LiMnxFe1-xPO4 (LMFP) cathodes for lithium-ion batteries provide a balance of chemical stability and high energy density when compared to LiFePO4. Due to its low electronic conductivity, LMFP must be coated with conductive carbon to achieve optimal electrochemical performance. While a plethora of carbon coating precursors and methods have been pursued, the effectiveness of coating in an LMFP full cell with a graphite anode has not been examined. Herein, six unique carbon coating methods are implemented to synthesize LMFP with 60 mol% Mn and doped with 2 mol% V. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy examines the C 1s peaks with and without charge neutralization applied, providing context to the conductivity and uniformity of carbon coating. Full cell cycling at 21°C and 45°C demonstrates that LMFP cathodes with uniform carbon coatings achieve higher discharge capacity and superior capacity retention. In these cells, solid-electrolyte interface growth and transition metal deposition of Mn onto graphite anode are minimized as confirmed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. While Fe deposition is abundant in some cells, its impact on cycling performance is unsubstantiated. Optimizing the carbon coating of LMFP cathodes can protect both the cathode and anode from degradation and enhance the electrochemical performance.
Early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis is hindered by the inability of conventional MRI to concurrently detect tiny tumors and delineate their microvascular networks. To address this, we engineered sequence-programmable iron oxide nanoparticles with precisely tuned magnetic properties that enable dual-phase T1-weighted imaging tailored to specific MRI sequences. Under ultra-short TR/TE angiography sequences, these nanoparticles produce strong T1-positive enhancement, allowing high-resolution visualization of tumor neovasculature down to 0.3 mm (in rabbits) at one-quarter of the standard gadolinium dose. Following selective uptake and aggregation by Kupffer cells, the same nanoparticles induce localized magnetic field inhomogeneity, generating pronounced T1-negative contrast in normal liver parenchyma on conventional sequences and thereby highlighting HCC lesions independent of OATP expression with detection sensitivity down to 0.4 mm (in mouse). This single-agent, dual-phase strategy integrates sensitive lesion detection with detailed vascular phenotyping, and is enabled by a green, scalable synthesis using an FDA-approved biocompatible polymer. By overcoming key limitations of current gadolinium-based agents, our platform provides a versatile and high-performance imaging solution for comprehensive early-stage HCC evaluation.
As a critical component of n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) faces challenges in colloidal stability and film uniformity when fabricated by blade-coating. Herein, 3, 6-Dioxaoctanedioic acid (DOODA) is introduced into SnO2 colloidal ink to enhance dispersion stability for blade-coating, ensuring optimized coverage and morphology of the SnO2 ETL. The results show that the carboxyl groups (-COOH) of DOODA coordinate with Sn4+ on the SnO2 surface, anchoring the molecules onto the particle surface, while the ether segments (-O-) extend outward to create steric hindrance, improving the dispersion stability of SnO2 colloids. Furthermore, the -OH groups form hydrogen bonds with SnO2 surface oxygen, reducing oxygen vacancies and passivating surface defects. Meanwhile, -COOH passivates under-coordinated Pb2+ and I- in the perovskite, reducing interfacial defects, promoting crystallization, and optimizing band alignment. The DOODA-modified device achieves a PCE of 24.64%, and large-area devices (0.99 cm2) reach 22.54%. Notably, the unencapsulated target device exhibits substantially enhanced stability, retaining 90.48% of its initial efficiency after 1944 h of aging in a nitrogen atmosphere, whereas the control device retains only 59.30%. This study provides a feasible strategy for the fabrication of high-quality ETLs using the blade-coating method.
