The prevention of accidents is aided by having a strong ability to identify hazards. The objective and quantitative assessment of hazard identification ability through event-related potential (ERP) experiments is of significance for person-job safety matching in high-risk positions. In this study, we first designed and conducted an electroencephalogram (EEG) experiment related to the hazard identification process. Subsequently, two indicators reflecting the hazard identification process were extracted from the behavioral data obtained during the experiment: hazard identification speed and hazard identification accuracy. Finally, time-domain and frequency-domain analysis methods were employed to investigate the ERP characteristics and patterns in the hazard identification process. The results showed that: (1) the low and high hazard identification accuracy groups (L-HIA and H-HIA) demonstrated significantly different N100 and P200 components, as well as beta, theta, and alpha power; (2) the fast and slow hazard identification speed groups (F-HIS and S-HIS) demonstrated significantly different N100, P200, and P300 components and beta power; (3) the average power value of theta wave in the central frontal region (Plow < 1.22 µV², Phigh > 1.99 µV²) can be used as the grading standard for hazard identification accuracy; (4) the average peak voltage value of the P300 component in the occipital region (Ufast < 1.78 µV, Uslow > 5.67 µV) can be used as the grading standard for hazard identification speed. An independent validation sample further confirmed the internal reproducibility of these thresholds, achieving 85.7% classification accuracy under the same EEG system and task paradigm. It’s conducive for enterprises and individuals to master the hazard identification ability of employees to train and improve their ability.

Blasting-induced dynamic loads are a primary risk factor for failure in underground support structures. Based on the wave-function expansion method, this study develops a dynamic response model of a surrounding rock-anchoring agent-bolt system subjected to cylindrical P-wave incidence. A dimensionless dynamic stress concentration factor (DSCF) is introduced to characterize the stress within the system. The influences of blasting source frequency, impact distance, anchoring agent thickness, and material impedance mismatch on the evolution of DSCF are systematically analyzed. Parametric analyses reveal that low-frequency excitation leads to lower and more uniformly distributed DSCF. The thickness and shear modulus of the anchoring agent significantly affect the magnitude and directional distribution of DSCF. The LS-DYNA simulations validate the model's ability to capture wave propagation, interface reflections, and stress concentration, confirming that reflected shear waves govern circumferential stress and make the 90 degrees direction most prone to tensile failure. Physical model tests further verify this trend, with higher 90 degrees strain and stronger internal interface response, supporting the model's engineering applicability. A three-dimensional response surface is established, incorporating frequency, impedance, and thickness. Based on this surface, a quantitative optimization strategy is proposed: within the parameter space examined here, thickness ratios in the range of 1.4-1.8 reduce DSCF, combined with suitable impedance matching, can effectively minimize DSCF under multi-frequency excitation under the adopted model assumptions. This study establishes an analytical framework and validated failure mechanism for radial dynamic stress concentration, and proposes a quantifiable design criterion that enables more reliable optimization of anchorage systems under blasting loads.

Cylindrical charges are widely used in engineering blasting, yet the three-dimensional propagation mechanism of the associated stress waves remains inadequately understood. This study aims to investigate the effects of key wave source parameters on stress wave propagation and rock damage in cylindrical charge blasting. A semi-analytical solution for spherical stress wave propagation in a full elastic space is developed to theoretically describe the stress field, and a computational model for cylindrical charges is established based on the superposition principle of equivalent spherical charges. Numerical simulations using the RHT constitutive model are then performed to verify the theoretical predictions and further investigate stress wave propagation and rock damage. The results show that the attenuation index of radial stress decreases from 1.5 to 1 as the loading rate increases. Higher loading rates produce more but shorter cracks, whereas lower rates result in fewer but longer cracks. The blast-induced damage region shifts from the detonation direction toward the horizontal plane with increasing detonation velocity, and the resulting rock damage exhibits a conical distribution controlled by the initiation point. These findings provide practical guidance for optimizing cylindrical charge blasting and controlling crack patterns in engineering applications.

