Although antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play an integral role in the regulation of intestinal microbiota and homeostasis, their expression in canine gastrointestinal diseases, including idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal lymphoma, remains unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the intestinal expression of AMPs in dogs with IBD or intestinal lymphoma. IBD was diagnosed in 44 dogs, small cell intestinal lymphoma in 25 dogs, and large cell intestinal lymphoma in 19 dogs. Twenty healthy beagles were used as normal controls. Duodenal mRNA expression of six representative AMPs lactoferrin, lysozyme, cathelicidin, secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI), bactericidal/permeability increasing protein (BPI), and canine beta defensin (CBD103) was quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The relative expression of BPI, lactoferrin, and SLPI was significantly higher in dogs with IBD and intestinal lymphomas than in healthy controls. Interestingly, the expression patterns of AMPs differed between dogs with IBD and those with intestinal lymphomas, especially small cell lymphoma. Increased expression of BPI differentiated IBD from dogs with small cell intestinal lymphoma, with a sensitivity of 93.2%, a specificity of 100%, and an area under the curve of 0.955. These results suggest that the expression patterns of AMP aid in the diagnosis of canine IBD and intestinal lymphoma, although it remains uncertain whether the altered AMP expression is the cause or effect of mucosal inflammation. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) infiltrate into a variety of tumour tissues and associate with poor prognosis in humans. However, data on association of Treg infiltration with prognosis is limited in canine tumours. The purpose of this study was to examine the number of tumour-infiltrating Tregs and its association with overall survival (OS) in dogs with malignant tumours. The following 168 canine tumours were included: 37 oral malignant melanomas (OMMs); 14 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs); 16 pulmonary adenocarcinomas (PAs); 37 mammary carcinomas (MCs); 36 mast cell tumours (MCTs) and 28 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Normal tissues were obtained from 8 healthy dogs as controls. The number of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)-positive Tregs in intratumoral and peritumoral areas was investigated by immunohistochemistry. OS was compared between high and low Treg groups. The number of intratumoral and peritumoral Foxp3-positive Tregs was significantly higher in OMM, OSCC, PA and MC compared with each normal tissue. There were few Foxp3-positive Tregs in MCT and HCC. With intratumoral Tregs, the OS in the high Treg group was significantly shorter than that in the low Treg group in OMM, OSCC and PA. With peritumoral Tregs, there was no significant difference for OS between the 2 groups in each tumour type. These results suggest that Tregs infiltrate into a variety of canine tumours and the abundance of Tregs are associated with poor prognosis in some solid tumour types.

Although cytology is a rapid diagnostic procedure in dogs, the cytologic criteria of endoscopic biopsies for chronic enteritis and intestinal lymphoma are not well defined. An immediate diagnosis using cytology would benefit patients by enabling prompt initiation of therapy. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the results of endoscopic cytology and histopathology. In this study, 167 dogs with clinical signs of chronic gastrointestinal disease were included. On the basis of histopathology, the following diagnoses were determined: lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis in 93 dogs; eosinophilic enteritis in 5 dogs; small cell intestinal lymphoma in 45 dogs; and large cell intestinal lymphoma in 24 dogs. Two clinical pathologists retrospectively evaluated the endoscopic cytology of squash-smear preparations. The cytologic diagnoses of inflammation, small cell lymphoma, and large cell lymphoma were based on the severity of lymphocyte infiltration, the size of infiltrated lymphocytes, and eosinophil/mast cell infiltration. The clinical severity score was significantly increased along with the degree of lymphocyte infiltration evaluated by cytology. The cytologic diagnosis was in complete agreement with the histopathologic diagnosis in 136 of 167 (81.4%) cases. For the differentiation between enteritis and lymphoma, endoscopic cytology had a sensitivity of 98.6%, a specificity of 73.5%, a positive predictive value of 72.3%, and a negative predictive value of 98.6%. The log-rank test and Cox regression analysis showed that the results of cytology predicted the prognosis. These results suggest that endoscopic cytology is a useful technique to aid diagnosis of intestinal inflammation and lymphoma in dogs.