Quantitative analysis of gasotransmitters using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in complex biological environments remains challenging. Reaction-based sensing mechanisms often induce coupled variations across multiple vibrational modes, weakening the robustness of conventional univariate calibration strategies. Moreover, batch-to-batch variations of plasmonic substrates and interference from biological matrices further limit the generalization capability of quantitative models. Here, we present a quantitative framework that integrates structurally controllable nanoprobes with full-spectrum regression based on in-context learning. Gold-core@silver-shell@gold-outer-shell nanocubes (Au@Ag@Au NCs) were synthesized to improve reproducibility of plasmonic responses across batches. Meanwhile, a Tabular Prior-Data Fitted Network (TabPFN) model was employed to capture nonlinear correlations among multidimensional spectral features without iterative retraining. Using nitric oxide (NO) as a representative gasotransmitter, the proposed strategy was first validated in artificial cerebrospinal fluid to assess robustness against matrix interference, and subsequently applied to monitor intracellular NO fluctuations in hydrogen peroxide-induced inflammatory cell models. Comparative experiments demonstrate that the TabPFN-based approach reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) by 66.69% in unseen matrix batches compared with conventional single-batch calibration methods. This work provides a practical solution for quantitative SERS analysis of gasotransmitters and highlights the potential of full-spectrum in-context learning for improving cross-batch robustness in complex biological sensing scenarios.
Precisely constructing photocatalysts with dual-atom sites to simultaneously enhance both photocatalytic activity and dual-atom stability presents a formidable challenge, as these two processes follow distinct pathways. This study synthesized a Pd-Ag heteronuclear dual-atom (DA) catalyst anchored on nitrogen-doped graphene (CN) utilizing a high-temperature reduction method (PdAg/CN-DA). The catalyst demonstrated remarkable photocatalytic activity in the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), achieving an average CO production rate of 816.6 µmol·g-1·h-1 during the CO2RR, exhibiting good stability and selectivity. After conducting four cycling tests, the catalytic activity showed no significant decline, and the selectivity reached an impressive 98.10%. Both experimental and theoretical calculations indicate that the Pd-Ag diatomic system demonstrates an elevated density of electronic states at the Fermi level, which significantly lowers the energy barrier for electron transfer during interactions with reaction intermediates, particularly in the rate-determining step (*CO2→*COOH). Furthermore, the introduced Ag species stabilizes the Pd active sites by enhancing the stability of the Pd─N bond, thereby preventing aggregation and deactivation. The superior catalytic performance, exceptional stability, and cost-effectiveness of the catalyst presented in this work provide a novel pathway for the design of efficient photocatalysts.
Osteolytic bone metastasis remains difficult to treat because effective tumor eradication and bone regeneration must be achieved simultaneously. Current calcification-based strategies are constrained by their reliance on exogenous phosphate, and poor integration with controllable therapeutic modalities. Herein, we report a tumor adhesive metal-phenolic network nanoplatform that enables phosphate-independent membrane biomineralization combined with photothermal amplification. The Ru/Ca-TA-ALN network, assembled from ruthenium ions (Ru3+), calcium ions (Ca2+), tannic acid (TA), and alendronate (ALN), co-integrates Ca2+ and phosphate-bearing moieties within a single coordination framework, allowing autonomous mineral deposition upon adhesion to tumor cell membranes. This membrane-confined calcified interface induced S-phase arrest, and impaired tumor viability. Under 1064 nm near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, Ru3+-mediated photothermal activation amplifies tumor cell apoptosis. Beyond tumor inhibition, the calcified nano-bio interface promoted osteogenic differentiation while suppressing osteoclastogenesis, shifting the bone microenvironment toward regeneration. In a murine breast cancer bone metastasis model, calcification-photothermal synergy significantly reduced tumor burden, mitigated bone destruction, and prolonged survival, while maintaining favorable biocompatibility. By transforming biomineralization into a controllable interfacial therapeutic modality, this work establishes a strategy that couples tumor suppression with bone reconstruction for metastatic bone disease.
Correlative light, electron, and ion microscopy provides a powerful multiscale framework for analyzing single cells, but integrating these methods remains challenging due to divergent specimen preparation requirements, especially for rare cell populations where low yield and sample loss limit success. Herein, we introduce a femtosecond (fs) laser ablation strategy that enables rapid material removal and targeted fabrication of 3D sub-100-µm microstructures on resin-embedded biological substrates. The workflow is demonstrated using flow-sorted mouse CD4+ T-cell subsets: regulatory (Treg) and effector (Teff) cells. Following resin embedding, fs-laser ablation was used to fabricate a half-grid geometry featuring an array of micropillars (∼30 µm tip diameter), each containing single or multiple target cells while limiting laser-induced damage to ∼3 µm. We validated the approach by preparing electron-transparent membranes using a hybrid fs‑laser/focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) workflow and performing 3D FIB-SEM tomography on single cells positioned on the fabricated micropillar tips. These analyses revealed well-preserved subcellular architecture and enabled direct ultrastructural comparison between the T-cell subsets. The grid geometry is also compatible with additional downstream analytical techniques, expanding opportunities for nanoscale chemical analysis. Overall, this work establishes a practical pathway that integrates precision micro/nanoengineering with high‑resolution correlative imaging for robust analysis of rare and limited cell populations.
