исследовались распространенность и особенности вегетативной дисфункции у студенток младших курсов медицинского вуза. Высокий уровень вегетативной дисфункции в сочетании с низким уровнем личностной тревожности у испытуемых в меньшей степени влияет на состояние здоровья и качество жизни, чем сочетание низкого уровня вегетативной дисфункции и высокого уровня личностной тревожности. The prevalence and peculiarities of autonomic dysfunction in female undergraduate medical students were investigated. The presence of a high level of autonomic dysfunction in combination with a relatively low level of personal anxiety influences the state of health and quality of life to a lesser degree than a combination of a relatively low level of autonomic dysfunction and a high level of personal anxiety.

An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0362119722440013

The aim of the work was to identify the relationship between autonomic function tests and the severity of autonomic dysfunction (AD), assessed by means of the Wein scale. The participants completed a number of questionnaires, including the Eysenck, Wein, Spielberger, and Beck questionnaires, the Toronto Alexithymic Scale (TAS), and the SF-36 Quality of Life questionnaire. The study involved 57 2nd-year students of the Pirogov Russian National Research University. A dynamometric test, a cold test, and an active orthostatic test were used. It was shown that junior medical students are characterized by high rates of anxiety, depression, and AD. The lack of correlations between AD severity and autonomic tests values along with significant correlations between AD severity and quality of life data, excepting physical functioning scale, allows us to assume that in the studied cohort AD is associated with substantial social, but not physical dysadaptation.

Behavior Analysis is a relatively young but rapidly evolving scientific field, that requires a scientifically based and conceptually systematic vocabulary. Basic principles for translating behavior analytic terms have previously been established, concerning both the morphology (topography) of the terms and their content (function). In the present paper, and based on our experience of translating behavior analytic terms into Russian, we seek to expand consideration of the functional issues by adding some generalizations as an extension to previous established translation principles. Although the starting premise when selecting a behavior analytic term is that it belongs to a distinct and well-developed field with its own conceptual and theoretical basis, we also acknowledge the earlier academic roots and wide overlap with many other related disciplines. Thus, when selecting a term, it is essential to conduct a semantic and etymological analysis, addressing the following issues: 1) historical continuity; 2) links with related disciplines; 3) potential uniqueness of a term (use of specific neologism) within the field of behavior analysis.

Histoenzymological methods were used to study metabolism of smooth muscle cells of intramural myocardial arteries during experimental aortic or pulmonary artery stenosis. Aortic stenosis was accompanied by changes in smooth muscles of the left ventricle manifested by deceleration of tricarboxylic acid cycle, inhibition of oxidation of free fatty acids and their metabolites, flux redistribution in the glycolytic cascade, and inhibition of shuttle systems and biosynthetic processes. Similar metabolic alterations were observed in vessels of the ventricular septum, but they were not revealed in vessels of the right ventricle (except glycolysis stimulation). Under conditions of pulmonary artery stenosis, histoenzymological alterations in vascular smooth muscle of both ventricles and ventricular septum were similar, which attested to acceleration of tricarboxylic acid cycle, stimulation of oxidation of the free fatty acids with their metabolites, acceleration of glycolysis, and activation of the shuttle systems and biosynthetic processes. Comparative analysis of histoenzymological alterations revealed substantial differences in the character of metabolic changes under conditions of increased left and right ventricular afterload, which can be caused by peculiarities in myocardial blood flow, severity of circulatory disorders, severity of hypoxia, and intensity of processes maintaining ionic homeostasis in vascular smooth muscles and transport across the histohematic barriers. The data attest to important metabolic role of glycolysis in vascular smooth muscles of the myocardium, especially under conditions of enhanced afterload of the right ventricle.