Population-based studies have demonstrated that children with a history of febrile seizure (FS) perform better than age-matched controls at hippocampus-dependent memory tasks. Here, we report that FSs induce two distinct structural reorganizations in the hippocampus and bidirectionally modify future learning abilities in an age-dependent manner. Compared with age-matched controls, adult mice that had experienced experimental FSs induced by hyperthermia (HT) on postnatal day 14 (P14-HT) performed better in a cognitive task that requires dentate granule cells (DGCs). The enhanced memory performance correlated with an FS-induced persistent increase in the density of large mossy fiber terminals (LMTs) of the DGCs. The memory enhancement was not observed in mice that had experienced HT-induced seizures at P11 which exhibited abnormally located DGCs in addition to the increased LMT density. The ectopic DGCs of the P11-HT mice were abolished by the diuretic bumetanide, and this pharmacological treatment unveiled the masked memory enhancement. Thus, this work provides a novel basis for age-dependent structural plasticity in which FSs influence future brain function.

The hippocampus plays a critical role in contextual fear conditioning. Population activity in the hippocampal CA1 encoding the surrounding environment is thought to be responsible for retrieval of contextual fear memory. However, the characteristics of CA1 neuronal ensemble activity during retrieval of contextual fear memory remain unclear. Here, we examined CA1 ensemble activity during contextual fear memory expression in male C57Bl/6J mice, using Arc cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The "Shock" group was conditioned with a footshock in two separate chambers, whereas the "No shock" group was not exposed to shocks in the chamber. Animals were then re-exposed to either the same chamber twice or two different conditioning chambers. In the No shock group, exposure to the same chamber twice activated a more significantly overlapping neuronal population than exposure to two different chambers. In the Shock group, exposure to the same conditioning chamber twice activated a similarly overlapping neuronal population as exposure to two different chambers, with overlap smaller than in nonshocked mice exposed to the same chamber twice. Thus, population activity in the hippocampal CA1 encoding the surrounding environment is detected during spatial exploration, but absent during contextual fear memory expression. Even the variable ensemble activity of CA1 may contribute to retrieval of contextual fear memory.

In this study, we compared the impact of H2S pre (HIPC) and post-conditioning (HPOC) on oxidative stress, the prime reason for myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (I/R), in different compartments of the myocardium, such as the mitochondria beside its subpopulations (interfibrillar (IFM) and subsarcolemmal (SSM) mitochondria) and microsomal fractions in I/R injured rat heart. The results demonstrated that compared to I/R rat heart, HIPC and HPOC treated hearts shows reduced myocardial injury, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced the level of TBARS in different cellular compartments. The extent of recovery (measured by TBARS and GSH levels) in subcellular fractions, were in the following descending order: microsome > SSM > IFM in both HIPC and HPOC. In summary, oxidative stress mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, one of the primary causes for I/R injury, was partly recovered by HIPC and HPOC treatment, with significant improvement in SSM fraction compared to the IFM.

For the purpose of assisting skill transfer training in small and medium manufacturing industry, an acquisition method of judgment skills of experienced factory workers on shop-floors of metal processing such as forging, casting and plating is proposed. Several software applications based on the method that have been developed and evaluated in the manufacturing factories are also presented. The future vision of skills and skilled workers in the manufacturing industry is also discussed.

In this paper, problems of current computer aided design (CAD) systems are discussed. One problem is the existence of tolerance. Because of tolerance, geometric operations become unstable and CAD data-exchange becomes a troublesome task. The second problem is CAD data durability. There is almost no compatibility between CAD data of different versions of the same system. Thus, users of CAD systems are confronted with great difficulties when they try to keep CAD data for a long time. As a solution to these problems, a CAD kernel based on history-based parametrics is proposed.

A solid model representing a product requires filleting or blending, which rounds a specified edge or vertex, in order to make a production model for manufacturing purpose such as mould die model. Many research algorithms for blending have been proposed and commercial CAD/CAM system vendors have implemented blend functions for their systems, however, the practicing users of CAD/CAM systems in the manufacturing industry are suffering from the inability of current blending functions, such as some “holes” in the solid models because of the failure of the blending. It is regarded that the current major solid model structure, the Boundary-Representation (B-rep) lacks the sufficient structure for making robust blending surfaces. In this research, several additional conditions for the B-rep that includes “extended surfaces” that make the blending algorithm simple and robust are proposed. In this report, it is shown that the proposed conditions are effective in the general termination case of edge blending. It is also shown that proposed approach can be applicable to the face-edge blending problem and global blending problem. Several examples are shown to verify the effectiveness of the proposal.