Electrochemical biosensors based on carbon materials have achieved remarkable sensitivity, yet carbon electrodes are still often treated as black-box conductive supports. In this perspective, we redefine carbon materials as hierarchically designable reaction fields in which defect chemistry, edge-site termination, pore architecture, and electron-transport pathways are integrated as explicit design variables, thereby providing a conceptual framework to guide the rational design of biosensor performance. We highlight how emerging analytical tools, including high-temperature-range temperature-programmed desorption and solid-state NMR, enable direct correlation of carbon structure with interfacial functions relevant to molecular recognition, charge storage, and signal transduction. We further discuss recent studies showing that rational control of particle morphology, active-site arrangement, and transparent electrode architectures can improve not only sensitivity but also response stability, signal discrimination, and multimodal readout, highlighting a design direction in which biosensor performance emerges from the integrated engineering of reaction fields rather than isolated material properties. This framework shifts carbon-biosensor development from empirical optimization toward structure-guided design for reproducible and practical sensing in complex samples.
In this work, we report the rational design of an interfaced NiO/RuO2 composite synthesized for the first time using an ultrafast CO2 laser thermal shock approach. This process transforms Ru-doped Ni(OH)2 precursors into NiO/RuO2 composites within 2 min under open-atmosphere conditions, offering a promising route for fabricating metal oxide nanomaterials. Among the series, the NiO/RuO2-3 composite, prepared with an equimolar ratio of Ni and Ru precursors, exhibits exceptional dual-functional electrocatalytic activity, requiring only 35 mV overpotential for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and 1.38 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode for the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) at 10 mA·cm-2. When integrated into urea-assisted water splitting, the NiO/RuO2-3 composite achieves H2 generation at a low cell voltage of 1.43 V at 10 mA·cm-2, while showing remarkable stability over 100 h. In situ Raman spectroscopy reveals negligible surface reconstruction during the HER but distinct NiOOH formation during the UOR at the NiO/RuO2-3 interface. Meanwhile, density functional theory results corroborate that RuO2 modulates the electronic structure of NiO, optimizes the adsorption energetics of key intermediates, and accelerates both HER and UOR activities. This study proves that a CO2 laser-induced NiO/RuO2 composite is an efficient dual-functional electrocatalyst for energy-saving H2 production with concurrent wastewater remediation.
Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) has recently emerged as an environmentally benign route for sustainable NH3 synthesis under mild conditions. However, the complex 8-electron transfer pathway and various intermediates often lead to sluggish kinetics and limited selectivity. Therefore, the mass transport and conductivity of the electrode play a critical role in the NO3RR process. Herein, NiCoO2 microcubes with different sizes were directly grown on nickel foam (NiCoO2/NF) by regulating the Ni:Co precursor ratio. Increasing cube size induces the formation of three dimensional architecture that facilitates effective electrolyte diffusion within the electrode. Enhanced mass transport was experimentally confirmed by the increased diffusion coefficient determined from electrochemical analysis. Meanwhile, the optimized Ni:Co ratio also modulates the electronic structure of NiCoO2, contributing to improved catalytic activity. Benefiting from these structural and electronic features, the NiCoO2/NF catalyst exhibits outstanding NO3RR activity, achieving an NH3 yield rate of 4133.94 µg h-1 cm-2 and a Faradaic efficiency of 94.56% at -0.1 V vs. RHE. Notably, a remarkable energy efficiency of 39.10% was obtained even at 0 V vs. RHE. This work demonstrates that microcube NiCoO2/NF can serve as highly efficient and durable binder-free electrocatalysts for selective and energy-efficient nitrate reduction toward sustainable NH3 synthesis.