This study explores the damage characteristics and failure behaviors of cemented tailings backfill (CTB) under cyclic impact loading via drop-hammer impact tests, NMR tests, AE-monitored uniaxial compression tests and SEM observations, combined with damage mechanics and NMR fractal theory for quantitative analysis using CTB samples with a cement-tailings ratio of 1:3 and slurry mass fraction of 76%. The results show that cyclic impact loading obviously deteriorates the macroscopic mechanical properties of CTB, with its brittleness and damage variables rising with increasing impact times; the slope of tangent modulus-strain curve declines while crack closure stress and strain increase gradually. CTB presents double peaks in T₂ spectrum dominated by micropores, whose peak T₂ values grow and NMR fractal dimension decreases as impact cycles increase. Both AE counts and energy change periodically during loading, and RA-AF parameters indicate that the failure mode shifts from tension-dominated fracture to shear-tension mixed fracture. Finally, a full-process damage constitutive model of CTB under coupled impact damage and loading is established by adopting Weibull distribution to describe the randomness of its microscopic element strength.

To further explore the neural mechanisms underlying the impact of safety knowledge on risk perception, a questionnaire survey and behavioral experiment were first carried out, collecting 401 valid questionnaires. Then, event-related potential (ERP) experiments focusing on two key stages of risk perception, i.e., hazard identification and risk judgment, were conducted. The results revealed that: (1) During hazard identification, subjects with low safety knowledge exhibited significantly higher N200 and N300 amplitudes. This suggests that they consumed more attentional resources and experienced stronger negative emotional responses. (2) During risk judgment, subjects with low safety knowledge exhibited lower P300 amplitude, compared to those with high safety knowledge, indicating weaker integration of risk information and allocated fewer cognitive resources to the task. (3) A model was developed to illustrate the impact of safety knowledge on risk perception. This study provides a theoretical foundation for developing more targeted and effective safety education and training programs.

Accurate prediction of the powder factor (Pf) is crucial for optimizing blasting efficiency and cost in open-pit mining. To overcome the limitations of single-model approaches-such as poor stability and low interpretability-this study, utilizing 161 field datasets from the Mirador Copper Mine in Ecuador, innovatively integrates the Entropy Weight Method with the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to construct an objective weighted fusion framework for seven machine learning (ML) models. Furthermore, it creatively combines SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) with three-dimensional (3D) partial dependence plots (PDP) to decode the complex nonlinear interaction mechanisms among key features influencing the powder factor. The results show that the proposed model achieved superior performance with a coefficient of determination (R-2) of 0.921, a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.003, and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.046. SHAP analysis identified the 80% passing fragment size (D80), the burden-to-diameter ratio (B/D), rock density (R-0), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and elastic modulus (E) as the most influential features, collectively accounting for 78.65% of the total contribution. Three-dimensional PDP further revealed key nonlinear interactions: such as Pf exceeds 0.65 when D80 > 0.6 and B/D > 35, whereas it stabilizes between 0.35 and 0.45 when D80 < 0.4. Field trials confirmed the system's practical applicability, with relative errors of only 3.1%-5.24% between target and measured fragmentation. This study offers a transparent, data-driven artificial intelligence (AI)methodology for Pf prediction applicable to geologically complex open-pit mines, enhancing both economic and safety outcomes.

Cut blasting artificially creates relief space for subsequent ore body extraction and stands as one of the most critical steps in long-hole blasting mining. Stemming material, stemming length, and burden constitute crucial parameters influencing cut blasting effectiveness. Extensive engineering practices demonstrate that an irrational correlation between stemming length and burden in varying stemming approaches not only results in poor rock fragmentation effects but also triggers adverse consequences such as stemming structure ejection. To address this issue, this study designed 10 sets of model experiments with burdens of 4 cm, 5 cm, and 6 cm, and stemming lengths of 2 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, and 6 cm. Three stemming methods were selected: clay, water + clay, and sand + clay. Following blasting, 12 indicators for evaluating cut blasting effectiveness were comprehensively collected. Multiple combined weighting methods integrating subjective and objective approaches were employed to overcome uncertainties in indicator weighting, enabling a comprehensive ranking of blasting performance for each scheme. Additionally, matching relationships between different stemming materials and burden were analyzed from the perspective of stemming characteristic impedance. Experimental results indicate that when employing clay or water + clay stemming, optimal blasting effectiveness occurs under parameters where the stemming length equals the burden, with clay stemming demonstrating comprehensive superiority over water + clay under identical conditions. Furthermore, when using stemming materials with characteristic impedance lower than that of explosives, their length should exceed the burden, while materials with higher impedance than explosives are generally recommended for cut blasting.

