Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) is an important alternative to grab sampling for in situ monitoring of emerging contaminants such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aquatic environments. In this study, a covalent organic framework (COF) was developed as a high-capacity binding material for DGT. The synthesized COF exhibited high crystallinity, large surface area, and good hydrolytic stability, enabling rapid adsorption kinetics and high adsorption capacities toward PFAS, with a maximum uptake >1000 mg g-1 for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies indicated strong interactions between PFAS and the COF, involving van der Waals interactions, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and pore confinement effects. The COF-based DGT sampler showed stable performance across a wide range of pH (5.2-9.1), ionic strength (0.0001-0.5 M), and dissolved organic matter concentrations (0-20 mg L-1), with CDGT/Csoln remaining within the acceptable range (0.9-1.1) for most of the compounds. Field deployment in a municipal wastewater treatment plant further demonstrated that the DGT technique produced comparable PFAS profiles to grab sampling while enabling time-integrated monitoring of low-level contaminants. This study highlighted the potential of COF materials as effective binding phases for DGT and provided a promising approach for reliable monitoring of PFAS in complex aquatic systems.

ABSTRACT Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have garnered significant attention as promising alternatives for large‐scale energy storage devices, owing to abundant sodium resources and the similar chemical properties with lithium. However, the inability of graphite for Na storage presents a substantial barrier to commercial application of SIBs. While hard carbons (HCs) offer potential pathways for commercial SIBs, challenges such as low initial Coulombic efficiency, limited Na storage capacity, unclear structural understandings, and contentious energy storage mechanisms remain prominent issues. Driven by keen interests in elucidating the structure and Na storage mechanisms, numerous characterization techniques have been employed to monitor the structure information and structural evolution in sodiation‐desodiation process. Consequently, it is imperative to introduce these characterization techniques and their integrations followed with recent updates in a timely manner. This review provides a concise overview of HCs alongside their related Na storage mechanisms, addressing the development process, existing issues, and future perspectives. Furthermore, we comprehensively categorize and update various characterization techniques for HCs, while representative studies are selected to facilitate a deeper understanding of results and analyses. Finally, we clarify future directions for characterization techniques, highlighting potential avenues for further development that could significantly influence the design and fabrication of high‐performance HCs for SIBs.

The formation of a fluoride-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer is crucial for achieving uniform and reversible lithium plating/stripping dynamics in lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Conventional approaches relying on high-concentration fluorinated electrolytes, however, often induce solvation structure disruption through excessive anion shielding effects, which paradoxically compromises lithium-ion transport efficiency. Herein, a strategy is developed for in-situ constructing a fluoride-rich SEI via "localized anions clusters" formed in relatively low-concentration electrolyte by strong interaction between electrolyte framework and anions at the metal/electrolyte interface in cellulose-based electrolytes, thereby enhancing interfacial stability through robust SEI formation. The spatially rich cyano terminal groups (-C---N) in the cross-linked cellulose-based gel electrolyte not only ensure the fast ion transportation pathways with high ions transference number (0.74) resulted from -C---N coupling/decoupling the Li-ions, but also induce aggregation of anions and further promote the formation of inorganic LiF-rich SEI, thus efficaciously stabilizing the Li metal anode. This quasi-solid-state electrolyte demonstrates compatibility with a wide range of cathodes. And its super long-term cycling stability (a nearly 90 % capacity retention for Li||NCM811 battery after 500 cycles and a capacity decay of 0.03 % per cycle in 500 cycles for Li||S cell) highlights the advantages conferred by the LiF-rich SEI induced by F-based anions clusters, which is pivotal for achieving high performance in LMBs.

Vacancy engineering is widely considered an effective approach to modulate the internal electronic structure of electrode materials, enhancing charge‐transfer processes/reactions and leading to excellent energy storage properties. Nevertheless, several current techniques of vacancy engineering, such as controlled solvent thermal growth, plasma bombardment, and chemical etching, suffer from high energy inputs and uncontrollable processing kinetics. Herein, a facile and energy‐efficient technique of metal ion‐assisted shear exfoliation is proposed to synthesize 2D MoS 2 with edge S‐vacancies as an anode for sodium ion batteries. Thanks to the implementation of this vacancy technique, few‐layer MoS 2 anode with sulfur defects at the edge presents remarkable rate performance (399.91 mAh g −1 at a current density of 5 A g −1 ) and demonstrates high average capacity with exceptional stability (460.71 mAh g −1 at 1 A g −1 after 100 cycles) when utilized in sodium‐ion batteries. The superior electrochemical performance of this elaborate anode can be ascribed to the enhanced electrochemical kinetics and reaction reversibility resulting from the presence of a vacancy defect architecture. This study is expected to provide an effective avenue to develop vacancy defect electrodes for advanced batteries.

