In order to explore the effects of different extractants, extraction solvent volume, extraction time and different material liquid ratio on the extraction rate of Pinus yunnanensis franch bark procyanidins, with P. yunnanensis barks as the materials, by single factor and orthogonal test, the best extraction process combination for extracting P. yunnanensis barks procyanidins was screened. The process combination is as follows:extraction time 24 hours, extraction agent 60%of ethanol, liquid ratio 1 ︰ 8, extraction volume achieved 15.746 mg/g. The best extraction process combination was stable and high extraction efficiency.

A set of 503tobacco samples of the year 2010,2011and 2012from Kunming were collected to investigate the differences of physical properties among five flue-cured tobacco varieties,which contained Honghuadajinyuan,K326,Yunyan87,NC102and NC297.The study was established as randomized sampling.Low coefficient of variance of all physical properties was obtained,indicating a similar and stable flue-cured tobacco producing technologies in Kunming. The leaf filling value and thickness varied the most of all the physical indicators.Moreover,the B2F(upper leaves)of flue-cured leaves performed statistically significant differences in physical properties of shape,quality and mechanical strength among varieties compared to the C3F(middle leaves).Significant difference was detected between Honghuadajinyuan and Yunyan87in physical properties of shape,and between Honghuadajinyuan and NC297in physical properties of quality, respectively.In addition,NC297gave the higher mechanical strength,and K326showed high similarity to the rest four varieties.The differences of varieties are resulted from synthetic effect of the genotype,habitats and growing technologies.A close genetic background led to the similar physical properties of different varieties and Honghuadajinyuan gave distinctive feature in the middle part of Yunnan province.

In order to distinguish characteristics styles of aroma types of flue-cured tobacco upper leaves and establish mathematical model for judgment of aroma types,contents of chemical constituents and aroma components in flue-cured tobacco were analyzed which were based on 65 samples(B2F) from 11 main tobacco production provinces of China.Stepwise discriminant analysis was applied to discriminate tobacco leaves based on 67 chemical constituents and aroma components and the discriminant function was established.The results showed that total contents of aroma components in middle aroma type were the highest,followed by clean aroma type and then the full aroma type.There was little difference among the highest contents of aroma components in the three aroma types.And contents of total sugar and reducing sugar in clean aroma type were very significantly higher than those in the other two aroma types.Difference of chemical constituents and aroma components exited in certain dominated aroma type.Besides,there were diversity and difference in the aroma type of flue-cured tobacco of the same region.The results of discriminant analysis indicated that 12 neutral aroma components(total sugar,reducing sugar,3-methyl-1-butanol,2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde,2,4-heptadienal,2-ethylpyridine,nonanal,phenethyl alcohol,benzo[c]thien,menthone,butylated hydroxytoluene,3-oxo-α-ionol) were used in the discriminant function and found discriminant model.Self-validation method and Cross-validation method were applied to reevaluate the original sample.The accuracy of reevaluation was 100% and 98.33%,respectively.The other 19 samples were predicted by this model,the accuracy of predicted samples for the 3 kinds of aroma types(clean aroma type,middle aroma type,full aroma type) were100%,100%,83.33%,respectively.

[Objective] This study aimed to establish mathematical models for judging the aroma types of flue-cured tobacco leaves from the upper and middle parts of plants.[Method] A total of 128 samples(63 C3F and 65 B2F) from 11 main tobacco production provinces of China were selected as materials.Stepwise discriminant analysis was applied to samples with different aroma types and discriminant function was expressed with the proportions of 67 aroma components in total aroma constituents as the index.[Result] The ratio of most aroma components in clear and full aroma tobacco leaves was higher than that in middle aroma leaves.The ratios of 51,43 and 40 aroma components of clear,middle and full aroma tobaccos were higher in upper leaves than that in middle leaves.Aroma components dominated certain aroma types differed between middle and upper leaves.The proportions of 18 and 11 aroma components in upper and middle leaves were led in the stepwise discriminant function respectively.Self-validation and cross-validation methods were applied to evaluate the original samples,and the accuracy rates reached 100% and 98.6% on middle leaves,96.37% and 94.4% on upper leaves.The accuracy rates on some other samples reached 100% on middle leaves and 91.7% on upper leaves predicted with the model.[Conclusion] The ratio of aroma components as discriminant index could improve discriminant accuracy significantly in the middle and upper leaves.It could be used to analyze aroma types objectively,accurately and quickly.

In order to distinguish characteristics of aroma types of flue-cured tobacco and establish mathematical model for judgment of aroma types,128 samples contained 61 C3F and 65 B2F from 11 main tobacco production provinces of China were used as materials. Stepwise discriminant analysis was applied to different aroma types tobacco leaves using 67 aroma components,and discriminant function was expressed.The results showed that the ratio that most of aroma components of upper and middle leaves accounted for total content of aroma components was stable,and the ratio of only some of these aroma components in the upper and middle leaves,for example benzyl alcohol,solanone,β-damascone,neophytadiene,farnesylacetone A,palmitic acid,thunbergol,methyl linolenate and cembratriene-diol,was more than 1 %. Aroma components dominated certain aroma type were different in the different position of tobacco. The contents and the ratio of upper and middle leaves aroma components separately were applied to establish stepwise discriminant function with 11,18,7 and 11 kinds of aroma components led in respectively. The prediction of other new sample was carried by the expressed model. The accuracy of the whole smple was91. 7 %,100 %,91. 7 % and 91. 7 % respectively. In conclusion,the ratio of aroma components as discriminant index could improve discriminant accuracy significantly in the middle leaves. Discriminant accuracy that contents and ratio of aroma components in the up leaves were applied as indexes was not so much different.

