Motorcycles are not only vital to transportation and economies in many Southeast Asia's countries but also cause substantial air pollution. As alternative electric mobility is increasingly promoted by countries, managing end-of-life (petrol) motorcycles (EoLMs) becomes more urgent. This article addresses the question: How will EoLMs be treated, transformed or disposed of? Vietnam, leading the region in motorcycle ownership, was selected as the case. The authors used a triangulation approach, combining literature review, site observations and semi-structured interviews to examine Vietnam's EoLM recycling management. Specifically, the article provided motorcycle-related estimations to fill the data gap, based on which numerical warnings on emissions from in-use EoLMs were generated to support the contemporary emission picture. Advantages and limitations of the current legislative framework and recycling system were identified. Finally, a tailored recycling management framework was proposed, incorporating mandatory emission testing, enhanced extended producer responsibility regulations and subsidies for the industry. This study contributes to the limited literature on EoLM management and provides policymakers with an interdisciplinary framework emphasizing stakeholders' collaboration.

Reverse supply chain (RSC) implementation is integral to waste management. Owing to economic, environmental and social benefits, RSC has been adopted to many industries and automotive is no exception. Multiple components and materials found in End-of-life vehicles (ELVs) have potential recycling value but also cause environmental damages if improperly treated. The number of ELVs is accelerating worldwide, especially in developing countries. Research on RSCs for ELVs treatment has been increasing. However, the literature still lacks a comprehensive understanding of this topic. The authors thus conducted an in-depth content review of publications on RSC of ELVs. The methodology applied PRISMA 2020 guideline combined with the model of Mayring (2001). Extensive search strings were utilized to retrieve articles from SCOPUS and Web of Science. After a rigid selection process and an intensive content assessment on 10,140 publications as raw materials, a total of 151 peer-reviewed papers was selected and carefully analyzed. The content categories were developed deductively and inductively. Major categories included research methodology overarching others: research themes, RSC/ELV types, stages in RSC, country specific and stakeholders. Modeling is the most commonly used among the papers, especially in RSC network design and planning. Mixed-integer linear programming prevails over other modeling approaches while AHP is predominant decision-making tool. Studies on legislations, network performance evaluation, and forecasting remain negligible. Categorization and significant achievements of articles are introduced. Future research is suggested upon identified research gaps. The review benefits academicians and practitioners in better comprehension of the field and promising research directions.

Taking the supplement of the quantity and quality of cultivated land in rural settlements as the departure point, this paper discusses the spatial and temporal integration reconstruction method of rural settlements. The disorderly expansion of residential areas in Pinggu District, Beijing, China has led to the erosion of high-quality cultivated land in the region and the advantages of mountain resources have not been fully utilized in this area. Therefore, Pinggu District was selected as the research area. Using the spatial analysis function in GIS, this paper uses the comprehensive correction method of the per capita construction land standard and the neighborhood substitution method to analyze the quantitative potential of rural settlements to supplement cultivated land and the qualitative grade of cultivated land after arrangement. A combination of exclusion matrices are employed to identify the spatial and temporal arrangements of rural settlements. The research shows that the effective cultivated land area of rural settlements in Pinggu District is 514.24 ha, and the coefficient of increasing cultivated land is 9.25%. Rural residential areas in the district are divided into priority sorting area, key sorting area, moderate sorting area, and restricted sorting area; they account for 18.13%, 21.10%, 20.85%, and 39.93% of the total area, respectively. According to the regional characteristics and dominant factor of the different consolidation areas, corresponding consolidation goals, models, and engineering measures are proposed to enrich the theory and approach to village planning and to provide a reference for practitioners engaged in regional rural land consolidation. The innovation of this study is putting forward the consolidation objectives, models and engineering measures based on the regional characteristics and leading factors of different land consolidation areas. This study has reference significance for the formulation and implementation of regional rural settlements consolidation planning and the policy of increasing and decreasing urban and rural construction land.

China is the most ambitious country in developing nuclear energy which has become an important composition of its energy supply. Nuclear safety is imperative for sustainable development of nuclear energy; therefore, nuclear safety regulation is of paramount importance. This paper investigated the nuclear safety regulations in the United States, France, Japan, and Russia, who are at the forefront with respect to the installed capacity of nuclear energy. A comparison of regulations between China and these four countries was also carried out and some potential problems existing in China were analyzed. Based on the investigation and comparison, some suggestions for China’s nuclear safety regulations regarding the policy legislation, framework of regulation, scientific research, and public communication were proposed.

