only minor cracks, in contrast to GB which cracked and peeled off at high temperatures. This comparative analysis demonstrates that GWC-sheathed walls exhibit superior fire resistance, effectively mitigating the risk of firerelated failures in LWF structures. The results provide valuable insights for the effective application of GWC in LWF, offering a promising material solution that enhances fire safety and structural integrity under extreme conditions. The innovative use of GWC in sheathing could set a new standard for material performance in fireresistant building design.

In order to improve the utilization and development of bamboo resources and promote its application in the engineering field, the effects of different lattice cores and processing methods on the bending performance of laminated bamboo sandwich panels were discussed in this study. These structures featured distinct lattice cores, namely triangular lattice, square lattice, and Kagome lattice. The manufacturing process included using laminated bamboo as the raw material and adopting the interlocking method and partition method. Four-point bending tests were carried out on laminated bamboo sandwich panels with different lattice cores, and the bending performance of sandwich panels was discussed. The failure mechanism of sandwich panels under bending load, as well as the variation law of mid-span deflection, bending stiffness and ultimate bearing capacity, are analyzed, and the specific stiffness and specific strength of laminated bamboo sandwich panels with four different core layers were compared. At the same time, a four-point bending test model of laminated bamboo sandwich panels was established by using finite element software ABAQUS, and numerical simulation was carried out. Three kinds of sandwich panels with different lattice core processed by the interlocking method all show shear failure during the bending loading, among which the triangular lattice sandwich panel has the best bearing capacity, while the specific strength of the laminated bamboo sandwich panel with triangular lattice is also the largest. The failure mode of the laminated bamboo sandwich panel with square lattice processed by partition method is that the upper layer yields under compression and the lower layer is damaged in tension. Its bearing capacity and specific strength are better than those of the three sandwich panels processed by interlocking method, which are 21.6% and 43.6% higher than those of the triangular lattice interlocking sandwich panel respectively. The error between the simulation results and the experimental results is less than 5%, which has good consistency and can effectively predict the bending performance of the laminated bamboo sandwich panels. The laminated bamboo square lattice sandwich panel processing by partition method has excellent bending performance among the four kinds of sandwich panels, which can better present the lightweight and high-strength advantages of laminated bamboo. The research results can provide an effective structural form and theoretical basis for the application of bamboo in the engineering field.

China boasts the world’s largest plantation forest of fast-growing poplar trees. However, the wood from these plantations typically exhibits high moisture content, leading to issues such as cracking and warping upon drying. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the statistical suitability of Weibull, normal, and log-normal distributions for modeling the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of timber and to classify the strength of fast-growing poplar wood based on its strength characteristics to facilitate standardized utilization. Visual grading was employed to remove wood having apparent defects, thus mitigating the influence of wood defects and drying processes on strength. Subsequently, machine grading was conducted using static bending tests to assess the applicability of normal, log-normal, and Weibull distributions to the modulus of elasticity (MOE) distribution. Additionally, the study utilized a correlation matrix to explore the impact of density and moisture content on MOE. The findings suggest that both normal and Weibull distributions are suitable for characterizing the MOE of Chinese fast-growing poplar wood, while the log-normal distribution is not. The mean characteristic values of the MOE and density were 12.21 GPa and 521 kg/m3, respectively. The sampled poplar wood was categorized as C30 grade. Both density and moisture content were found to exert significant influences on the MOE (p < 0.01). However, density alone is not a reliable predictor for estimating MOE (R2 = 0.511).

In response to the increasing apprehensions regarding formaldehyde emissions from traditional wood-based panels and the rising demand for sustainable materials, this study focuses on the development of a high-strength, adhesive-free wood board sourced from Vitex negundo. An environmentally friendly, multi-functional board with exceptional mechanical properties has been successfully manufactured by leveraging hygrothermal synergistic effects including precise control of moisture content, temperature, and pressure. The specified manufacturing parameters namely a 4