Risk perception failure is one of the primary causes of unsafe behavior in high-risk industries. While traditional studies hold value, they often fail to capture the real-time, dynamic cognitive processes involved. The emergence of cognitive neuroscience technologies has prompted a paradigm shift towards interdisciplinary research, yet a systematic synthesis of this evolving field is lacking. To address this gap, this review systematically examines the application of cognitive neuroscience technologies in risk perception research within high-risk industries, based on an analysis of 83 relevant studies. Results synthesize a multi-level analytical framework encompassing neural mechanisms, influencing factors, and computational modeling. Current research, from a cognitive neuroscience perspective, investigates: 1) the risk perception two-stage (hazard identification and risk assessment) model and the functions of the corresponding brain regions; 2) the effects of individual characteristics (e.g., expertise, traits, transient states) and external environmental factors, alongside pathways for targeted safety training interventions on risk perception; and 3) the role of machine learning models for risk perception in supporting theoretical construction and their translational potential for practical application. However, limitations persist, including an imbalance in research theme, insufficient exploration of mediating mechanisms, and a disconnect from real-world scenarios. Future research should prioritize causal analysis and the enhancement of ecological validity to better integrate risk perception theory with computational modeling, fostering the development of predictive models and intervention tools deployable in field settings.

Long-hole raise blasting (LHRB) is a highly efficient excavation method that is used extensively in underground mining and civil engineering. However, deviations in drilling are usually not accounted for in LHRB, which may adversely affect the efficiency and progress of raise excavation. In this paper, the effect of drilling deviation on the optimization of LHRB is investigated. The actual trajectories of the blastholes were measured, and the deviation rates between different diameters were compared. The effects of the drilling deviation on the burn-cut blasting mode (BCBM) and spherical cartridge blasting mode (SCBM) of LHRB were theoretically analyzed. Numerical models with vertical holes that consider the actual hole location at different positions of the raise were subsequently developed to simulate the raise blasting damage. The results indicated that the BCBM relied substantially on the drilling accuracy to provide free surface and compensation space for further blasting, whereas the requirements of drilling deviation for the SCBM were less strict. With increasing hole deviation in the BCBM, the height of the failure area of the raise blasting increased. Optimization designs that combine the BCBM and SCBM were proposed to strike a balance between the efficiency and reliability of LHRB. A 40 m high slot raise in a large-diameter long-hole (LDL) stope was successfully formed by multimode LHRB. The field test results reveal that the optimization of LHRB is feasible in practical engineering.

Spacing design for group cable bolt systems remains largely empirical and rarely considers stress interaction and displacement overlap together. This study develops a dual-index interaction framework for two representative cable bolt configurations in deep stope roofs. Mindlin’s semi-infinite body solution and Kelvin’s infinite body solution were combined with a non-uniform interfacial shear stress distribution to model shallow fully grouted and deep end-anchored systems, respectively. The analytical trends were examined using FLAC3D, and the field applicability of the selected spacing scheme was assessed through an industrial test at the Fankou Lead–Zinc Mine. The results show that the fully grouted configuration is strongly affected by the free surface and full-length load transfer, whereas interaction in the end-anchored configuration is concentrated around the deep bonded section. The stress interaction coefficient η provides the primary screening measure for a reference lower spacing bound, while the displacement interaction coefficient α identifies residual displacement overlap. Both are local field interaction indices rather than measures of individual cable capacity or global system stiffness. Using ηref = 0.9 as an engineering tolerance, stress interaction becomes limited at approximately s/D = 30 for the end-anchored configuration, whereas the fully grouted configuration enters a relatively stable interaction–attenuation stage at approximately s/D = 40. Considering both configurations, s/D ≈ 40 is adopted as a reference lower bound, corresponding to 1.6 m for a 40 mm borehole. The field scheme used a spacing of 1.8 m (s/D ≈ 45) and produced a maximum measured roof displacement of 27.6 mm, with no evident roof fall, cable breakage, or anchorage pull-out. Because characteristic rock mass heterogeneity is not explicitly represented and only one field spacing was tested, the proposed spacing ratio should be regarded as condition-specific rather than universal.

