Cylindrical charges are widely used in engineering blasting, yet the three-dimensional propagation mechanism of the associated stress waves remains inadequately understood. This study aims to investigate the effects of key wave source parameters on stress wave propagation and rock damage in cylindrical charge blasting. A semi-analytical solution for spherical stress wave propagation in a full elastic space is developed to theoretically describe the stress field, and a computational model for cylindrical charges is established based on the superposition principle of equivalent spherical charges. Numerical simulations using the RHT constitutive model are then performed to verify the theoretical predictions and further investigate stress wave propagation and rock damage. The results show that the attenuation index of radial stress decreases from 1.5 to 1 as the loading rate increases. Higher loading rates produce more but shorter cracks, whereas lower rates result in fewer but longer cracks. The blast-induced damage region shifts from the detonation direction toward the horizontal plane with increasing detonation velocity, and the resulting rock damage exhibits a conical distribution controlled by the initiation point. These findings provide practical guidance for optimizing cylindrical charge blasting and controlling crack patterns in engineering applications.

Blasting-induced dynamic loads are a primary risk factor for failure in underground support structures. Based on the wave-function expansion method, this study develops a dynamic response model of a surrounding rock-anchoring agent-bolt system subjected to cylindrical P-wave incidence. A dimensionless dynamic stress concentration factor (DSCF) is introduced to characterize the stress within the system. The influences of blasting source frequency, impact distance, anchoring agent thickness, and material impedance mismatch on the evolution of DSCF are systematically analyzed. Parametric analyses reveal that low-frequency excitation leads to lower and more uniformly distributed DSCF. The thickness and shear modulus of the anchoring agent significantly affect the magnitude and directional distribution of DSCF. The LS-DYNA simulations validate the model's ability to capture wave propagation, interface reflections, and stress concentration, confirming that reflected shear waves govern circumferential stress and make the 90 degrees direction most prone to tensile failure. Physical model tests further verify this trend, with higher 90 degrees strain and stronger internal interface response, supporting the model's engineering applicability. A three-dimensional response surface is established, incorporating frequency, impedance, and thickness. Based on this surface, a quantitative optimization strategy is proposed: within the parameter space examined here, thickness ratios in the range of 1.4-1.8 reduce DSCF, combined with suitable impedance matching, can effectively minimize DSCF under multi-frequency excitation under the adopted model assumptions. This study establishes an analytical framework and validated failure mechanism for radial dynamic stress concentration, and proposes a quantifiable design criterion that enables more reliable optimization of anchorage systems under blasting loads.

This study explores the damage characteristics and failure behaviors of cemented tailings backfill (CTB) under cyclic impact loading via drop-hammer impact tests, NMR tests, AE-monitored uniaxial compression tests and SEM observations, combined with damage mechanics and NMR fractal theory for quantitative analysis using CTB samples with a cement-tailings ratio of 1:3 and slurry mass fraction of 76%. The results show that cyclic impact loading obviously deteriorates the macroscopic mechanical properties of CTB, with its brittleness and damage variables rising with increasing impact times; the slope of tangent modulus-strain curve declines while crack closure stress and strain increase gradually. CTB presents double peaks in T₂ spectrum dominated by micropores, whose peak T₂ values grow and NMR fractal dimension decreases as impact cycles increase. Both AE counts and energy change periodically during loading, and RA-AF parameters indicate that the failure mode shifts from tension-dominated fracture to shear-tension mixed fracture. Finally, a full-process damage constitutive model of CTB under coupled impact damage and loading is established by adopting Weibull distribution to describe the randomness of its microscopic element strength.