Lead-free BF-based piezoelectric ceramics are attracting much interest in high-temperature piezoelectric systems owing to their high Curie temperature (Tc) and good thermal stability. However, their development toward integration in piezoelectric devices has been severely impeded by unsatisfied overall properties. Herein, a template reinforcement texture process was proposed to fabricate highly textured BF-based piezoceramics with exceptional performance. The plate-like BaTiO3 templates undergoes annealing treatment to enhance mechanical properties, enabling them to maintain shape integrity and function normally as seed crystals. Consequently, the resultant lead-free BF-based textured piezoelectric ceramics exhibit ultrahigh texture degree (F001 = 97.0%) and exceptional piezoelectric performance (d33 = 303 ± 10 pC/N, Tc = 512°C, kp = 43.4%). Multiscale structural analysis and phase-field simulation revealed that enhanced piezoelectric performance could be attributed to the large lattice distortion, formed engineered "4R" and "1T" domains configuration, precisely controlled rhombohedral/tetragonal (R/T) phase ratio, and induced nanodomain structures with decreased domain wall energy. Moreover, the piezoelectric circular diaphragm prepared based on the texture ceramic exhibits excellent energy harvesting performance in the temperature range of 25°C-250°C. Therefore, this work provides a novel and effective method for enhancing the comprehensive piezoelectric performance of lead-free BF-based ceramics.
Cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) require a balance between capacity, rate capability, and cycle life. This study employs an anhydrous precursor approach to investigate the novel polyanionic cathode, Na2Fe2P2O7SO4 (NFPS). By regulating the carbon coating content derived from biomass, we achieve synergistic optimization of the electronic and ionic transport properties of the material. The resulting NFPS/C-F-1 cathode exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance across a wide temperature range, with a reversible discharge specific capacity of 63.81 mAh g-1 at 10 C (30 °C) and a capacity retention of 91.34% after 400 cycles at 0.5 C at -25 °C. The anhydrous precursor prevents structural collapse during pyrolysis, which is a common issue with traditional hydrated precursors, which ensures high crystallinity and consistent batch results. Analysis using the electron localization function (ELF) and the bond-valence energy landscape (BVEL) confirms that the introduction of sulphate ions into the pyrophosphate framework creates a heterogeneous electron density field and three-dimensional diffusion pathways, which enhance electrochemical performance in synergy with the carbon coating strategy. This performance characteristic establishes a foundation for rational design of carbon coating thickness in applications.
Ultra-short peptide coacervates (USPCs), formed via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of peptides containing five or fewer amino acids, offer a minimal platform for microreactors and for probing structure-property relationships governing LLPS and liquid-to-solid transitions (LSTs). USPCs form uniquely hydrophobic liquid interiors compared to larger peptide-based and complex coacervates, enabling aqueous reactivity with hydrophobic substrates. As a result, USPCs have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation microreactors with the potential to surpass nanoparticle-based systems in modularity, scalability, and biocompatibility. Existing USPCs face two major challenges: poor stability against LSTs, which irreversibly eliminate the liquid microenvironment, and a lack of well-developed structure-property relationships that would enable rational materials design. Here, we establish FXF-OMe as a minimal motif, inspired by previously reported sticker-spacer USPC motifs, that dramatically enhances resistance to LSTs while enabling investigation of structure-property relationships. Using this platform, we identify hydrophobic effects as the dominant determinant of coacervate material properties over specific peptide-peptide interactions. We further demonstrate that improved stability and tunability enable selective dye partitioning, enhanced reaction yields, and kinetic control in sulfur photo-oxidation reactions. Collectively, these results position FXF-OMe as a foundation for de novo USPC design and establish USPCs as tunable, stable platforms for precision microreactor applications.