The stability of cemented tailings backfill (CTB) is critical for the safe operation of underground mines. Inevitably, operational constraints introduce two types of layered interfaces within CTB: transition heterogeneous structural interface (THSI) and continuous homogeneous structural interface (CHSI), thereby transforming CTB into layered cemented tailings backfill (LCTB). In this study, three-dimensional physical models were developed to simulate rock-backfill systems in underground mines. Five blasting tests were conducted to investigate the effects of charge position and LCTB strength configuration. The analyses focused on dynamic volumetric strain responses (Δk, defined as the attenuation ratio of the first peak volumetric strain εv(max) at identical distances), pre- and post-blast sonic velocity change rates (η, used to quantify damage severity), as well as damage morphology and failure evolution.The results indicate that the dynamic failure of the rock-backfill system proceeds through three sequential stages: crack initiation and backfill extrusion, crack propagation and blasting gas invasion, and rock-backfill system destruction. For LCTB containing a THSI, placing the charge within the high-strength LCTB layer accelerates the attenuation of εv(max), reflected by an increase in Δk (from 0.71 to 2.32), while the damage index η (from < 13% to < 8%) decreases progressively. Conversely, for LCTB containing a CHSI, aligning the charge with the CHSI elevation results in more convergent εv(max) attenuation behavior, with Δk decreasing from 2.54 to 1.32, accompanied by reduced damage levels (η < 10%). These results suggest that, under the investigated model conditions, positioning the charge within the high-strength layer in the presence of a THSI, or aligning the charge with the CHSI, is favorable for mitigating LCTB degradation. The findings provide a mechanistic basis for understanding charge-layered interface interactions in two-step stope blasting and offer engineering-relevant insight into charge placement in layered cemented backfill systems.

Large-diameter empty-hole cut blasting under in-situ stress conditions represents a critical yet challenging process in vertical crater retreat (VCR) mining. However, the influence of in-situ stress on the blasting performance of the first blasthole has received limited attention. In this study, a series of physical model tests on the first blasthole were conducted under different confining pressure combinations, and the morphological characteristics of the resulting blast craters were quantitatively investigated using 3D laser scanning reconstruction. The results indicate that the empty-hole effect promotes the formation of through-going fractures, whereas static stress suppresses the development of random cracks while facilitating crack propagation parallel to the stress direction. The blast crater can be divided into three distinct zones: a top spalling zone, a core crushed zone, and a lateral spalling zone. The anisotropy and orientation of the static stress exert a pronounced influence on the volume and cross-sectional area of the top spalling zone. The direction of static stress significantly affects the crater depth and surface morphology, and further transforms the geometry of the core crushed zone from a V-shaped expansion into a distinct zonal pattern. Under uniaxial static stress, the blasted rock exhibits a larger mean fragment size with a more dispersed size distribution, whereas biaxial static stress results in finer and more uniformly distributed fragments. Moreover, the peak tensile strain parallel to the static stress direction decreases, while that perpendicular to the stress direction increases; both tensile and compressive strain peaks reach their minimum values under biaxial equal confining pressure.

The anchoring capacity of the anchor cable is closely related to the bonding length and radial pressure conditions. Through field pull-out tests, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and industrial tests, this study clarifies the relationship between radial pressure and bonding length for the ultimate pull-out force and reveals the microscopic failure process of the resin-rock interface in the anchoring system. The results show that the ultimate load increases with the increase of bonding length in three different stages: rapid, slow, and uniform growth. The new mechanical model developed considering radial pressure describes the inverse relationship between radial pressure and the plastic zone on the bonding section, and quantifies the reinforcing effect of confining pressure on the anchoring force. During the pull-out process of the anchor cable, the generation of failure cracks is in the order of orifice, bottom, and middle of the hole. Radial pressure can effectively enhance the ultimate pull-out force, alleviate the oscillation increase of pull-out force, and inhibit resin cracking, but will produce an external crushing zone. It also reveals the synergistic effect between bonding length and radial pressure, and successfully carries out industrial tests of anchor cable support, which ensures the stability of the stope roof and provides an important reference for the design of anchor cable support in deep high-stress mines.