Accurate prediction of the powder factor (Pf) is crucial for optimizing blasting efficiency and cost in open-pit mining. To overcome the limitations of single-model approaches-such as poor stability and low interpretability-this study, utilizing 161 field datasets from the Mirador Copper Mine in Ecuador, innovatively integrates the Entropy Weight Method with the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to construct an objective weighted fusion framework for seven machine learning (ML) models. Furthermore, it creatively combines SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) with three-dimensional (3D) partial dependence plots (PDP) to decode the complex nonlinear interaction mechanisms among key features influencing the powder factor. The results show that the proposed model achieved superior performance with a coefficient of determination (R-2) of 0.921, a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.003, and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.046. SHAP analysis identified the 80% passing fragment size (D80), the burden-to-diameter ratio (B/D), rock density (R-0), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and elastic modulus (E) as the most influential features, collectively accounting for 78.65% of the total contribution. Three-dimensional PDP further revealed key nonlinear interactions: such as Pf exceeds 0.65 when D80 > 0.6 and B/D > 35, whereas it stabilizes between 0.35 and 0.45 when D80 < 0.4. Field trials confirmed the system's practical applicability, with relative errors of only 3.1%-5.24% between target and measured fragmentation. This study offers a transparent, data-driven artificial intelligence (AI)methodology for Pf prediction applicable to geologically complex open-pit mines, enhancing both economic and safety outcomes.

Regarding the limitation that the Hoek–Brown failure criterion fails to account for the anisotropy of stratified rocks—widely used in geotechnical engineering systems such as mining, tunneling, and water conservancy projects—this study employed a Gaussian function to quantitatively characterize the influence of inclination on the Hoek–Brown parameter mi, proposing a modified Hoek–Brown failure criterion for stratified rocks that is simple in form with clearly defined parameters. It was then validated using triaxial compression test results from various stratified rock types including phyllite, sandstone, slate, and schist with varying inclinations and confining stresses, demonstrating high accuracy in predicting peak compressive strength with 93.6

Cut blasting artificially creates relief space for subsequent ore body extraction and stands as one of the most critical steps in long-hole blasting mining. Stemming material, stemming length, and burden constitute crucial parameters influencing cut blasting effectiveness. Extensive engineering practices demonstrate that an irrational correlation between stemming length and burden in varying stemming approaches not only results in poor rock fragmentation effects but also triggers adverse consequences such as stemming structure ejection. To address this issue, this study designed 10 sets of model experiments with burdens of 4 cm, 5 cm, and 6 cm, and stemming lengths of 2 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, and 6 cm. Three stemming methods were selected: clay, water + clay, and sand + clay. Following blasting, 12 indicators for evaluating cut blasting effectiveness were comprehensively collected. Multiple combined weighting methods integrating subjective and objective approaches were employed to overcome uncertainties in indicator weighting, enabling a comprehensive ranking of blasting performance for each scheme. Additionally, matching relationships between different stemming materials and burden were analyzed from the perspective of stemming characteristic impedance. Experimental results indicate that when employing clay or water + clay stemming, optimal blasting effectiveness occurs under parameters where the stemming length equals the burden, with clay stemming demonstrating comprehensive superiority over water + clay under identical conditions. Furthermore, when using stemming materials with characteristic impedance lower than that of explosives, their length should exceed the burden, while materials with higher impedance than explosives are generally recommended for cut blasting.

Time-delayed blasting is widely utilized in engineering to mitigate induced vibration hazards and enhance fragmentation. The underlying vibration reduction principle is the decrease of the charge weight per delay, while the potential for further vibration reduction remains debated, largely due to unclear underlying mechanisms. In light of the popularization of electronic detonators and the representativeness of double-hole configurations for multiple blastholes, it is essential to investigate the vibration characteristics induced by time-delayed double blastholes. Therefore, a series of double-borehole experimental blasts was conducted in an underground roadway to clarify the variation in vibration from single-hole to dual-hole conditions. Based on the experimental data and inherent limitations, an exact full-field theoretical model was further employed to systematically analyze the effects of delay time, charge length, and borehole inclination angle on vibrations induced by various double-hole configurations. The experimental data and theoretical analysis reveal that the general scaled distance effectively predicts vibrations in delayed blasting but does not reflect vibration reduction. Increasing delay time causes fluctuating PPVs, which stabilize slightly above single-hole PPVs as delay times exceed a certain value. The delayed blasting primarily reduces near-field frequencies. Longer charge lengths in double boreholes increase PPV levels and attenuation rates within a certain length, and the vibration behavior of combined long and short charge lengths is governed by the long blasthole. Larger blasthole inclination angles enhance vibration amplitude and reduce PPV attenuation rates. Optimizing inclination angles is more critical than adjusting delay times, and parallel boreholes offer the best vibration control.