To explore a new way for improving aroma quality of tobacco leaves, the middle part leaves of K326 were used as material, and the tobacco flavor matter and smoking quality were studied after adding 4 kinds of perfume plants(Red rose, Rose geranium, Lavender, Orchid sage) into the samples in the bulk curing. The results showed that positive effects of the four perfume plants on total aroma components performed as Red rose >Rose geranium > Lavender > Orchid sage. And some components in flue-cured tobacco with addition of Red rose,such as degraded products from chromoplast pigment, cembrane, other aroma components, total aroma components without neophytadiene and total aroma components were increased by 19.64%, 56.45%, 9.50%, 24.52% and19.77%. The treatment of Rose geranium had positive effects on aroma contents and degraded products from chromoplast pigment, cembrane, total aroma components without neophytadiene, and total aroma components were increased by 5.52%, 7.20%, 4.71%, 4.78% and 5.10% respectively, while Llavender and Oorchid sage added into the tobacco were not favorable to the accumulation of most aroma components. The results of sensory evaluation demonstrated that the tobacco leaves with addition of Red rose in bulk curing were much better than the control, and its taste performed as soft aroma quality, small irritation, clean and comfortable aftertaste and suitable strength. While the sensory evaluation of other treatments were not so good compared with the control. In conclusion, the addition of perfume plants has significant effects on aroma quality of cured tobacco leaves. Difference existed in tobacco taste because different perfume plants and aroma quality of middle leaves added with Red rose could be improved obviously.

[目的]为了区分烤烟中上部叶的不同香型风格特征,并为其判断提供数学模型.[方法]以中国11个主要产烟省的63个C3F和65个B2F烟叶为材料,并以67种致香物质含量占致香物质总量的比例为指标,采用逐步判别分析的方法对不同香型烤烟样品进行判别分析,并建立判别函数.[结果]结果表明,清香型和浓香型烤烟中大部分致香物质的比例明显高于中间香型.清香型、中间香型、浓香型烤烟中分别有51、43、40种致香物质的比例表现为上部叶高于中部叶.且在不同部位烟叶中,主导某种香型的致香物质种类不同.在分别以中部叶和上部叶致香物质比例为判别指标构建判别函数时,各有18种和11种致香物质进入判别函数,采用两种验证法(自身验证法、交互验证法)对原样品进行回判,其回判正确率分别为100％、98.6％(中部叶)和96.37％、94.4％(上部叶)；采用该模型对其余的样品分别进行预测,其整体准确率为100％(中部叶)和91.7％(上部叶).[结论]采用致香物质比例作为判别指标建立的数学模型对中上部烟叶的香型判断效果较好,能够实现对烤烟香型的客观、准确和快速鉴别分析.

To take advantages of different types of barns in improving tobacco aroma quality and providing basis for development of flue-curing barn and its matching technology,the differences of aroma contents,its ratio and sensory evaluation of cured tobacco among different barns(three-shelf and four-shelf bulk curing barn and traditional flue-curing barn) were analyzed.Results showed that most aroma components of the cured tobacco in traditional flue-curing barn improved much more than other two flue-curing barns.Its degraded products from chromoplast pigment and carotenoids,phenylalanine,cembrane,total aroma components and total aroma components without neophytadiene were increased by 15.28%,47.56%,19.04%,20.16%,14.66%,16.75% compared to those in three-shelf bulk curing barn and increased by 11.46%,36.19%,15.60%,2.10%,11.28%,18.16% compared to those in four-shelf bulk curing barn.While three-shelf bulk curing barn was beneficial to informing and accumulating Maillard reaction products and other types of aroma components.Most aroma components in four-shelf bulk curing barn were higher than those in the three-shelf bulk curing barn.The proportion of degraded products from carotenoids in traditional flue-curing barn was significantly higher than that in bulk curing barn.Three-shelf bulk curing barn conferred a significantly higher proportion of Maillard reaction products than other two treatments.However,most aroma components had no significant difference in proportion among the three treatments.Smoking quality and the whole use value of cured tobacco leaves in traditional flue-curing barn,moreover,were much better than those in other two bulk curing barns.It was concluded that traditional flue-curing barn had an advantage in improving aroma quality of cured tobacco.And it was worth studying its curing mechanism for optimizing and improving bulk curing barn and its curing technology.