Propranolol and atenolol were used to examine the role of the adrenergic system in the genesis of slow HR variations (waves) in rabbits, the animals characterized by pronounced sympathetic influences. The control experiments were performed with physiological solution and long-term records in intact rabbits. The harmonic (spectrum) analysis was performed with fast Fourier transform. The adrenoblockers produced no decrease in the power of slow waves. The study did not found the sympathetic genesis of slow variations in rabbit HR.

The relationships between dromotropic and chronotropic components of five reflexes were studied in rabbits: intravenous and intraarterial blood injections, occlusion of the carotid arteries, Aschner maneuver, and stimulation of depressors. All these stimuli reduced heart rate (except carotid artery occlusion, which induced approximately equal number of tachi-and bradycardic responses). The former three stimuli also reduced atrioventricular (AV) conduction velocity, the changes in these two parameters were proportional. Changes in heart rate induced by Aschner maneuver were more pronounced than changes in AV conduction. Stimulation of depressor induced co-directed shifts in these parameters during the first seconds, but then AV conduction increased, while heart rate remained decreased; bradycardia and AV acceleration persisted for long time after termination of stimulation. Our findings attest to independent regulation of heart rate and AV conduction velocity and to the absence of a strict relationship between these two parameters.

Were studied the effects of atropine and β-adrenoblockers on the power of very low (<0.25 Hz), low (0.25–0.70 Hz), and high frequency (0.7–1.8 Hz) waves of the heart rhythm in wakeful rats. Atropine reduced the power of all waves in 100% cases. Propranolol on average decreased the power of very low frequency waves and increased the power of low and high frequency waves, although opposite effects were observed in many cases. Atenolol produced similar effects. Some animals demonstrated spontaneous moderation of respiratory rate to a level corresponding to low-frequency oscillations of the heart rhythm accompanied by elevation of the relative power of low frequency waves. Inconsistency of the effects of β-adrenoblockers in rats can be related to variability of sympathetic tone and spontaneous deceleration of respiration with the corresponding changes of low frequency waves. Augmentation of the high frequency waves during application of β-adrenoblockers is not related to their action on CNS.

The coordinated nervous influences on HR and atrioventricular conduction velocity (chronodromotropic coordination) were examined in wakeful cats. The wave structure and reflex reactions of RR and atrioventricular (AV) intervals to stress noise stimulation were studied under normal conditions and during the action of blockers of peripheral receptors in ANS. Variations of both intervals had similar wave structure (power spectrum) and similar reactions to noise stimulus. Atropine pronouncedly decreased all components of the spectra in the high, low, and very low frequency ranges. It eliminated the reactions of both intervals to noise stimulation. In RR intervals, the high-frequency spectrum component decreased more strongly than the low-frequency ones. By contrast, in AV intervals atropine most greatly decreased the very-low-spectrum component, while the high frequency was decreased less of all. Propranolol produced no effect on the response to noise. It did not decrease components of the wave structure in both intervals, except for the very-low-frequency peak of AV interval. The nervous chronotropic and dromotropic influences were largely coordinated, although they were not obligatorily parallel.

Effects of pentobarbital on spectral characteristics and phase ratios of wave oscillations of the cardiac contraction period (RR interval) and time of atrioventricular conduction (AV interval) were studied in experiments of cats. Pentobarbital moderately reduced the mean values of both intervals and significantly reduced their standard deviations and spectral powers in all frequency bands (high-frequency, low-frequency, and very low-frequency). Pentobarbital treatment led to deceleration of breathing, the frequency range of respiratory oscillations of RR and AV intervals shifted in some cases from high to low frequencies; evaluation of spectral power in the intermittent band corresponding to respiration frequency (instead of standard fixed high-frequency band) showed that pentobarbital suppressed the respiratory oscillations in these bands. Pentobarbital induced inversion of phase ratio between respiratory oscillations of RR and AV intervals: oscillations of both intervals before pentobarbital coincided by phase, while after pentobarbital injection they were in antiphase. The mechanisms of the latter phenomenon deserve further investigation.

