An efficient approach to obtain of polyfluorinated triethoxysilanes H(CF2)nCH2O(CH2)3Si(OEt)3 with high yields, is presented using a sequential reactions of phase transfer catalysis and hydrosilylation. Tetrabutylammonium bromide and Speier's catalyst (200 ppm) were used as catalysts. The hydrosilylation reaction proceeds rather quickly within 1-3 h under mild conditions at room temperature. 1H NMR monitoring indicates a selective process with the formation of only the main gamma-addition product. The individuality of the synthesized triethoxy (polyfluoroalkoxy)propyl silanes have been confirmed by FTIR, 1H, 13C, 19F, and 29Si NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Quantum chemical calculations have shown that with a decrease in the number of electronegative fragments CF2 in the molecule, an increase in the energetic favorability of the hydrosilylation reaction is observed. The prospects for using the obtained fluorosilanes in polymer systems are discussed.

Paper plays an important role in the packaging industry due to its low cost, light weight, recyclability and biodegradability. However, the use of paper as a packaging material is severely limited due to its hydrophilicity caused by the hydroxyl groups of cellulose. This study reports a simple preparation of highly hydrophobic kraft paper by a one-step dip coating method using [3-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)propyl]silsesquioxane, {3-[(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl)oxy]propyl}silsesquioxane or {3-[(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7-dodecafluoroheptyl)oxy]propyl}silsesquioxane as hydrophobic agents. As a result of modification of kraft paper, a stable covalently bonded coating is formed on its surface. The coated kraft paper has demonstrated (1) high water resistance (the water contact angle (WCA) values were 124–141°, and the water absorption and the water vapor permeability (WVP) rates were significantly decreased), (2) excellent resistance to aggressive environments and temperature, (3) enhanced mechanical properties (tensile strength increased from 46.8 to 70.8 MPa), and (4) high wear resistance, as confirmed by sandpaper abrasion, bending, and finger-wipe tests. It was shown that the maximum contact angle values were achieved for kraft paper modified with a 5% polymer solution. The results of this study have great potential, given the simplicity of the modification method, for use in the production of paper-based packaging materials with water-repellent, enhanced mechanical and moisture-protective properties.

At present, a pressing problem is the creation of new functional materials with obviously valuable and required properties that are promising for optoelectronics and medicine, as electrically conductive and thermoplastic materials. A new functional homo-oligomer (oligo(TMVThPP)) and co-oligomers with butyl vinyl ether (oligo(TMVThPP-co-BVE)) were synthesized by free radical (co)oligomerization of 4,4,6,6-tetramethyl-1-vinyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine (TMVThPP) using azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The weight-average molecular weight of oligo(TMVThPP) and oligo(TMVThPP-co-BVE), determined by gel permeation chromatography, ranges from 2.2 to 3.4 kDa, with a monomodal molecular weight distribution. The synthesized oligo(TMVThPP) and oligo(TMVThPP-co-BVE) exhibit properties of high-resistance organic semiconductors, the specific electrical conductivity of which increases after doping with iodine. (c) 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Soluble polysilsesquioxane containing side-chain phthalimide groups (PSQ-PhI) was synthesized via a solvent- and catalyst-free hydrolytic polycondensation reaction using 2-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione. The composition and structure of polysilsesquioxane was confirmed via 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction analysis, and elemental analysis. The synthesized silsesquioxane showed a monomodal molecular weight distribution. The average molecular weight of polysilsesquioxane is 11,200 Da, and the polydispersity index is 1.10. 29Si NMR analysis showed a half-peak width w1/2 3.1 ppm at δ −68.3, which corresponds to the PhI(CH2)3SiO3/2 unit and indicates an ordered structure in the polymer, with some defects caused by the presence of uncondensed silanol groups. PSQ-PhI showed good thermal stability (Td5% decomposition at 345 °C). The polysilsesquioxane-based coating was transparent in the visible region.

The demand for original fluorine-containing organosilicon polymer materials is constantly growing, which is associated with their unique properties, such as chemical and thermal stability, hydroand oleophobicity, optical clarity, mechanical strength, and others, which open up new opportunities for the creation of innovative technologies and materials. In this regard, it is necessary to create new materials with a set of high performance characteristics that meet the increased requirements placed on them. In this study, we report the synthesis of a previously unknown poly[3-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)propyl]silsesquioxane (F-PSQ) by a facile and efficient hydrolytic polycondensation reaction of triethoxy[3-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)propyl]silane (F-TES) monomer in ethanol using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. The structure of the target polymer was characterized by 1 H, 13 C, 19 F, and 29 Si multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography and powder X-ray diffraction, and its thermal stability was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. It has been established that F-PSQ is characterized by the high weight average molecular weight of 16800 Da and a low polydispersity index of 1.02 and has a ladder-like structure. The possibility of using the synthesized polyfluorosilsesquioxane as a promising functional hydrophobic material and component of proton-conducting membranes is shown. The values of water contact angles for film coatings obtained on the basis of synthesized fluorine-containing triethoxysilane and polysilsesquioxane, depending on the surface structure, varied from 92 degrees to 115 degrees. A hybrid composite membrane based on fluorinated polysilsesquioxane and poly(1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole) doped with phosphoric acid has a proton conductivity of 5.3 & sdot;10-4 S/cm to 1.2 & sdot;10-2 S/cm in the temperature range from 25 degrees C to 150 degrees C in anhydrous state.