Bimetallic sulfide anodes offer promising stability and high capacity in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) but face significant challenges, including low electronic conductivity, limited ionic diffusion, and substantial volume expansion during conversion and alloying processes. These issues significantly impair the performance. To effectively address these challenges, we employed a systematic design approach to develop a bimetallic ZnS/MoS2 hierarchical heterostructure coated with nitrogen-doped carbon (T-MS/C). This advanced structure was synthesized using a metal-organic framework (MOF) as a template, followed by hydrothermal synthesis. The resulting heterostructure features multiple layers arranged hierarchically, incorporating various phase interfaces and smaller crystal domains due to the MOF templating process. This design significantly enhances reactivity, electrical conductivity, and ionic diffusion, ultimately leading to the development of an optimized Na-storage performance T-MS/C anode. The T-MS/C anode exhibits remarkable Na-storage capability, with capacities of 690.8 mAh/g after 100 cycles at 0.2 A/g and 306 mAh/g at 10 A/g. This carefully synthesized T-MS/C anode exhibits highly promising features for Na-storage, making it an excellent contender for the next generation of high-performance SIBs.

Covalent bonding has been extensively applied in the synthesis of advanced energy storage materials due to its strong interfacial interactions, significantly enhancing mechanical stability. However, the inherent electron localization characteristic of pure covalent bonds substantially restricts electronic mobility and conductivity at heterogeneous interfaces. Introducing partial metallic character into covalent interactions to form mixed covalent-metallic bonds presents a promising approach to enhance electron transport across such interfaces. In this work, vanadium-carbon (V─C) bonds are established at the interface between selenium-deficient VSe2-x and graphene via selenium vacancy engineering through in situ growth and subsequent annealing treatment. Selenium vacancies modulate the local charge distribution, enhance metallicity and facilitate electron redistribution, which consequently strengthens the interfacial coupling at the VSe2-x-graphene interface. Benefiting from these synergistic interactions, resulting coupled VSe2-x-graphene (co-VSe2-x-G) anode exhibits exceptional performance in sodium ion battery, achieving over 6000 cycles at 20.0 A g-1 and 327.6 mAh g-1 at 75.0 A g-1. The assembled full cell also maintains high cycling stability beyond 1100 cycles at 3.0 A g-1. This study offers a novel strategy for improving electronic conductivity at heterogeneous interfaces.

The utilization of green and sustainable bio-based resources gets more important owing to the increasing shortage of petrochemical resources. Arbutin (AT) was considered to belong to a class of renewable polyhydroxy compounds due to its unique molecular structure. Hence, a molecular structure design strategy was employed to incorporate AT and castor oil into the backbone of anionic waterborne polyurethan (WPU). The effect of the AT content on the characteristics of WPU dispersion and casting film was thoroughly investigated. The result showed that the WPU films had excellent transparency, mechanical (the tensile strength was 28.4 MPa, the toughness was 34.3 MJ/m(3)), and thermodynamic properties, surpassing most current vegetable oil-based WPU systems. Notably, the WPU-AT20 film could pull target 18722 times its own weight, which could be ascribed to the cooperative effects of abundant rigid rings, H-bonds, and a higher physical crosslink density in systems. The T-g values of the WPU films were adjusted to range from 13.47 degrees C to 63.40 degrees C. The maximum value of T-g was, in particular, outstanding at present reported systems. Intriguingly, the WPU films still exhibited prominent anti-corrosion performance towards Q235# iron after severe weather conditions of outdoor storage for 4 months. The objective of this research was to offer simple and feasible strategies for preparing eco-friendly WPU coatings with excellent anti-corrosion performance.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVDC) coatings require excellent adhesion to substrates. Herein, a series of self-cross-linking silylated polyvinylidene chloride (PVMBV) emulsions with core–shell structure were prepared by seed emulsion polymerization using vinylidene chloride (VDC), methyl acrylate (MA), butyl acrylate (BA), and acrylic acid (AA) as the raw materials. Vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMO) as the cross-linker was employed to enhance the adhesive properties. The effects of various VTMO contents on the properties of PVMBV were investigated. The results showed that the adhesion performance and thermal stability of PVMBV films were enhanced significantly with the increasing VTMO content. More interestingly, the introduction of a small quantity of VTMO enhanced the toughness of PVMBV films. The water contact angle increased could prove that the hydrophobicity of PVMBV films was improved. Further, it is important to that barrier properties of PVMBV films were effectively improved when VTMO content was no more than 3 wt%. This work provides potential applications in multifunctional barrier coatings, such as vapor barrier, water barrier, weathering, and corrosion protection.