Long-hole raise blasting (LHRB) is a highly efficient excavation method that is used extensively in underground mining and civil engineering. However, deviations in drilling are usually not accounted for in LHRB, which may adversely affect the efficiency and progress of raise excavation. In this paper, the effect of drilling deviation on the optimization of LHRB is investigated. The actual trajectories of the blastholes were measured, and the deviation rates between different diameters were compared. The effects of the drilling deviation on the burn-cut blasting mode (BCBM) and spherical cartridge blasting mode (SCBM) of LHRB were theoretically analyzed. Numerical models with vertical holes that consider the actual hole location at different positions of the raise were subsequently developed to simulate the raise blasting damage. The results indicated that the BCBM relied substantially on the drilling accuracy to provide free surface and compensation space for further blasting, whereas the requirements of drilling deviation for the SCBM were less strict. With increasing hole deviation in the BCBM, the height of the failure area of the raise blasting increased. Optimization designs that combine the BCBM and SCBM were proposed to strike a balance between the efficiency and reliability of LHRB. A 40 m high slot raise in a large-diameter long-hole (LDL) stope was successfully formed by multimode LHRB. The field test results reveal that the optimization of LHRB is feasible in practical engineering.

Spacing design for group cable bolt systems remains largely empirical and rarely considers stress interaction and displacement overlap together. This study develops a dual-index interaction framework for two representative cable bolt configurations in deep stope roofs. Mindlin’s semi-infinite body solution and Kelvin’s infinite body solution were combined with a non-uniform interfacial shear stress distribution to model shallow fully grouted and deep end-anchored systems, respectively. The analytical trends were examined using FLAC3D, and the field applicability of the selected spacing scheme was assessed through an industrial test at the Fankou Lead–Zinc Mine. The results show that the fully grouted configuration is strongly affected by the free surface and full-length load transfer, whereas interaction in the end-anchored configuration is concentrated around the deep bonded section. The stress interaction coefficient η provides the primary screening measure for a reference lower spacing bound, while the displacement interaction coefficient α identifies residual displacement overlap. Both are local field interaction indices rather than measures of individual cable capacity or global system stiffness. Using ηref = 0.9 as an engineering tolerance, stress interaction becomes limited at approximately s/D = 30 for the end-anchored configuration, whereas the fully grouted configuration enters a relatively stable interaction–attenuation stage at approximately s/D = 40. Considering both configurations, s/D ≈ 40 is adopted as a reference lower bound, corresponding to 1.6 m for a 40 mm borehole. The field scheme used a spacing of 1.8 m (s/D ≈ 45) and produced a maximum measured roof displacement of 27.6 mm, with no evident roof fall, cable breakage, or anchorage pull-out. Because characteristic rock mass heterogeneity is not explicitly represented and only one field spacing was tested, the proposed spacing ratio should be regarded as condition-specific rather than universal.

To investigate the effects of different moisture conditions and numbers of freeze–thaw cycles on the damage deterioration behavior of red sandstone, three freeze–thaw conditions were used in this study: GA (sealed water-retaining state after saturation), GB (semi-immersed state after saturation), and GC (full immersion state after saturation). The samples were subjected to 20, 40, and 60 freeze–thaw cycles, followed by uniaxial compression tests and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. By analysing the stress–strain curves, tangent modulus–strain curves, crack-closure parameters, brittleness indices, AE counts, and energy dissipation characteristics, the freeze–thaw damage mechanism of red sandstone samples under disparate moisture boundary conditions was revealed. The results show that as the number of freeze–thaw cycles increases, the uniaxial compressive strength and tangential deformation modulus of red sandstone samples gradually decrease, whereas the peak strain and full compaction strain increase. The crack-closure stage is prolonged, and the failure process changes from sudden brittle failure to progressive damage failure. The degree of damage differed among the samples under different moisture conditions; overall, the GB group (semi-immersed state) exhibited the most pronounced deterioration, followed by the GC group (fully immersed state), whereas the GA group (sealed water-retaining state) experienced relatively weak deterioration. Energy analysis indicates that freeze–thaw cycling decreases the elastic energy storage capacity and increases the proportion of dissipated energy. The freeze–thaw damage variable established on the basis of the peak dissipated energy ratio can be used to characterize the strength attenuation and deformation growth processes effectively.