Water medium has been widely used in decoupled charge blasting due to its high efficiency of energy transfer. In this study, water-coupling presplit blasting is investigated theoretically and numerically from the essential mechanism of the effect of stress wave parameters (peak pressure Pb, loading rate Lrand attenuation coefficient alpha) on presplitting. According to the propagation and superposition theory of stress waves, the inter-hole tangential stress peak distributions and hole spacings under different stress wave parameters are analytically given. Further, considering the role of stress wave parameters, water-coupling presplit blasting under different in-situ stresses 6s and delay intervals Delta t are investigated with air-coupling presplit blasting as a comparison. Through LS-DYNA, numerical simulations of presplit blasting are carried out to verify the reliability of theoretical analysis and further study their effects on the presplitting. Both the theoretical and numerical results show that the blasting load with higher Pb and lower Lr, alpha, 6s and Delta t favors presplitting. Under the same Pb, the stress superposition range, minimum stress peak and hole spacing of water-coupling presplit blasting are larger than those of air-coupling presplit blasting. The numerical results of the crack pattern also show that lower Lr will change the crack pattern from the crushing zone extension dominated by compression-shear damage to the main crack propagation dominated by tensile damage, and the directionality of presplitting is more pronounced with higher Pb and lower Lr, 6sand Delta t. Compared with air medium, water medium has better performance in the directional effect of presplitting and anti-interference ability to the delay scatter due to its lower Lr.

The roof’s safety and the stope’s production capacity are mutually constrained. A method of stability assessment and span optimization of underground stopes is proposed under the anchor cable support condition through logistic regression, numerical simulation, and industrial test. Logistic regression is utilized to plot the stability probability contours graph under support conditions, quantifying the probability of stope stability. The stope size determined by the design boundary under support conditions in the Matthews stability graph corresponds to about 60

The morphology of the rock-fill interface, formed during mining and filling operations in underground mines, is directly related to the destabilization and damage of the cemented backfill under dynamic blasting loads. Previous studies often simplify the rock-fill interface to a planar shape; however, exploration results of empty areas in the quarry often characterize the rock-fill interface with jagged undulations. Applying continuum mechanics and numerical simulation software based on the finite difference method, three models of cemented backfill with different morphologies of serrated rock-fill interfaces were established as the experimental group, and one model with a flat and straight rock-fill interface was established as the control group; The time-history curve of the explosive load on the walls of equivalent cavities after rock blasting was derived and incorporated into a numerical model to simulate the two-step perimeter hole blasting in quarries. The dynamic damage response of cemented backfill under blasting loads was investigated by combining it with the backfill's damage criteria, and the influences of factors such as sawtooth width (SW) at the rock-fill interface, cement-sand ratio (CSR), side hole distance (SHD), vertical stress (σh), and others on the damage extent and mode were determined. The results show that: The damage area of the cemented backfill at a planar rock-fill interface resembles a rectangle, whereas at a jagged rock-fill interface with larger sawtooth widths, the damage area tends to approximate a rhombus, making it more prone to wedge-shaped damage; When vertical stress (σh) is similar, between two adjacent cemented backfill layers with differing CSR, the layer with the higher CSR exhibits slower attenuation of the peak vibration velocity at each mass point, resulting in a larger damage area and an increased likelihood of interlayer misalignment due to inconsistent vibration velocities; With the CSR constant, a larger σh results in a smaller damage area; Furthermore, the damage area of the cemented backfill is inversely correlated with SHD, and in engineering practice, selecting a reasonable SHD is crucial to maintaining the stability of the cemented backfill when the quantity of explosives for side holes cannot be reduced.

Peak particle velocity (PPV) is a critical metric for evaluating the environmental impact of blasting in open-pit mines, and its accurate prediction holds significant value for optimizing blast design, controlling environmental vibrations, and ensuring slope stability. Based on 192 sets of field data from the Mirador copper mine in Ecuador, this study proposes a PPV prediction method that integrates machine learning and interpretability analysis. The research employs five decision tree ensemble algorithms (CatBoost, Extra Trees, NGBoost, RF, and XGBoost) combined with random search and Optuna hyperparameter optimization techniques to construct predictive models. Innovatively, a joint interpretability analysis approach using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and generalized additive models (GAM) is applied. The results demonstrate that the CatBoost model optimized by Optuna performs best on the test set, achieving a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.963, root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.085, and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.784, showcasing excellent generalization capability. SHAP analysis reveals that the maximum charge per delay (q) contributes the most to model predictions (57.0%), followed by the distance from the blast center (R) and hole depth (HD), while other features such as stemming length (SL), total charge quantity (Q), hole spacing (a), and row spacing (b) exhibit relatively lower contributions. Furthermore, the GAM model uncovers nonlinear patterns, including a directional reversal in the influence of q (499.03 kg) and threshold effects for R (189.05 m) and HD (18.05 m). The proposed SHAP-GAM joint analysis method provides a novel approach for optimizing blasting parameters, and the established high-precision interpretable model offers substantial engineering value for ensuring blasting safety and slope stability.