The requirement for the development of advanced technologies is the need to create new functional thermostable soluble polysilsesquioxanes. Combining the potential of organosilicon chemistry and the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds is a promising direction for the formation of novel organosilicon polymer systems with new properties and new possibilities for their practical application. Using the classical method of hydrolysis and polycondensation of previously unknown trifunctional (trimethoxysilylpropyl)glutarimide in the presence or absence of an acid or base catalyst, a universal approach to the formation of new thermostable soluble polysilsesquioxanes with glutarimide side-chain groups is proposed, which forms the basis for the synthesis of polysilsesquioxane polymers with different functionality. The weight average molecular weight of silsesquioxanes, determined by gel permeation chromatography, is practically independent of the reaction conditions and is 10–12 kDa; at the same time, the molecular weight distribution remains low and amounts to 1.38–1.47. According to thermogravimetric analysis, the resulting polysiloxanes have high thermal stability up to 335 °C. By the dynamic light scattering method, it was established that in an aqueous solution, silsesquioxane macromolecules are in an associated state, forming supramolecular structures due to the intermolecular interaction of individual macromolecules. The average hydrodynamic diameter of the particles was 46 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the amorphous nature of the polymer. Polymer film coatings based on synthesized silsesquioxanes are characterized by 98% transmission in the visible spectrum and resistance to ultraviolet radiation, which is promising for the creation of functional transparent film coatings.

New (trifluorosilyl)propyl derivatives of cyclic dicarboxylic acid imides 1-[3-(trifluorosilyl)propyl]pyrrolidine2,5-dione, 1-[3-(trifluorosilyl)propyl]piperidine-2,6-dione and 2-[3-(trifluorosilyl)propyl]-1H-isoindole-1,3 (2H)-dione were synthesized and structurally characterized by FTIR, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Intramolecular coordination interaction O-*Si and the influence of the hydrocarbon chain length on the strength of the coordination interaction in Si-fluoroethyl and Si-fluoropropyl derivatives of cyclic imides of dicarboxylic acids were characterized by DFT calculations. The geometric, energetic and electronic characteristics of the investigated molecules were also determined. The intramolecular O-*Si coordination bond, closing the six-membered chelate cycle SiCCN(C=O), is observed in the (trifluorosilyl)ethyl derivative phthalimide in the gas, and in the (trifluorosilyl)ethyl derivative succinimide the O-*Si coordination bond is observed both in the gas phase and in DMSO solution. The coordination bond O-*Si, closing the seven-membered chelate cycle SiCCCN(C=O), is found in the (trifluorosilyl)propyl derivative succinimide in the gas phase. Quantum chemical calculations were carried out at the M06/6-311G** and MP2/6-311++G**//M06/6-311G** levels with the 6-311G** basis set.

Functional copolymers of 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole (VT) and N-vinylcarbazole (VK) were synthesized using a free-radical polymerization. The content of hole-conducting N-vinylcarbazole units was found to be 9, 16, and 37 mol. %. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning were applied to characterize the poly(VT–co–VK). Based on a polymer ligand, metal−polymer complexes with Tb³⁺ ions were obtained in a polymethyl methacrylate matrix, and their luminescent properties were studied. The maximum photoluminescence of the complex can be achieved when using 16 mol. % of N-vinylcarbazole units. This is because two photoprocesses (excimer formation and excitation energy transfer) occur simultaneously and competitively.

A new hydrophilic polymeric nanocomposite containing AgNPs was synthesized by chemical reduction of metal ions in an aqueous medium in the presence of the copolymer. A new water-soluble copolymer of 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole and vinylsulfonic acid sodium salt (poly(VT-co-Na-VSA)) was obtained by free-radical copolymerization and was used as a stabilizing precursor agent. The structural, dimensional, and morphological properties of the nanocomposite were studied by UV–Vis, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Hydrodynamic diameter of macroclubs for the copolymer was 171 nm, and for the nanocomposite it was 694 nm. Zeta potential for the copolymer was −63.8 mV, and for the nanocomposite it was −70.4 mV. The nanocomposite had strong antimicrobial activity towards Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms: MIC and MBC values were in the range of 0.25–4.0 and 0.5–8.0 μg/mL, respectively.

Novel functionalized organosilicon copolymers of various compositions based on 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole as a hydrophilic monomer and N , O -bis(trimethylsilyl)prop-2-enecarboximidate as a hydrophobic monomer have been synthesized and characterized.