The stability of cemented tailings backfill (CTB) is critical for the safe operation of underground mines. Inevitably, operational constraints introduce two types of layered interfaces within CTB: transition heterogeneous structural interface (THSI) and continuous homogeneous structural interface (CHSI), thereby transforming CTB into layered cemented tailings backfill (LCTB). In this study, three-dimensional physical models were developed to simulate rock-backfill systems in underground mines. Five blasting tests were conducted to investigate the effects of charge position and LCTB strength configuration. The analyses focused on dynamic volumetric strain responses (Δk, defined as the attenuation ratio of the first peak volumetric strain εv(max) at identical distances), pre- and post-blast sonic velocity change rates (η, used to quantify damage severity), as well as damage morphology and failure evolution.The results indicate that the dynamic failure of the rock-backfill system proceeds through three sequential stages: crack initiation and backfill extrusion, crack propagation and blasting gas invasion, and rock-backfill system destruction. For LCTB containing a THSI, placing the charge within the high-strength LCTB layer accelerates the attenuation of εv(max), reflected by an increase in Δk (from 0.71 to 2.32), while the damage index η (from < 13% to < 8%) decreases progressively. Conversely, for LCTB containing a CHSI, aligning the charge with the CHSI elevation results in more convergent εv(max) attenuation behavior, with Δk decreasing from 2.54 to 1.32, accompanied by reduced damage levels (η < 10%). These results suggest that, under the investigated model conditions, positioning the charge within the high-strength layer in the presence of a THSI, or aligning the charge with the CHSI, is favorable for mitigating LCTB degradation. The findings provide a mechanistic basis for understanding charge-layered interface interactions in two-step stope blasting and offer engineering-relevant insight into charge placement in layered cemented backfill systems.

To investigate the influence of such disturbances on Mode III fracture behavior, ENDB specimens with varying degrees of impact-induced damage were prepared and tested. The results indicate that both increasing impact cycles and higher air pressure promote the initiation and linkage of internal microdefects, resulting in cumulative and irreversible damage. Compared with intact specimens, the Mode III fracture toughness (KIII) decreases by 15.2%, 22.2%, 40.4%, and 53.1% after 1 to 4 impact cycles, respectively. A similar reduction trend is observed as the impact pressure increases. In addition, prior impact damage significantly affects crack propagation behavior. The average crack growth velocity declines continuously with increasing impact cycle. After a single impact, the propagation speed drops from 193.62 m/s to 85.47 m/s, corresponding to a reduction of 56%, while a total decrease of 91.8% is observed after four impacts. A pronounced reduction in crack velocity is also observed with increasing impact pressure, with a decrease of 92.4% as pressure rises from 0.35 MPa to 0.45 MPa. Fracture surface analysis further reveals that both higher impact cycle and pressure lead to a broader distribution of surface height variations and a noticeable increase in fractal dimension. These changes indicate a progressive enhancement in fracture surface roughness under stronger dynamic disturbance conditions.

Large-diameter empty-hole cut blasting under in-situ stress conditions represents a critical yet challenging process in vertical crater retreat (VCR) mining. However, the influence of in-situ stress on the blasting performance of the first blasthole has received limited attention. In this study, a series of physical model tests on the first blasthole were conducted under different confining pressure combinations, and the morphological characteristics of the resulting blast craters were quantitatively investigated using 3D laser scanning reconstruction. The results indicate that the empty-hole effect promotes the formation of through-going fractures, whereas static stress suppresses the development of random cracks while facilitating crack propagation parallel to the stress direction. The blast crater can be divided into three distinct zones: a top spalling zone, a core crushed zone, and a lateral spalling zone. The anisotropy and orientation of the static stress exert a pronounced influence on the volume and cross-sectional area of the top spalling zone. The direction of static stress significantly affects the crater depth and surface morphology, and further transforms the geometry of the core crushed zone from a V-shaped expansion into a distinct zonal pattern. Under uniaxial static stress, the blasted rock exhibits a larger mean fragment size with a more dispersed size distribution, whereas biaxial static stress results in finer and more uniformly distributed fragments. Moreover, the peak tensile strain parallel to the static stress direction decreases, while that perpendicular to the stress direction increases; both tensile and compressive strain peaks reach their minimum values under biaxial equal confining pressure.