The mechanical properties and water resistance of castor oil-based waterborne polyurethane are mutually limited due to the presence of a hydrophilic chain extender. Herein, Arbutin (AT) was used as a crosslinking agent, and benzimidazole (CR-455) was utilized as an ultraviolet absorber, sustainable long fatty hydrophobic chain extenders, sorbitan monooleate (SP), glycerol laurate (GML), glycerin monostearate (GMS), and trimethylolpropane monooleate (TPM), were introduced into castor oil-based waterborne polyurethane (CWPU) backbones through molecular structure design respectively. Subsequently, the amount of SP was changed to prepare a series of waterborne polyurethane dispersions, and their emulsion and film properties were thoroughly investigated. The finding showed that the incorporation of long fatty hydrophobic chain extenders led to an increase in crosslinking density, thereby endowing CWPU films with good mechanical properties, water resistance, and anti-corrosion efficacy. Moreover, the bio-based content in the CWPU film had reached an impressive 90.9 %. The addition of SP content resulted in a gradual improvement in the mechanical properties, water resistance, and corrosion resistance of CWPU-SP films. When the SP content was 40 %, due to the high strength of hydrogen bonds and the density of crosslinking in systems, the tensile strength, toughness, water absorption rate, and corrosion protection efficiency of the CWPU-SP40 film reached 18.1 MPa, 20 MJ/m3,7.7 %, and 98.47 %, respectively. Particularly, the prepared transparent CWPU films exhibited complete UV shielding. This work would pave the way for the application of bio-based waterborne polyurethanes in high-performance coatings, such as anti-corrosion and sunscreen.

The conversion of sodium lignosulfonate (SL) into high-value functional materials remains challenging. Hereon, a bio-based waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was synthesized using castor oil and isophorone diisocyanate as the raw materials. SL was used as a functional filler to prepare transparent or translucent composites of sodium lignosulfonate/waterborne polyurethane with good properties through physical blending method. The influence of varying SL contents on the performance of composite emulsions and films were studied. The results indicated that the composite derived from bio-based materials had an occupancy rate of 89.5 %, and all composite emulsions exhibited outstanding storage stability. Interestingly, the addition of sodium lignosulfonate greatly improved the mechanical properties and heat resistance due to the strong interfacial interaction between WPUs and SL molecular chains. Furthermore, the composite film could achieve complete UV shielding performance when the sodium lignosulfonate content reached 9 wt %. This work had significantly expanded the range of high-value-added applications for lignin and potential prospects for its use in the field of sunscreen coatings.

Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of oil-in-water high-internal-phase Pickering emulsions (HIPEs) within styrene and acrylate as monomer and oil phases, using composite stabilizers containing hydrophobic modified diatomite particles and small molecular surfactants. Internal-phase HIPE levels of up to 80 wt% were achieved, which was far higher than those of conventional emulsions. Meanwhile, the mechanical performance, thermal stabilities, and damping capacities of polymer films prepared using these HIPEs were superior to those of polymer films prepared using conventional emulsions. Synergistic emulsification of the composite stabilizer was found to be crucial for stabilizing the emulsion during HIPE synthesis and for improving the mechanical and damping performance of the polymer films.

Highly uniform polymer latex particles with controlled particle size have been widely applied in many fields such as nanotechnology, drug delivery, biomedical separation, and material templates. Since the particle size plays a critical role in determining the application fields, various technologies such as two-stage swelling method and dynamic swelling method have been used to control the particle size in the polymerization process. However, these methods usually need a multi-step polymerization reaction and long reaction time. This review focuses on a method of controlling particle size, that is, particle coagulation technology. Particle coagulation technology can be used to produce large sized, monodispersed polymer particles by soap-free emulsion polymerization, macroemulsion polymerization, and dispersion polymerization. In this review article, an overview of the concept of particle coagulation is given, followed by the description of the particle coagulation process in different polymerization systems. Some representative publications about particle coagulation were also reviewed, especially the effect of reaction parameters on the particle coagulation extent and time. Finally, the relationship between the particle coagulation and particle size distribution is reviewed extensively.

In this work, a novel mono-component and gas-dominated flame retardant, named DPPIP, was prepared through an amidation reaction of diphenylphosphinyl chloride and piperazine, and used to flame retard PP.

原子转移自由基活性聚合(ATRP)是一种有效的活性可控聚合方法,可进行摩尔质量设计,制备结构和摩尔质量分布可控的各类聚合物,具有潜在而广泛的研究价值.传统的ATRP聚合反应常用的溶剂如甲苯等,由于其具有较大的毒性,限制了其产业化的进程.以无毒环保的乙醇为溶剂,甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为单体,研究一定量水的加入对电子转移活化再生催化剂原子转移自由基聚合(ARGET ATRP)的影响.结果表明,在MMA的ARGETATRP反应中,水的加入能够有效促进聚合反应,随着水含量(相对于乙醇质量分数)的增加,聚合速率增加,水含量为10％以下时,得到较快的聚合速率同时聚合可控,超过10％,虽然聚合速率增加,但聚合反应可控性降低.