Veterinary RecordVolume 162, Issue 18 p. 592-593 Short Communication Autoantibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein in canine sera K. Fujiwara DVM, K. Fujiwara DVM Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorN. Matsuki DVM, PhD, Corresponding Author N. Matsuki DVM, PhD n/a@dne.dne Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 JapanCorrespondence to Dr MatsukiSearch for more papers by this authorM. Shibuya DVM, M. Shibuya DVM Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorS. Tamahara DVM, PhD, S. Tamahara DVM, PhD Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorK. Ono DVM, PhD, K. Ono DVM, PhD Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 JapanSearch for more papers by this author K. Fujiwara DVM, K. Fujiwara DVM Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorN. Matsuki DVM, PhD, Corresponding Author N. Matsuki DVM, PhD n/a@dne.dne Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 JapanCorrespondence to Dr MatsukiSearch for more papers by this authorM. Shibuya DVM, M. Shibuya DVM Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorS. Tamahara DVM, PhD, S. Tamahara DVM, PhD Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorK. Ono DVM, PhD, K. Ono DVM, PhD Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 JapanSearch for more papers by this author First published: 03 May 2008 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.162.18.592Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume162, Issue18May 2008Pages 592-593 RelatedInformation

A solid model representing a product requires filleting or blending, which rounds a specified edge or vertex, in order to make a production model for manufacturing purpose such as mould die model. As a surface representation, current major solid modeling CAD systems use a tensor product surface such as B-spline or NURBS surface. Representing blend surfaces using tensor product surfaces, however, causes several problems in the case such as, blends for meandering shapes or blends degenerate at one side of a surface. We propose a new blend algorithm which makes blend process robust. In this report, we show a procedural blend surface representation that intersections of offset surfaces are represented in procedural curves and basic blend surfaces values, point positions and differentials, are interrogated through that curves. Several examples are shown to verify that procedural blend surfaces have higher quality compared to tensor product surfaces.

Synaptic plasticity is the foundation of learning and memory. The protein kinase CK2 phosphorylates many proteins related to synaptic plasticity, but whether it is directly involved in it has not been clarified. Here, we examined the role of CK2 in synaptic plasticity in hippocampal slices using the CK2 selective inhibitors 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) and 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole (TBB). These significantly inhibited N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP). DRB also inhibited NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, while leaving NMDA receptor-independent LTP unaffected. NMDA receptors thus appear to be the primary targets of CK2. Although both long-term depression (LTD) and LTP are induced by the influx of Ca2+ through NMDA receptors, surprisingly, LTD was not affected by CK2 inhibitors. We postulated that the LTP-selective modulation by CK2 is due to selective modulation of NMDA receptors, and tested two hypotheses concerning the modulation of NMDA receptors: (i) CK2 selectively modulates NR2A subunits possibly related to LTP, but not NR2B subunits possibly related to LTD; and (ii) CK2 selectively affects synaptic but not extrasynaptic NMDA receptors whose activation is sufficient to induce LTD. DRB decreased NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the presence of selective NR2A subunit antagonist. The former hypothesis thus appears unlikely to be correct. However, DRB decreased synaptic NMDA receptor responses in cultured hippocampal neurons without affecting extrasynaptic NMDA receptor current. These findings support the latter hypothesis, that CK2 selectively affects LTP by selective modification of synaptic NMDA receptors in a receptor-location-specific manner.

International Journal of Developmental NeuroscienceVolume 26, Issue 8 p. 883-883 Article [P2.49]: Proper dendritic morphogenesis requires KCC2 expression in immature dentate granule cells J. Ichikawa, Corresponding Author J. Ichikawa n/[email protected] The University of Tokyo, JapanCorresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorN. Matsuki, N. Matsuki The University of Tokyo, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorR. Koyama, R. Koyama The University of Tokyo, JapanSearch for more papers by this author J. Ichikawa, Corresponding Author J. Ichikawa n/[email protected] The University of Tokyo, JapanCorresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorN. Matsuki, N. Matsuki The University of Tokyo, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorR. Koyama, R. Koyama The University of Tokyo, JapanSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 November 2008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.09.174Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume26, Issue8Abstracts to the 17th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience, 1‐5 June 2008, Asilomar, USADecember 2008Pages 883-883 RelatedInformation

Axon guidance molecules trigger a cascade of local signal in growth cones and evoke various morphologic responses, including axon attraction, repulsion, elongation, and retraction. However, little is known about whether subcellular compartments, other than axonal growth cones, control axon outgrowth. We found that in isolated dentate granule cells, local application of glutamate to the somatodendritic areas, but not the axon itself, induced rapid axon retraction, during which a calcium wave propagated from the somata to the axon terminals. The calcium wave and axon retraction were both inhibited by blockade of voltage-sensitive calcium channels and intracellular calcium dynamics. A combination of perisomatic application of calcium ionophore and depolarizing current injection induced axonal calcium sweep and axon retraction. Thus, perisomatic environments can modulate axon behavior through long-range intracellular communication.