The anchoring capacity of the anchor cable is closely related to the bonding length and radial pressure conditions. Through field pull-out tests, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and industrial tests, this study clarifies the relationship between radial pressure and bonding length for the ultimate pull-out force and reveals the microscopic failure process of the resin-rock interface in the anchoring system. The results show that the ultimate load increases with the increase of bonding length in three different stages: rapid, slow, and uniform growth. The new mechanical model developed considering radial pressure describes the inverse relationship between radial pressure and the plastic zone on the bonding section, and quantifies the reinforcing effect of confining pressure on the anchoring force. During the pull-out process of the anchor cable, the generation of failure cracks is in the order of orifice, bottom, and middle of the hole. Radial pressure can effectively enhance the ultimate pull-out force, alleviate the oscillation increase of pull-out force, and inhibit resin cracking, but will produce an external crushing zone. It also reveals the synergistic effect between bonding length and radial pressure, and successfully carries out industrial tests of anchor cable support, which ensures the stability of the stope roof and provides an important reference for the design of anchor cable support in deep high-stress mines.

Water medium has been widely used in decoupled charge blasting due to its high efficiency of energy transfer. In this study, water-coupling presplit blasting is investigated theoretically and numerically from the essential mechanism of the effect of stress wave parameters (peak pressure Pb, loading rate Lrand attenuation coefficient alpha) on presplitting. According to the propagation and superposition theory of stress waves, the inter-hole tangential stress peak distributions and hole spacings under different stress wave parameters are analytically given. Further, considering the role of stress wave parameters, water-coupling presplit blasting under different in-situ stresses 6s and delay intervals Delta t are investigated with air-coupling presplit blasting as a comparison. Through LS-DYNA, numerical simulations of presplit blasting are carried out to verify the reliability of theoretical analysis and further study their effects on the presplitting. Both the theoretical and numerical results show that the blasting load with higher Pb and lower Lr, alpha, 6s and Delta t favors presplitting. Under the same Pb, the stress superposition range, minimum stress peak and hole spacing of water-coupling presplit blasting are larger than those of air-coupling presplit blasting. The numerical results of the crack pattern also show that lower Lr will change the crack pattern from the crushing zone extension dominated by compression-shear damage to the main crack propagation dominated by tensile damage, and the directionality of presplitting is more pronounced with higher Pb and lower Lr, 6sand Delta t. Compared with air medium, water medium has better performance in the directional effect of presplitting and anti-interference ability to the delay scatter due to its lower Lr.

A vast number of boreholes in underground mining operations are often plagued by deviation issues, which severely impact both production efficiency and safety. The accurate and rapid acquisition of borehole trajectories is fundamental for subsequent deviation control and correction. However, existing inclinometers are limited by their operational efficiency and estimation accuracy, making them inadequate for large-scale measurement demands. To address this, this paper proposes a novel method for the rapid and accurate reconstruction of underground mine borehole trajectories using a robotic system. We employ a custom-designed robot equipped with an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and a displacement sensor, which travels stably while collecting real-time attitude and depth information. Algorithmically, a complementary filter is used to fuse data from the gyroscope with that from the accelerometer and magnetometer, overcoming both integration drift and environmental disturbances. A cubic spline interpolation algorithm is then utilized to time-register the low-sampling-rate displacement data with the high-frequency attitude data, creating a time-synchronized sequence of ‘attitude–displacement increment’ pairs. Finally, the 3D borehole trajectory is accurately reconstructed by mapping the attitude quaternions to direction vectors and recursively accumulating the displacement increments. Comparative experiments demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves efficiency. On a complex trajectory, the maximum and mean errors were reduced to 0.38 m and 0.18 m, respectively. This level of accuracy is far superior to that of the conventional static point-by-point measurement mode and effectively suppresses the accumulation of dynamic errors. This work provides a new solution for routine borehole trajectory surveying in mining operations.