The efficiency of one-step and Z-scheme photocatalytic water-splitting systems is often limited by undesired reverse reactions, such as water formation from H2 and O2, oxygen reduction, and backward electron transfer to redox mediators. Although coating noble metal cocatalysts (e.g., Pt) with a CrOx shell can effectively suppress these reactions, conventional CrOx shell formation methods use toxic Cr(VI) precursors. To overcome this issue, CrCl3, a previously overlooked low-toxicity Cr(III) precursor, is demonstrated to construct a superior noble metal core ─CrOx shell via a distinct mechanism. Structural analyses reveal that CrCl3 forms a highly uniform CrOx shell that is thinner (∼1.2 nm) than conventional K2CrO4-derived shells (∼1.7 nm). Electrochemical studies suggest a novel deposition pathway involving a Cr(III) → Cr(VI) → Cr(III) redox cycle, wherein transiently generated Cr(VI) species allow for thickness control. Consequently, the CrCl3-derived Pt-CrOx core-shell cocatalyst effectively suppresses backward electron transfer toward redox mediators while preserving high intrinsic H2 evolution activity. In a visible-light-driven Z-scheme water-splitting system, the photocatalyst loaded with the CrCl3-derived core-shell cocatalyst exhibits higher H2 and O2 evolution rates than that loaded with the K2CrO4-derived counterpart, with sustained stability. This work establishes CrCl3 as an effective, eco-friendly alternative for high-performance core-shell cocatalysts.
Enzymatic depolymerization of plastics offers a sustainable route to polymer recycling, yet the mechanism of action of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) hydrolases at solid polymer interfaces remains poorly understood. In particular, it is still unclear whether individual enzymes perform isolated cleavage events or catalyze multiple successive reactions during a single adsorption event. Here, we employ fluorogenic probe-doped PET nanoparticles together with a leaf-branch compost cutinase variant (LCCICCG) to visualize interfacial PET hydrolysis at the single-molecule level and reveal the dynamic principles governing interfacial catalysis. Fluorescence trajectories reveal multi-burst events with short intervals, consistent with semi-processive hydrolysis during a single enzyme adsorption event. Based on the quantitative correspondence between the experimentally observed fraction of multi-burst events and the simulated nearest-neighbor distance distribution, we estimate an apparent effective reaction distance of approximately 2 nm for individual enzymes. We further show that burst frequency exhibits a nonmonotonic temperature dependence governed by the surface-chain mobility near the glass transition, whereas the overall PET degradation rate increases continuously. Our findings provide a quantitative framework linking enzyme dynamics, the local reaction environment, and polymer interfacial physics, providing a basis for engineering more efficient PET hydrolases.
Chronic diabetic wounds are difficult to heal due to sustained hyperglycemia, excessive oxidative stress, bacterial biofilm infection, and impaired immune regulation. Current wound dressings often lack the ability to sense pathological glucose levels and to deliver antibacterial and regenerative functions in a controlled and coordinated manner. Here, we develop a glucose-responsive catalytic hydrogel that integrates enzyme-metal hybrid nanozymes within a dynamic polymer network for intelligent diabetic wound therapy. Glucose oxidase (GOx) is immobilized in a hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) to form stable nanozymes, while Cu2+ ions are incorporated to enable glucose-triggered cascade catalysis, initiating a Fenton-like reaction for localized antibacterial action. These nanozymes are embedded into a self-healing hydrogel based on oxidized sodium alginate (OSA), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), and acrylamide (Am), forming a tough and bio-adhesive scaffold through dynamic Schiff-base cross-linking. The resulting hydrogel exhibits glucose-regulated reactive oxygen species generation, efficient biofilm eradication, redox-mediated immune modulation, and enhanced angiogenesis, thereby accelerating diabetic wound healing both in vitro and in vivo. This work presents a biocompatible and spatially organized enzyme-metal-hydrogel platform that couples metabolic sensing with controlled chemodynamic therapy, offering a promising strategy for next-generation intelligent wound dressings.