通过设置不同的温度对K 326烤烟种子进行低温预处理,研究低温预处理对其萌发特性的影响。结果表明,K 326烤烟种子经5℃低温预处理1个月后,发芽起始所需时间显著缩短,发芽势明显提高,达79.8%±2.3%,较对照增加13.8%以上,种子发芽更为整齐。其它低温预处理条件亦能影响烤烟种子萌发。

To optimize and improve bulk curing technology,the effects of a new bulk curing technology on the appearance quality,chemical composition,aroma components and smoking quality of middle and upper leaves were studied with the control of three-stage flue-curing technology.The results showed that effect on tobacco leaves in different positions was different under low temperature curing.The appearance quality,harmony of chemical components and smoking quality of upper leaves in the low temperature curing progress were improved much more.Besides,the content of aroma components,degradation products of chromoplast pigment,phenylalanine aroma components,cembratriendid compounds,and other aroma components increased by 36.93%,24.66%,52.48%,92.18% and 64.78% compared with CK.To a certain extent,the low temperature curing could improve quality of upper leaves,but to middle leaves the improvement was not so obvious.

Objective:To compare chemical components of essential oil of Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.Mazz.extracted by two extraction methods.Methods:Samples were extracted from of Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.Mazz. By supercritical CO_2 fluid(SFE -CO_2) and petroleum ether(PE).The chemical components of the samples were analyzed by GC - MS.Results:Altogether 26 chemical components were identified from the samples extracted by SFE - CO_2,amounting to 77.66%of the total area of the peaks.While in the sample extracted by PE,altogether 27 components were identified,amounting to 87.23%of the total area of the peaks.The acid was the primarily kind of components in the samples extracted by SFE - CO_2,amounting to 36.4%,The ester was the main kind of components in the samples extracted by PE,amounting to 27.68%,except 9,12,15 -Octadecatrienal.Conclusions:The main components extracted by these two methods were different,compared with PE extraction method,SFE - CO_2 method was low extraction temperature,low solvent residual.And SFE - CO_2 method can be used to extract the volatile acids and semi - volatile acids of Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.Mazz.

In order to study the composition and value of Yunnan Safflower absolute oil,the Safflower absolute oil was extracted with organic solvent extraction.The results show that 95 kinds of compounds were detected in the oil and 85 kinds of them were identified by GC-MS.The major components are Long-chain hydrocarbons,alcohols,acids,esters,and terpenoids.Most of alcohols,acids,esters and terpenoids components benefit the cigarette.A large number of high fatty acids and their esters can improve the smooth and increase the abundance of aroma.The sensory evaluation indicates that its primary role is improving the smooth and increasing the abundance of aroma.At the same time it also can improve temperament fragrant,rich incense smoke.

Steam distillation and extraction equipment(SDE) and GC/MS were used to analyze and determine the volatile materials from the bark of Pinus yunnanensis Franch.76 materials were identified,amounting to 74.00% of the total peak area.The principal constituents in the volatile were(+)α-terpineol(15.23%),α-pinene(12.02%),3-carene(9.33%),(-)-4-terpineol(3.62%),1-isopropyl-4-methylbenzene(2.94%),camphor(2.30%),borneol(2.06%),4-tert-butylphenol(1.82%),camphene(1.68%),1-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-benzene(1.58%) and methyl dehydroabietate(1.50%).

The volatile components in fermentation liquid of flavor producing fungus of Cumbopogon citratus(DC.) Stapf were extracted with simultaneous distillation and extraction,then isolated and identified with capillary GC-MS.The extract of fermentation liquid was applied in cigarettes.The results showed that: 1) 67 components were identified in the liquid,among them,the major components were limonene,β-myrcene,γ-terpinene,farnesen,linalool and γ-sitosterol,etc;2) the extract could enhance tobacco aroma,slightly reduce irritation and obviously improve the smoking quality of cigarette.

Quantitative analysis by simultaneous distillation and extraction equipment(SDE) and gas chromatography—mass spertiometry(GC-MS) was used to detect the volatile components in acacia honey,ageratum honey,astragali honey,ruilingcao honey,clover honey,cole honey,medlar honey,and longan honey,and 19,32,17,20,22,64,21 and 27 volatile components were identified and determined,amounting to 93.35%,76.93%,38.58%,93.18%,93.92%,85.66%,46.37% and 75.01% of the total area of the peaks respectively.

The invention discloses a cigarette seaweed composite addictive and preparing method, which comprises the following steps: extracting seaweed at solvent pattern; allocating seaweed extract and fruit and vegetable extract to prepare composite addictive; or fermenting raw material of seaweed and fruit and vegetable or traditional Chinese medicine to prepare composite addictive. The invention reduces the stimulation of cigarette flue, which can alleviate uncomfortable symptom for smoker's throat.

The invention discloses a smoke solid essence and preparing method, which comprises the following steps: (1) adopting essence extract or essential oil as raw material; preparing essence or essence particle through spraying drying method; (2) condensing essence extract into grease or essential oil; adding 1-3 times 95% alcohol and fitful beta-cyclodextrin; stirring at constant temperature for 1-12h; drying to produce essence and essential particle; (3) selecting gelatin and acacia as wall material; adopting essence extract and essential oil as core material to prepare micro-capsule solid perfume or essence.