Narrow dispersed poly(1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole) (PVT) was synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole (VT). AIBN as the initiator and dithiocarbamates, xanthates, and trithiocarbonates as the chain transfer agents (CTA) were used. Dithiocarbamates proved to be the most efficient in VT polymerization. Gel permeation chromatography was used to determine the molecular weight distribution and polydispersity of the synthesized polymers. The presence of the CTA stabilizing and leaving groups in the PVT was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The linear dependence of the degree of polymerization on time confirms the conduct of radical polymerization in a controlled mode. The VT conversion was over 98% and the PVT number average molecular weight ranged from 11 to 61 kDa. The polydispersity of the synthesized polymers reached 1.16. The occurrence of the controlled radical polymerization was confirmed by monitoring the degree of polymerization over time.

Quantum-chemical study (B3PW91/6-311G** and MP2/6-311G**) of structural andspectral criteria of the intramolecular coordination bond N→Si existence in[methoxy(methyl)silyl] derivatives of 8-mercaptoquinolineC9H6NSSi(OMe)nMe3–n (n = 1–3) has been carried out. Quantum topological analysis ofelectron distribution (AIM) has been performed to determine the physical natureof the hypervalent interaction. It has been found that the energy of the N→Sihypervalent bond depends on the number of the methoxy groups in theSi(OMe)3 fragment.

The novel stable organosilicon compound containing pentacoordinated silicon atom, named as (trifluorosilyl)methyl 2-methylacrylate, was synthesized and fully characterized including single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The asymmetric unit of the title compound contains two independent molecules, one of which adopting the s cis configuration and the other has the s-trans configuration with respect to the C = O and C = C bonds. In the crystal, conformers form cis-and trans-dimeric pairs due to tetrel-bonding interaction and hydrogen bonds C -H middotmiddotmiddot F. Energetic and geometric characteristics for these dimers were calculated by DFT methods at M06-2X/6-311G(d,p) level of theory using QTAIM analysis. The calculations in the polar medium (DMSO) for two dimeric fragments of crystal packing were performed with Onsager self consistent reaction field method. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

New stable nanocomposites with copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) in a polymer matrix have been synthesized by green chemistry. Non-toxic poly-N-vinylimidazole was used as a stabilizing polymer matrix and ascorbic acid was used as a reducing agent. The polymer CuNPs nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was shown, using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method, that the hydrodynamic diameters of nanocomposites depend on the CuNPs content and are in an associated state in an aqueous medium. The copper content in nanocomposites ranges from 1.8 to 12.3% wt. The obtained polymer nanocomposites consist of isolated copper nanoparticles with a diameter of 2 to 20 nm with a spherical shape.

Trifluorosilylethyl derivatives of 2-mercaptobenzoxazole and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole C6H4NYCS(CH2)2SiF3 (Y = O, S) have been synthesized in order to study the intramolecular N → Si interaction in compounds with the SiCCSCN fragment.

New water-soluble polymer nanocomposites with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using functional copolymer of 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole with N-vinylpyrrolidone (poly(VT-co-VP)) as a stabilizing matrix. The polymer AuNPs nanocomposites were studied by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, ultravioletevisible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Xray diffraction, atomic absorption and thermogravimetric analysis. The gold content in nanocomposites ranged from 4.4 to 25.7%wt (the gold content depends on the ratio of poly(VT-co-VP):Au (III)). The obtained polymer nanocomposites consist of isolated gold nanoparticles with a diameter of 1-12 nm having a predominately spherical shape, which are uniformly distributed throughout the bulk of the polymer matrix. Nanocomposites contain AuNPs of various sizes, which is determined by the ability of the polymer matrix to stabilize the different metal contents. The resulting AuNPs nanocomposites are promising materials for the design of novel hydrophilic antiseptics and antimicrobial components for medical purposes. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The addition of 2-mercaptobenzoxazole or 2-mercaptobenzothiazole to trimethoxy(vinyl)silane was studied. The thiol-ene reaction leads to previously unknown carbofunctional (trimethoxysilyl)ethyl derivatives of 2-mercaptobenzazoles C6H4N(Y)CS(CH2)(2)Si(OMe)(3) (Y = O, S) with anti-Markovnikov orientation. The proposed mechanism is confirmed by EPR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Novel cross-linked insoluble copolymers based on 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole and (trimethoxysilyl)methyl-2-methacrylate monomers were synthesized by radical polymerization using AIBN as an initiator. The obtained copolymers were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The copolymers showed high thermal stability, resistance to acidic media, complex-forming ability and sorption activity towards Pd(II) and Pt(IV) ions. The sorption capacity of the copolymers relative to palladium and platinum reaches the values of 175-490 and 190-540 mg g(-1), respectively. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The article treats interconnections between European society and muslim diasporas which have their own cultural and religious traditions and customs. The author analyses specific features of integrating policies of migrants in various EU countries, its islamisation, problems of fragmentation of the European society and new approaches to integration of Muslim migrants.