Plant essential oils have become an important research hotspot in the field of natural products due to their excellent antioxidant activity. Maojian essential oil (MJEO) has shown significant research and development value due to its potential antioxidant mechanism. In response to the problems of high energy consumption and low efficiency in traditional extraction processes, this study used microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) to extract MJEO. Based on single-factor experiments, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the extraction parameters. The chemical composition of the obtained essential oil was subsequently analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the extraction yield of MJEO was 0.1225% under the conditions of a microwave power of 406 W and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1 : 4.1 g mL-1, and the CO2 emission of essential oil extracted by MAHD was reduced by 77.75% compared with traditional hydrodistillation (HD). GC-MS analysis showed that 32 components were isolated from MJEO, with linalool being the most abundant. The results of the antioxidant activity assay demonstrated that MJEO has an effective ability to scavenge free radicals. The above research findings provide an important theoretical basis for the high value utilization of medicinal plant resources. The application of MAHD technology not only significantly enhanced the extraction efficiency of MJEO but also offered scientific support for the comprehensive utilization of Maojian tea resources and the high-quality development of the tea industry, possessing both significant academic value and practical significance.

This study aimed to optimize the supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO2) extraction process for Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts (ESE) to maximize yield, and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the obtained extracts. The extraction was performed using SC-CO2 under conditions below the boiling point to preserve heat-sensitive compounds. Key factors (temperature, pressure, and time) were investigated, and the optimal process conditions were determined using the response surface methodology. The antioxidant activity of ESE was assessed by measuring its scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals. The optimal extraction conditions were identified as a temperature of 60 °C, pressure of 30 MPa, and an extraction time of 2 h, yielding 1.88 ± 0.05

To address the issues of low efficiency and high solvent consumption associated with traditional extraction methods, Viola philippica was used as the raw material for the extraction of coumarin compounds by ultra-high pressure-assisted micellar extraction (UHPAME). The optimal extraction process was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM), and the antioxidant activity of the extracted coumarin was evaluated in vitro. Single-factor experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of extraction times, extraction pressure, and holding time on the yield. Based on these results, a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to establish a response surface regression model. The optimized conditions were determined as follows: extraction pressure of 148.297 MPa, holding time of 6.760 min, and 3.054 extraction times, resulting in an average esculetin yield of 3.732 mg/g. In vitro antioxidant assays demonstrated that esculetin exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 23.91 & micro;g/mL against DPPH radicals and 3.45 & micro;g/mL against ABTS radicals. This study indicates that UHPAME is an efficient and environmentally friendly method for extracting coumarins from Viola philippica, providing a valuable reference for further research.

BackgroundFigs (Ficus carica L.) are rich in sugars and bound aroma precursors that can be converted into aroma compounds.MethodsIn this study, the W-8 strain was isolated from fig epidermis and identified as Torulaspora delbrueckii by 26S rDNA sequencing. By optimizing fermentation conditions using single-factor experiments and an orthogonal design, aroma compound (AC) production was evaluated. The whole genome of strain W-8 was sequenced and annotated.ResultsAC production was 1.64 times that of the control. Isoamyl alcohol (0.264 mg/mL), phenethyl alcohol (0.053 mg/mL), isoamyl acetate (0.006 mg/mL), isobutyric acid (0.012 mg/mL), and 2-methylbutyric acid (0.004 mg/mL) were exclusively produced, and production of ethyl stearate and acetoin was increased by 4.20-fold and 2.30-fold, respectively. Strain W-8 harbors a complete genome of 9,224,546 bp. KEGG analysis showed prominent representation of amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways, while GO annotation indicated enrichment in catalytic and metabolic processes. CAZy analysis identified key carbohydrate-active enzymes, including β-glucosidase.ConclusionGenome analysis showed that T. delbrueckii W-8 possesses β-glucosidases and aroma-related metabolic pathways, providing a genetic basis for the release of bound aroma precursors from fig substrates and their conversion into AC. These findings highlight T. delbrueckii W-8 as a promising starter for enhancing aroma quality in fermented fig products.

In our study, chemical exploration of the Nicotiana tabacum L. symbiotic fungus Aspergillus sp. TE-65L led to the discovery of a new himeic acid derivative, japonimeic acid J (1), along with two previously reported compounds 2 and 3. The structure of the new compound was unequivocally elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 displayed strong anti-phytopathogenic potency against Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 4 mu g/mL. This result suggests that they have considerable potential as new, naturally sourced agro-antibiotics for controlling fungal plant diseases.