采用过硫酸钾(KPS)引发丙烯酸丁酯乳液聚合,系统研究了引发剂用量以及单体固含量对聚合反应温度变化的影响,并对温度变化过程中的转化率以及粒子大小进行测试.结果表明,随着固含量从15％增加到30％,聚合反应的最高温度从82℃升高到104℃;聚合反应放热主要发生在第二阶段和第三阶段,由于反应温度过高,体系处于亚稳定状态,易出现剪切絮凝.并且研究发现在一定范围内,丙烯酸丁酯乳液聚合反应温度变化的起始时间随引发剂用量增加而提前,粒径随引发剂用量增加而减小.

PBA latex was synthesized by emulsion polymerization,onto which acrylonitrile and styrene monomers were grafted.The grafted product was melt blended with SAN copolymer forming an ASA resin.The effect of grafting monomers and PBA latex size on the structure and property of ASA resin was studied.It showed that the grafting degree was increased with increasing loading of grafting monomers,and the impact strength of ASA resin increased and then decreased with an increasing grafting monomers and PBA latex particle size.When the grafting monomers content was 3 wt % of BA monomer,ASA resin reached the maximum impact strength of 110 J/m.Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis(DMTA) showed that the Tg of the grafted PBA increased with increasing grafting monomers,decreased and then increased with increasing PBA latex size.Scanning electron microscope revealed that the PBA latex uniformly dispersed in SAN matrix with a few of particles coagulated.

Amphiphilic random copolymer consisting of monomeric units of poly (butyl acrylate) and poly (maleic acid salt) was synthesized and characterized. The emulsion polymerization kinetics of styrene stabilized by this copolymer was investigated. The influencing factors, including polymeric surfactant concentration, initiator concentration and polymerization temperature, were systematically studied. The kinetic data show that the polymerization rate (R-P) increased with the increase of the polymeric surfactant concentration ([S]) and polymerization temperature (T). At the higher [S], droplets nucleation and micelle nucleation coexisted in the polymerization system; at the lower [S], only the droplets nucleation process existed. The polymerization did not follow Smith-Ewart Case 11 kinetics. Dynamic light scatter and transmission electron microscope were utilized to measure the sizes and shapes of the particles, respectively. It would be speculated that a kind of large heterogeneous particles with multiple-active-sites was formed in the polymerization system. The increasing of R-P with increasing initiator concentration ([KPS]) was rapid at a medium [KPS], but the slowly increasing was observed at a lower or higher [KPS]. It was attributed to the barrier effect of the polymeric surfactant around the monomer droplets. The polymerization activation energy was 60.29 kJ/mol. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 113: 4023-4031, 2009

In order to investigate the mechanical properties of polycarbonate/(acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylic) terpolymer (PC/ASA) alloy reinforced with inorganic particles, both PC/ASA /SAN /TiO_2 and PC/ASA/SAN/ CaCO_3 were prepared by the melt blending method. The effect of the mass fraction of filler and the particle size on the toughing and strengthening of PC/ASA matrix were studied based on the results of mechanical properties testing and the observation of the impact fracture surface morphology of the composites. The result shows that inorganic filler/PC/ASA mechanical properties of composite materials is the overall downward trend; While inorganic filler content increased, the flow property of composite increases significantly. Inorganic filler makes PC/ASA matrices not be toughener and enhance the effect of strengthening, but enhance the flowing property of PC/ASA/Composite material. Inorganic nano-particles/PC/ASA composite materials is widely used in electronic, outdoor decoration materials and other fields.

Tremolite, a kind of inorganic filler, was modified with a silane coupling agent gamma-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane (MPS) in ethanol/ammonia solution. The graft of MPS on tremolite was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), IR and thermogramitric analysis (TGA) measurements. In addition, contact angle analysis showed that particle surface property was changed from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity after the modification. Modified tremolite and pure tremolite were blended respectively with PA1010 (polydecamethylene esbacamide) and the mechanical properties of the composites were studied. Results revealed that MPS had a remarkable influence on the mechanical properties of the composites due to the improvement of interfacial adhesion between filler and matrix. Tensile strength and notched Izod impact strength of MPS-modified tremolite composites were improved simultaneously compared to those with pure tremolite. Composites with MPS modified tremolite exhibited a much higher thermal stability than the samples with pure tremolite confirmed by TGA. The morphologies of the composites were also investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that better dispersion of MPS modified tremolite in matrix was obtained.