Efficient piezo-photoelectrochemical (Piezo-PEC) water splitting is critical for sustainable hydrogen production, yet its performance is largely constrained by sluggish charge separation and inefficient mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion. Here, we introduce a defect polarization-metal anchoring strategy by selectively anchoring Ni at Ba-vacancy-rich regions of BaTiO3 to achieve efficient Piezo-PEC water splitting. Experimental characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that Ba vacancies reconstruct the local coordination environment of Ti sites, promoting Ti3+ formation and TiO6 octahedral distortion to enhance lattice polarization and the piezoelectric built-in electric field. Ni anchoring further enhances Ti 3d-Ni 3d-O 2p orbital hybridization and Ti─O covalency, forming Ni2+/Ti3+ dual active sites. The enhanced covalency establishes delocalized electron transport pathways to suppress bulk carrier recombination, while the dual active sites accelerate the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) via Ti─O─Ni bridges. The reinforced piezoelectric field synergistically couples with the photogenerated field to promote efficient charge separation. Benefiting from these cooperative effects, the Ni/BTO-BaV photoanode delivers a photocurrent density of 2.21 mA cm-2 at 1.23 VRHE under ultrasonic-light coupling, with a piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of 65.13 pm V-1. This work establishes a universal guideline for synergistic modulation of defect polarization and metal sites, guiding the rational design of high-performance photoelectrodes.
BACKGROUND:Aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) exhibits direct and irreversible tubular epithelial cell toxicity, posing multiple therapeutic challenges. To address this, we have developed a class of biocompatible nanomachines for active treatment of AAN. METHODS:PEG@Ni@MoS2 (PNM) nanoparticle-based mobile nanomachines, featuring a composite architecture where nickel (Ni) is deposited on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) followed by polyethylene glycol (PEG5000) modification, indicate photoelectric response characteristics based on their ion-sputtering construction. RESULTS:These nanomachines exhibit spontaneous self-propulsion in PBS solution under 660 nm irradiation. This proactive H2/O2 discharge was observed in vitro and may contribute to alleviating renal injury, potentially via modulation of endogenous electric fields, though such currents have not yet been detected in vivo. The amelioration of ferroptosis and the NLRP3/IL-1β pathway appears to support renal function homeostasis. CONCLUSION:The proposed nanomachine system, with its photoelectric response, locomotory behavior, and active H2/O2 release, represents a promising platform for AAN treatment. However, direct in vivo evidence of current generation and distribution remains to be established, and the proposed electro-modulatory mechanism should be considered hypothetical pending further validation.
2D materials are increasingly recognized as promising candidates for next-generation catalysis, energy storage devices, and sustainable chemical transformations. Among 2D materials, boron nanosheets have attracted considerable attention due to their unique electronic structure and high surface reactivity. However, the synthesis of boron nanosheets remains exceptionally challenging. Here, we demonstrated a novel, scalable, surfactant-free, and simple room-temperature liquid metal-assisted mechanical exfoliation strategy that enables the AlB2 transformation into few-layer boron nanosheets (BS). In this process, the liquid metal (LM) intercalates and disrupts the ionic interlayer forces. Its fluidic nature facilitates to readily form alloy with Al metal through energetically favorable and fast interfacial diffusion. While shear forces induced by ball milling drive the exfoliation of ultrathin BS at a large-scale yield (87.9%). The exfoliated BS possesses a large lateral size, with a thickness 1.96 ± 0.57 nm. The synergistic effect of exfoliated BS with silver nanoparticles exhibited remarkably enhanced CO2 reduction performance, achieving superior activity, stability (>205 h), and selectivity (97.4%) toward CO production. This novel scalable exfoliation technique paves the new approach toward the large-scale synthesis of 2D materials and their potential use in catalytic applications.
In situ monitoring of plant responses to stress is one of the most challenging aspects of precision agriculture, and the dynamic control of crop growth according to fluctuating environmental factors. Although fluorescence imaging provides a nondestructive approach for monitoring stress-related biomarkers, its performance is often hindered by the low abundance of endogenous signaling molecules and strong tissue autofluorescence. Here, we report a microneedle-integrated sensing platform that enables sensitive detection of endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in living plants. The platform incorporates a second near-infrared fluorescent nanoprobe composed of Er3+-doped lanthanide nanoparticles emitting at 1550 nm and Mo-doped polymetallic oxomolybdates serving as the H2O2-responsive unit. Embedding the nanoprobe into custom-fabricated microneedles allows precise positioning on plant midribs for continuous monitoring of H2O2 dynamics. Under stress conditions, the system successfully visualized spatiotemporal fluctuations of H2O2 in living tomato, spinach, and tobacco plants. This work establishes a strategy for early stress diagnosis and developing universal plant health monitoring technologies.