The roof’s safety and the stope’s production capacity are mutually constrained. A method of stability assessment and span optimization of underground stopes is proposed under the anchor cable support condition through logistic regression, numerical simulation, and industrial test. Logistic regression is utilized to plot the stability probability contours graph under support conditions, quantifying the probability of stope stability. The stope size determined by the design boundary under support conditions in the Matthews stability graph corresponds to about 60

In this experimental investigation, SHPB impact tests were conducted on short core-in-compression (SCC) samples with varying crack spacings to investigate the relationships between peak fracture load and rock mode II fracture toughness at different crack spacings, as well as the evolution of failure morphology. Additionally, discrete element simulations using PFC3D were performed to investigate the fracture progression, crack development, and energy variations from a microscale perspective. Experimental observations demonstrate enhanced mode II dynamic fracture toughness corresponding to larger crack spacing configurations, and intercrack distance variations exert a dominant control on the fracture propagation patterns observed in the tested samples. Furthermore, with increasing fracture spacing, quantitative analysis reveals a gradual reduction in shear crack prevalence within samples, paralleled by a commensurate increase in tensile crack formation rates. The energy consumed by a sample during crack propagation progressively increases as the crack spacing increases, a trend that is influenced by both the crack length and the number of microcracks. The failure modes of the samples with C/H values of 0.4 and 0.5 change, suggesting the existence of a critical C/H value between 0.3 and 0.4, which causes the SCC samples to transition from mode II fracture behaviour.

The morphology of the rock-fill interface, formed during mining and filling operations in underground mines, is directly related to the destabilization and damage of the cemented backfill under dynamic blasting loads. Previous studies often simplify the rock-fill interface to a planar shape; however, exploration results of empty areas in the quarry often characterize the rock-fill interface with jagged undulations. Applying continuum mechanics and numerical simulation software based on the finite difference method, three models of cemented backfill with different morphologies of serrated rock-fill interfaces were established as the experimental group, and one model with a flat and straight rock-fill interface was established as the control group; The time-history curve of the explosive load on the walls of equivalent cavities after rock blasting was derived and incorporated into a numerical model to simulate the two-step perimeter hole blasting in quarries. The dynamic damage response of cemented backfill under blasting loads was investigated by combining it with the backfill's damage criteria, and the influences of factors such as sawtooth width (SW) at the rock-fill interface, cement-sand ratio (CSR), side hole distance (SHD), vertical stress (σh), and others on the damage extent and mode were determined. The results show that: The damage area of the cemented backfill at a planar rock-fill interface resembles a rectangle, whereas at a jagged rock-fill interface with larger sawtooth widths, the damage area tends to approximate a rhombus, making it more prone to wedge-shaped damage; When vertical stress (σh) is similar, between two adjacent cemented backfill layers with differing CSR, the layer with the higher CSR exhibits slower attenuation of the peak vibration velocity at each mass point, resulting in a larger damage area and an increased likelihood of interlayer misalignment due to inconsistent vibration velocities; With the CSR constant, a larger σh results in a smaller damage area; Furthermore, the damage area of the cemented backfill is inversely correlated with SHD, and in engineering practice, selecting a reasonable SHD is crucial to maintaining the stability of the cemented backfill when the quantity of explosives for side holes cannot be reduced.

Peak particle velocity (PPV) is a critical metric for evaluating the environmental impact of blasting in open-pit mines, and its accurate prediction holds significant value for optimizing blast design, controlling environmental vibrations, and ensuring slope stability. Based on 192 sets of field data from the Mirador copper mine in Ecuador, this study proposes a PPV prediction method that integrates machine learning and interpretability analysis. The research employs five decision tree ensemble algorithms (CatBoost, Extra Trees, NGBoost, RF, and XGBoost) combined with random search and Optuna hyperparameter optimization techniques to construct predictive models. Innovatively, a joint interpretability analysis approach using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and generalized additive models (GAM) is applied. The results demonstrate that the CatBoost model optimized by Optuna performs best on the test set, achieving a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.963, root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.085, and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.784, showcasing excellent generalization capability. SHAP analysis reveals that the maximum charge per delay (q) contributes the most to model predictions (57.0%), followed by the distance from the blast center (R) and hole depth (HD), while other features such as stemming length (SL), total charge quantity (Q), hole spacing (a), and row spacing (b) exhibit relatively lower contributions. Furthermore, the GAM model uncovers nonlinear patterns, including a directional reversal in the influence of q (499.03 kg) and threshold effects for R (189.05 m) and HD (18.05 m). The proposed SHAP-GAM joint analysis method provides a novel approach for optimizing blasting parameters, and the established high-precision interpretable model offers substantial engineering value for ensuring blasting safety and slope stability.