Embedding is an effective method to overcome the poor thermal stability and release properties of lemon essential oil (LEO). This research focused on the fabrication of inclusion complexes through co-precipitation and response surface optimization, employing Fenugreek polysaccharide (FP15) as the wall material. The complexes were assessed through thermal analysis and in vitro slow-release investigations. XRD, FTIR and SEM analysis proved that LEO formed supramolecular structure with FP15 through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals force, and was successfully embedded with packaging efficiency of 57.33%. Thermal behaviour analysis showed that FP15 as a wall material significantly improved the thermal stability of LEO. The analysis based on the KAS and Coats-Redfern methods showed that the apparent activation energy of inclusion compounds increased with the increase of conversion rate, and the secondary reaction model (F2) could better describe the pyrolysis reaction mechanism of inclusion compounds. In vitro release experiments showed that the release of LEO from the inclusion at 37 degrees C (human body temperature) and 65 degrees C (food processing temperature) followed a first-order kinetic model, with LEO being released from the carrier by non-Fickian diffusion. The analysis of pyrolysis products showed that the inclusion compound pyrolyzed at 300 degrees C, 600 degrees C and 900 degrees C to produce a large number of aldehydes, esters and non-/semi-volatile organic acids. The production of these flavour substances improves the quality, concentration of aroma, rich-ness and harmony of the cigarette during smoking. In summary, FP15 as a wall material slowed down the release of LEO, enhanced its stability and improved the sensory quality of cigarettes.

Rehmannia radix is a kind of food and medicinal material, riched in monoterpenoids, phenylethanol glycosides, triterpenes, flavonoids, and other kinds of chemical compounds, among which monoterpenoids such as iridoids and ionones, and phenylethanol glycosides are the characteristic components of R. radix, with various biological activities. To excavate more characteristic active ingredients, the chemical compositions were identified from the 75% ethanol extract by v a variety of column methods and their hypoglycemic activities were evaluated in HepG2 cells. As a consequence, 13 compounds (1-13) were identified, including 4 iridoid compounds, 3 ionones, and 6 phenylethanol compounds, among them compound 3 was a new iridoid. The hypoglycemic activity showed that 7 compounds (1 similar to 2, 4 similar to 7 and 13) could promote glucose uptake of IR-HepG2 cells. And compound 6 could significantly upregulate protein levels of PI-3K, p-GSK3 beta, p-AKT and GLUT4, and significantly downregulated protein levels of PEPCK and G6Pase. These results revealed that compound 6 improved insulin resistance in HepG2 cells probably by activating PI-3K/AKT signaling pathway and inhibiting gluconeogenesis. These results succeeded in enriching the chemical composition of R. radix and provided an important scientific basis for the application of Rehmannia in the treatment of diabetes.

Synthesis and sweet performance of DGP for the first time. Intramolecular cyclization of 6- O -tosyl glucopyranoside catalyzed by TBAF. The crucial role of HFIP in intramolecular cyclization of 3,6-anhydro glucopyranoside.

This study focused on the modification of lentinan (LNT) and its degradation product, dLNT, through the nitric acid-sodium selenite method, resulting in the synthesis of 4 distinct seleno-polysaccharide (Se-LNTs). The selenium moiety was found to be connected to the C6 position of LNT in the form of selenate. The selenization process led to a notable reduction in molecular weight and an augmentation in chain rigidity. As the molecular weight decreased and chain rigidity increased, the cellular uptake of Se-LNT diminished. Additionally, the uptake pathway transitioned from macropinocytosis to caveolin-mediated endocytosis (CVME). In vitro cell experiments showed that all four Se-LNTs showed obvious anti-tumor activity, and Se-LNT-2 had higher selenium content and cellular uptake rate, showing better inhibitory effect. Furthermore, Se-LNTs were observed to induce a substantial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HCT116 cells. The excessive ROS levels triggered mitochondrial peroxidation damage, escalating mitochondrial inner membrane permeability. This cascade event eventually led to the activation of caspase-3, ultimately leading to apoptosis in HCT116 cells and substantiating the anti-tumor effects of Se-LNTs. The comprehensive investigation into the structural modifications, cellular uptake mechanisms and biological activities of Se-LNTs underscores their potential as promising agents for anti-tumor applications.

3,6-Anhydro sugars are one of most common anhydro sugars in bioactive compounds and natural products. Herein, a high-yielding, mild, and environmentally friendly synthetic approach for 3,6-anhydro sugars was established via the intramolecular cyclization of 6-O-tosyl pyranosides, promoted by a catalytic amount of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) and Na2CO3 as a cocatalyst. The advantages include avoidance of protection at the 2,4-positions, free of strong bases, minimization of excessive TBAF usage, and extensive substrate applicability, contributing to its efficiency and versatility especially for large-scale preparations.