Bicycle sharing systems (BSSs) have attracted worldwide attention as representatives of the new, green public transportation systems, and many types of research have examined the topic. However, the research so far is relatively scattered, because BSS has undergone several technical upgrades and expansions, and the content of some articles may no longer apply to today's society. Therefore, it is necessary to review and summarise the research on BSSs so far. This article aims to collect and summarise the development, characteristics, and impact of BSSs through an extensive review of relevant literature. The article collects and analyses existing academic literature, online materials, and official reports. It is found that BSSs attract people with the same characteristics, and Western and Eastern users have different characteristics; some common factors promote people's use of BSSs in different regions. The government or enterprises introduce BSSs for different purposes: for reducing congestion or for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Most of the impacts caused by BSSs are positive, but some impacts, such as model substitution and environmental benefits, do not seem to achieve the expected goals. Through a literature review, this article provides references for people who are interested in conducting further research in this area in the future.

本研究では、防災を通じた多文化共生まちづくりの可能性を探るため、日本人と外国人の防災意識について報告する。インタビューは、防災を行う上で重要な要素である3つの視点（自助、共助、公助）からの意識の違いを明らかにするために実施された。その結果、「自助」は知識のギャップにより日本人学生と留学生の意識に明確な違いがみられ、災害時に留学生が地元の人々と同じ行動を取るのは難しいことが分かった。しかし、両学生には「共助」と「公助」に関しての明確なギャップは見られなかった。特に共助に関しては、留学生は言語や知識の壁があるにもかかわらず、災害時に地元コミュニティを助ける意欲が高い。本研究は、日本の地域社会が高齢化と弱体化の問題に直面している現在、外国人を災害弱者として扱う代わりに、共助のスキームに彼らを取り込むことが重要であると指摘した。

Bicycle sharing systems (BSSs) have attracted worldwide attention as representatives of the new, green public transportation systems, and many types of research have examined the topic. However, the research so far is relatively scattered, because BSS has undergone several technical upgrades and expansions, and the content of some articles may no longer apply to today's society. Therefore, it is necessary to review and summarise the research on BSSs so far. This article aims to collect and summarise the development, characteristics, and impact of BSSs through an extensive review of relevant literature. The article collects and analyses existing academic literature, online materials, and official reports. It is found that BSSs attract people with the same characteristics, and Western and Eastern users have different characteristics; some common factors promote people's use of BSSs in different regions. The government or enterprises introduce BSSs for different purposes: for reducing congestion or for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Most of the impacts caused by BSSs are positive, but some impacts, such as model substitution and environmental benefits, do not seem to achieve the expected goals. Through a literature review, this article provides references for people who are interested in conducting further research in this area in the future.

Under the policy guidance of speeding up the development of modern service industry in China, road transport industry, as a traditional service industry, its original transport products or services can not meet the needs of the vast number of passengers. It is necessary to realize the transformation of road transport industry to modern service industry based on modern service concept. The service evaluation system of road transport industry is a measure of the ability of road transport system to create time and space effects for customers. The strategic task of the service transformation of road transport industry is to provide the target and basis for the transformation of road transport industry and accelerate the transformation from traditional road transport industry to modern service industry.

Establishment of China"s Pilot Free Trade Zone had an impact on local trade and tourism.On the basis of drawing lessons from the experience of the four major trade zones, on the basis of the experience of the four major trade zones, combined with the development characteristics of Liaoning Free Trade Zone.Analysis of free trade zone will bring opportunities to the tourism market in Dalian. 2.四大自贸区旅游业的发展与分析

近年来,生态文明建设不断推进,国土空间规划的编制成为新时代的重要任务之一,规划的核心内容之一就是以"三区三线"为载体,整合协调各部门空间管控手段,绘制形成全域覆盖的一张蓝图.在此背景下,"非集中建设区"这一命题越来越受到业界人士的关注.文章尝试在梳理非集中建设区相关研究的基础上,明晰其规划管控要求和所面临的问题,并以《长春市空间规划(2016—2035年)》为例,探索非集中建设区规划编制和管控体系的构建,建立与之相关的传导体系,并提出相关政策建议.

在上海建设卓越全球城市的总体目标下,生态空间将作为重要要素参与全球竞争,生态环境和宜居品质是重要的一环.公园是生态空间的重要组成部分,在满足人民日益增长的生态环境需求方面承担着重要作用.目前,上海在公园建设方面仍然与全球城市存在差距.通过对公园体系发展脉络的梳理以及全球城市公园建设发展趋势的研究,从体系建设的角度提出相关思考和建议,重点在体系构建上统筹城乡用地、在空间布局上强化网络连接、在功能引导上注重特色塑造、在建设策略上关注公园活力、在实施保障上探索政策创新.