The effects of atropine and β-adrenoceptor blockers on mean HR, wave structure of the cardiac rhythm, and chronotropic reaction to noise stress were examined in cats. Atropine (0.5 mg/kg) increased the mean HR and significantly decreased the spectrum power of HF, LF, and VLF oscillations. The decrease in HF power was most pronounced, which enhanced LF/HF ratio. Propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) decreased the mean HR and slightly increased the power of HF, LF, and VLF oscillations. Atenolol (2 mg/kg) exerted similar but more pronounced effects. β-Adrenoceptor blockers increased HF power to a greater extent than LF and VLF power, which led to a decrease in LF/HF ratio. Atropine markedly decreased the chronotropic reaction to stress. β-Adrenoceptor blockers produced no effect on the amplitude of this reaction, but accelerated restoration of initial HR. It is established that the changes in power spectrum of HR and the phase reflex reactions in cats are mediated by parasympathetic influences; the sympathetic system is involved only in the control of mean HR, probably in response to the level of animal activity. The changes in LF/HF ratio during blockade of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are caused by opposite influences of these systems on HF oscillations, but not by hypothetic “sympathetic” and “parasympathetic” nature of LF and HF oscillations of the heart rhythm.

Cardiac frequency-domain parameters of the left ventricular pressure were studied in acute experiments on cats under conditions of reflex and load stimulation and during maximum inotropic stimulation with epinephrine. A strict correlation was revealed between the upper threshold of the frequency range and the maximum value of pressure first derivative. Without epinephrine infusion, the maximum value of pressure first derivative and the upper threshold of the frequency range attained 9840 mm Hg/sec and 98.4 Hz, correspondingly. During epinephrine infusion, the corresponding values were 12911 mm Hg/sec and 145 Hz. Left ventricular pressure in cats is characterized by high-frequency parameters, which can be measured by special catheter microtransducers and only in some cases by routine pressure gauges.

In acute experiments on cats neural inotropic and lusitropic reactions of the heart to enhancement of pre- and afterload were assessed by changes in contractility and relaxation indices, which were preliminary chosen for their maximum specificity and sensitivity. The control cardiac responses to increased pre- and afterload were measured after treatment with ganglionic blocker arfonad. The myogenic component of these responses assessed under the action of arfonad was highly pronounced, therefore the neural inotropic and lusitropic reactions were measured as the difference between load-induced changes of indices in experiments with and without arfonad. Increased preload produced similar negative inotropic and lusitropic effects, while increased afterload produced a more pronounced negative inotropic effect, which indicated independent regulation of contractility and diastolic relaxation of the heart.

The possibility of using contraction and relaxation indices for evaluation of inotropic and loositropic influences on the heart was studied in experiments on cats. Increased pre- and afterload were used as the stimuli, which are simultaneously loading and reflexogenic. Under conditions of preserved innervation both stimuli elevated the indices selected according to the highest sensitivity/specificity ratio. Ganglionic blocker arfonad potentiated the effects of these stimuli. This attests to a considerable contribution of the myogenic component to the changes in the studied indices in response to increased pre- and afterload and to the existence of negative inotropic and loositropic influences on the heart under conditions of preserved innervation. These conclusions were supported when more specific indices were used: in most cases they decreased during load tests. Thus, when the contraction and relaxation indices are used for evaluation inotropic and loositropic influences on the heart, it seems reasonable either to compare heart responses under conditions of preserved or blocked innervation, or to apply more specific indices. Analysis of changes in most widely used indices (dP/dt)max and t showed that t reliably reflects neural loositropic influences, while the use of (dP/dt)max without proper control can be erroneous.

Sensitivity (response to epinephrine infusion) and specificity (response to changes in pre- and afterload) of some cardiac relaxation indices were compared in acute experiments on cats treated with ganglionic blocker arfonad. Some new indices proposed by us provide better characteristics than widely used relaxation time constant (t) and maximum first derivative of the left ventricular pressure (-dP/dt)(max).