Renowned for their distinctive aromas, terpenoid flavor compounds and their precursors are widely used in medicine, food, and the flavor and fragrance industries. Rapid advances in synthetic biology, including the modification of microbial chassis cells, the design of synthetic pathways for novel target products, and the integration of large-scale microbial fermentation, have enabled the development of microbial cell factories for the green and efficient production of terpenoid flavor compounds and their precursors, offering broader market potential. This review examines common biosynthetic mechanisms, recent progress in the field, and strategies for enhancing the biosynthetic efficiency of terpenoid flavor compounds and their precursors. This study aims to support the advancements of sustainable production technologies and promote industrial application within the flavor and fragrance sector.

A reliable chemical synthesis method for the preparation of 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro-α-D-glucopyranose (DGP) has been developed on the first time, with an overall four-step yield of 20 % on a 200g scale. The method for 2-OH regioselective benzylation protection of Methyl α-D-glucopyranoside was systematically optimized, providing a more scalable and cost-effective approach. The 3,6-anhydro pyranose intermediate was obtained through a two-step one-pot process. It has been confirmed that 2-OH protection enhanced the ring stability of 3,6-anhydro pyranose and also found that the conformation of 3,6-anhydro pyranose indeed promoted the construction of 1,4-ether bonds. Overall, this work facilitated further application research of DGP in the fields of chemical synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and food chemistry.

Interfacial solar-driven evaporation technology has received widespread attention. However, there are challenges in achieving efficient photothermal conversion and low cost in its practical application. Biomass materials are derived from renewable and sustainable resources and have potential applications in large-scale production of solar evaporators. In this work, we design a strategy to prepare efficient biomass solar-thermal materials through animal metabolism. Silkworms digest nutrients in mulberry leaves, leaving behind pigments in silkworm excrement (SE) that can form biomass solar-thermal materials. Under the irradiation of 1.0 kW m-2 simulated sunlight intensity, the surface temperature of SE powder can rise to 50 degrees C, and the photothermal conversion efficiency can reach 8.94%, which is a good photothermal conversion ability. Using polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel as the water evaporation carrier, a silkworm excrement hydrogel solar evaporator is constructed. Under one sunlight intensity irradiation, the water evaporation efficiency can reach up to 86.65%, with a water evaporation rate of 1.42 kg m-2 h-1. The low-grade heat generated during the solar-driven evaporation can be effectively used for synergistic water and electricity cogeneration, achieving a voltage of 53.0 mV. This biomass solar-thermal material obtained through animal metabolism is expected to deliver a low-cost, environmentally friendly seawater desalination technology.

Ionic strength condition is a crucial parameter for food processing, but it remains unclear how ionic strength alters the structure and digestibility of binary complexes containing starch and protein/protein hydrolysates. Here, the binary complex with varied ionic strength (0-0.40 M) was built by native corn starch (NS) and soy protein isolate (SPI)/hydrolysates (SPIH) through NaCl. The inclusion of SPI and SPIH allowed a compact network structure, especially the SPIH with reduced molecule size, which enriched the resistant starch (RS) of NS-SPIH. Particularly, the higher ionic strength caused the larger nonperiodic structures and induced loosener network structures, largely increasing the possibility of amylase for starch digestion and resulting in a decreased RS content from 19.07 % to 15.52 %. In other words, the SPIH hindered starch digestion while increasing ionic strength had the opposite effect, which should be considered in staple food production.

Five kinds of exopolysaccharides (EPS) were obtained by fermentation of Scleroderma areolatum Ehrenb. with sucrose, glucose, maltose, lactose, and fructose as carbon sources. Antioxidant abilities of the obtained EPSs were evaluated by inhibiting AAPH, HO·, and glutathione (GS·) induced oxidation of DNA and quenching 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) cationic radical (ABTS· and galvinoxyl radicals. The effects of carbon sources on the antioxidant properties of EPSs could be examined. The results showed that five EPSs can effectively inhibit radicals induced oxidation of DNA, and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) percentages were 44.7%-80.8%, 52.3%-77.5%, and 44.7%-73.3% in inhibiting AAPH, HO·, and GS· induced oxidation of DNA, respectively. All five EPSs could scavenge ABTS· and galvinoxyh, and exhibit superior activity in scavenging free radicals. Antioxidant abilities of EPS with fructose as carbon source were highest among five EPS.

Two new megastigmane glycosides, (6 R,7E,9R)-3-oxo-alpha-ionyl-9-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 ''-> 4 ')-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1) and (6 R,7E,9R)-3-oxo-alpha-ionyl-9-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 ''-> 6 ')-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), together with six known analogues (3-8) were isolated from the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. The structures of all metabolites were determined by comprehensive analysis of NMR and MS spectroscopic data as well as by comparison with those of previously reported. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of all isolates was evaluated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cell inflammatory model, and the compounds 1, 3, 7, and 8 exhibited inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophage cells with IC50 values of 42.3-61.7 mu M (positive control, dexamethasone, IC50 = 21.3 +/- 1.2 mu M).