With the process of urbanization, China has entered into a booming of construction, and new buildings currently cost large quantities of natural resources and energy. Green Buildings are one of the approaches being implemented to help to mitigate the impacts of the building stock on the environment. However, the majority of green buildings are located in eastern region of China where the economies are more developed. For developing regions in the middle and western regions, green buildings are few. Low income is easily assumed to be the barrier, but research performed to test this assumption, is scarce. The authors of this paper chose Shanxi Province, a less developed region, as the area of investigation to investigate this issue. The authors developed a framework of consumer behaviour based on the HowardSheth model to find the key factors that affect people’s willingness to pay (WTP), for which a questionnaire survey was conducted in the study area in Shanxi Province. The survey data were analysed by logistic regression and cross tabulation methods. The results revealed that rather than income, the knowledge related to green buildings and awareness of environmental protection had significant impacts upon green building WTP. Based on the analyses, several suggestions were developed, including: imposing certain demands on constructors of buildings to adopt green facilities, improving the publicity of green buildings, etc. This study investigated people’s real attitudes toward green building and found a high WTP in the region, which deserves further attention from the relevant stakeholders in the future.

Despite Tokyo's size and position in the global urban system, studies of its employment distribution have been few. This research identified the locations and ranks of the employment centers in the entire metropolitan region and analyzed the characteristics of the economic sectors in those centers by using fine scale economic census data. Minimum sizes for a center were explored at a range from as small as 250 by 250m to 3,000 by 3,000m, and the Local Indicators of Spatial Association technique was utilized for detecting centers in different ranks. The results showed that, from a regional view, Tokyo has a typical monocentric or concentric spatial structure. However, from a fine scale view, the distribution was revealed to be expanding along the railroads to the suburbs, and both the main central business district and the suburbs are polycentric. Through this research, the authors argue that rather than using thresholds of total employment and minimum densities as seen in the previous studies, centers can be effectively detected by comparing with the surrounding areas at different scales. This scale-view approach of center identification may provide a new perspective to other metropolitan regions of the world as well.

Understanding the patterns of human concentrations within megacities is of fundamental importance to our understanding of megacity dynamics, and for megacity management and policy making. This study presents an updated investigation of the historical expansion of densely inhabited districts (DIDs) in the world's largest megacity, Tokyo. Long-term DID data (1960-2010) at 5- year intervals were analyzed in a geographic information systems framework. Results show that Tokyo completed rapid growth phase and is now in a maturity phase with minimal growth. Extension was the main form of expansion, although fragmented growth in the form of patches was also noted. The rate of DID expansion was strongly related to economic trends. However the direction and shape of expansion was influenced much by geographic and policy related factors. West and southern directions had earlier and greater expansion, likely related to the historical Tōkaidō corridor. Over 95% of all DIDs are located within 4km distance from a railway line. The coastline and distance from the CBD had some modifying influence. During the course of expansion, there was substantial decrease of population density in the inner wards. Future trends in Tokyo's DIDs will be greatly influenced by aging demographic trends. This study therefore shows that megacity spatial expansion is a dynamic process influenced by various processes whose roles vary over time.

Japan has a comparatively long history of new town construction. During its period of rapid economic development from the 1950s to the 1970s, there was a mass migration to cities that led to a severe housing shortage in the metropolitan areas. In order to meet the needs of middle and low income workers in an effective way, the central and local governments launched a number of new town projects. After outlining the current situation of these new towns, including their numbers, distribution, and development models, this article introduces the features and problems of new towns over the past 60 years. Together with a case study on the first new town in Japan, Cenli, the author summarizes the experiences and lessons that can be learnt by China. Japan's new towns were built as sleeping towns for the purpose of providing public housing and under the transit-oriented development mode, which is the characteristic worths learning. However, the ending of new town construction shows a natural course, and the aging of the existing ones provides a lesson for China to take precaution.

Cities are both the main source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the main arena of emission reductions. However, many cities have difficulties to compile the GHG inventories to support their mitigation plans and actions scientifically. Currently, the IPCC framework of inventories is mostly sector-based, within which the emission from a certain sector is estimated as an aggregated volume based on statistical yearbooks. Since the data is only available above some administration level, emissions are difficult to scale down to a specific geographical boundary. With this circumstance, a spatial explicit accounting approach on the city-level GHG inventory is required to provide sophisticated information for the better decision-making on the local mitigation actions. The aim of this study is to propose a location-based GHG inventory approach to fill the gap. The proposed inventory framework uses sampling surveys, enterprise GHG reports and the geo-referenced data to estimate the emissions and the spatial distributions. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to integrate the results. The proposed framework is applied to Oita Prefecture, Japan as an implication to test the approach's feasibility and offering enlightening insights. Since the emission sources are visible on maps and one can zoom to any necessary level of scale, the location-based inventory can better provide the spatial explicit information for better mitigation policy-making and environmental education at community levels. It will also provide enlightening insights to the in-depth investigation on the relationships between distribution of GHG emissions and the city landscapes, hence benefitting the low-carbon city research and practice in the future.