This study proposes a mechanical model for evaluating the stability of thickened structural walls (TSWs) under complex local loading conditions. The model allows for the calculation of stress distribution and yielding status of TSWs based on the Drucker–Prager (D–P) yield criterion. Compared with two existing theoretical models, the proposed model improves calculation accuracy by approximately 5% and 53%, respectively. The analysis results indicate that the maximum principal stress of TSWs primarily occurs at the midpoint of the left boundary (0, h/2), the center of lateral loading on the bottom boundary (LP, 0), or the center of lateral loading (LP, h/2). As the lateral load position (LP) and width (LW) increase, both the maximum principal stress and the yielding area increase. Increasing the sidewall thickness (ST) and length (SL), while reducing the sidewall height (SH), significantly enhances the overall stability of TSWs. To meet residual ore recovery requirements, it is recommended to increase SL and reduce LP, LW, and SH. In the residual ore recovery project of the Jubankeng tungsten mine, the critical thicknesses of four TSWs were calculated using the proposed mechanical model, yielding values of 4.6 m, 4.2 m, 2.6 m, and 11.9 m. Based on field validation conducted in stopes V3412 and V3301, the discrepancy in maximum principal stress (MPS) between the mechanical model and numerical simulations was within 4% for both cases, further confirming the accuracy and applicability of the proposed model in engineering practice.

Ensuring the mechanical performance of backfill materials while reducing cementation costs is a key challenge in mine backfill research. To address this, fiber materials such as polypropylene (PP) fiber and rice straw (RS) fiber have been incorporated into cement-based mixtures for mine backfilling. This study investigates the effects of PP and RS fibers on the mechanical properties, flow characteristics, and microstructure of Tailings and Wasted Stone Mixed Backfill (TWSMB). A series of orthogonal experiments were designed to evaluate the influence of variables, including the cement-sand ratio, solid mass concentration, wasted stone mass concentration, fiber content, and fiber length on the TWSMB properties. The results indicate that the influence of cement-sand ratio and solid mass concentration have a more significant impact on strength than fibers, though the fibers show a stronger effect than the wasted stone mass concentration. Both fiber types enhanced the strength of the specimens, with PP fiber exhibiting a stronger reinforcing effect than RS fiber. Furthermore, the effect of PP fiber content was more pronounced than that of fiber length, whereas the opposite trend was observed for RS fiber. The optimum fiber parameter levels were determined for each type: PP fiber performed best at a mass concentration of 1.5% and a length of 6 mm, while RS fiber showed optimal performance at a mass concentration of 1.0% and a length of 5-10 mm. Macroscopic damage analysis indicated that the structural integrity and residual compressive strength of the TWSMB specimens were preserved even after surpassing the ultimate compressive strength, due to the crack-bridging effect of the fibers. Microstructural analysis showed that PP fiber-reinforced specimens exhibited a dense structure formed through reactions with other hydration products. In contrast, the surface of RS fibers was nearly fully encapsulated by hydration products, resulting in the formation of a physical skeleton structure. This study provides new insights into minimizing cement consumption and reducing backfilling costs in mining operations.

Underground narrow veins, typically less than 2-3 m thick but rich in precious metals, hold significant economic value. However, the confined free surface in the open stope poses substantial challenges for long-hole blasting, often leading to overbreak and underbreak, emphasising the need for optimising blasting parameters. To address this, understanding the influence of free surface width on blasting performance becomes critical. Therefore, a modified method based on the Scaled Heelan solution was employed to comprehensively investigate this influence, particularly its relationship with burden, velocity of detonation (VOD), and initiation positions. The indicators considered include blasting damage and fragment size distribution. The analysis allows the following conclusions: (1) both the damage volume and the fragment size are positively correlated with the width of the free surface within a certain range; (2) for a fixed free surface width, damage volume and fragment size increase with burden within an appropriate range, but an excessive burden prevents a blasting crater formation; (3) higher VOD does not always result in better fragmentation near the blasthole, and an optimal VOD lies approximately between the velocity of P- and S-wave; (4) the axial damage distribution depends on the initiation position but with minimal impact on radial damage. These findings provide a theoretical basis for burden and spacing design in narrow-vein open stoping and thereby contribute to improved blasting fragmentation efficiency.