Interfacial solar-driven evaporation has attracted much attention due to its high photothermal conversion efficiency. The core technology of photothermal conversion is photothermal materials, biomass photothermal materials are characterized by low cost, large specific surface area, environmental friendliness, and renewability. Discarded tea leaf residue (TLR) is harmful to the environment and has good recycling potential. In this work, a high-performance, low-cost, environmentally friendly solar steam generation material is fabricated by combining polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels and biomass photothermal material TLR. TheTLR hydrogel utilizes solar energy as a renewable energy source for desalination. Under 1.0 kW m-2 simulated solar irradiation, the evaporation rate is 1.35 kg m-2 h-1 and the evaporation efficiency is 93.35%. The waste heat generated during solar water evaporation can be effectively used for synergistic water-electricity cogeneration, thus achieving an evaporation rate and voltage of 0.91 kg m-2 h-1 and 58.8 mV under 1.0 kW m-2 solar irradiation, respectively. The prepared hydrogel can also be used as a good organic dye adsorbent material, which has a broad application prospect in wastewater treatment. This method for preparing solar absorbers reduces manufacturing costs environmentally friendly and guides the potential practical application using discarded waste. A high-performance, low-cost, environmentally friendly solar steam generator is fabricated by combining polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels and biomass photothermal material tea leaves residue (TLR). The TLR hydrogel utilizes solar energy as a renewable energy source for water evaporation. Under 1.0 kW m-2 simulated solar irradiation, the evaporation rate is 1.35 kg m-2 h-1 and the evaporation efficiency is 93.35%.image

A set of nine unique tobacco extract samples was analyzed using a self-developed electronic nose (E-nose) system, a commercial E-nose, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The evaluation employed principal component analysis, statistical quality control, and soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA). These multifaceted statistical methods scrutinized the collected data. Subsequently, a quality control model was devised to assess the stability of the sample quality. The results showed that the custom E-nose system could successfully distinguish between tobacco extracts with similar odors. After further training and the development of a quality control model for accepted tobacco extracts, it was possible to identify samples with normal and abnormal quality. To further validate our E-nose and extend its use within the tobacco industry, we collected and accurately classified the flavors of different tobacco leaf positions, with a remarkable accuracy rate of 0.9744. This finding facilitates the practical application of our E-nose system for the efficient identification of tobacco leaf positions.

INTRODUCTION:This study investigates the composition and antibacterial properties of essential oil extracted from Pinus koraiensis (Siebold & Zucc) pine needles using a liquid nitrogen freezing treatment combined with solvent-free microwave extraction (LNSFM). OBJECTIVE:The aim is to develop a low-energy, high-efficiency extraction method for conifer essential oils, analyze their chemical composition, and evaluate their antibacterial efficacy. METHODOLOGY:Pine needle samples were frozen with liquid nitrogen and subsequently crushed. The essential oil was extracted using solvent-free microwave technology. A single-factor test and response surface methodology were employed to optimize extraction parameters. The extraction efficiency of LNSFM was compared with traditional methods through kinetics, and the essential oil components were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity of the extracted volatile oil was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. CONCLUSION:LNSFM proves to be a green and efficient extraction method suitable for obtaining volatile oils from pine needles, which demonstrate significant antibacterial properties.

基于生物酶处理对烟草及其制品品质变化的显著影响,综述了近年来生物酶处理在烟草提质、产香和减害等方面的研究成果,分析了生物酶在研究中存在的薄弱环节及问题.认为:烟叶中淀粉和果胶的酶催化降解相关研究取得较大进展,其中复合酶的作用效果多优于单一酶;漆酶与蛋白酶搭配处理梗丝效果较单一酶处理更好,同时,对烟梗进行酸处理、碱处理和汽爆处理可显著提高酶解效果;在烟草薄片制备原料再造烟叶浓缩液中,生物酶更容易发挥作用,具有处理时间短、效率高和作用效果显著等优点;在产香方面,生物酶主要通过产生参与美拉德反应的物质或催化香味前体物产香实现;在减害方面,生物酶主要通过降低烟草特有亚硝胺和烟气自由基等有害物质含量来实现.未来可从烟草生物大分子结构表征和特性研究、烟用酶制剂创制和催化机制解析两方面进行深入研究,以进一步推进生物酶在烟草增香、提质和减害等方面的研究及应用.