This study was undertaken to elucidate the carbon partitioning from different current shoots and its influence on flowering and fruit growth in neighbouring shoot complexes during the flowering period and during rapid fruit growth, and to interpret the source-sink relationship of the natural cupule loads in Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Bl.). C-13 labelling of single shoots was used to assess carbon relationships in branches. Results showed that fruit-bearing shoots preferentially use carbon resources and draw the current photosynthate from proximal shoots. C-13 was assimilated into staminate and vegetative shoots lacking pistillate flowers and cupules. It was then transferred as part of the photosynthetic product to neighbouring fruit-bearing shoots. When a fruit-bearing shoot is near a vegetative shoot or a staminate shoot, little C-13 moved outside the shoot. This shows that vegetative shoots are important sources of carbon and that the pattern of resource allocation is affected by the location of a strong carbon sink. In general, the proportion of C-13 was greatest in shoots with mixed inflorescences and cupules, intermediate in stems and least in fruiting shoots. Ripening flowers and cupules, which are strong carbon sinks, may draw large quantities of photosynthate from their own branch. The pattern of translocation of photoassimilates to proximal fruit-bearing shoots depends on the type of shoot. Carbon partitioning in different branch combinations showed that the movement of photosynthates into the sink organ was determined by the sink strength of the fruit.

With 12 years old chestnut ( Castanea mollissima Bl.) ‘yanshanzaofeng ’ , we chose different main branch number and main branch opening angle trees with natural open center shape to determine the parameters of canopy light radiation characteristic by WinsCanopy 2006 a, the photosynthesis of different canopy by Li-6400 , the shoots types and the fruit yield of different tree structures.There are no significant differences between different main branch number and main branch opening angle on the shoots number of unit area.The strong shoot proportion of three main branches is the largest than that of four and five branches .Openness and canopy radiation increase with the increasing of the opening angle ( P<0.05).There are significant differences (P<0.01) among lower Pn and the upperW U,E of different tree structures.Three main branches with opening angle over 60°have the highest Pn and WU,E , and the highest yield of unit area of 0.225 kg· m-2 .The best suitable tree structure for natural open center shape chestnut cultivar‘Yanshanzaofeng ’ is three main bran-ches with opening angleover 60°.

Chinese Chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) is used as a non-wood forest tree and well-known for its edible value. Some chestnut cultivars are particularly prone to erratic fruit set showing very low or even empty cupule for unknown reasons. To investigate the causes of lack of fruit set in them, the megasporgensis and development of female gametophytes of C. mollissima 'Yanshanzaofeng' were evaluated by microscopy. The results are showed that 'Yanshanzaofeng' was diclinous with polycarpous compound pistils, axile placentas, and commonly two anatropous ovules in each loculament. An archesporial cell in the nucellus tissue would directly develop into a megasporocyte that subsequently formed the megaspore tetrads after meiosis. The functional megaspore near the chalazal end developed into mature embryo sac, which was of Polygonum type. After double fertilization, the proembryo developed into a mature embryo going through the clavate, globular, heart, torpedo and cotyledon stages. The embryo development conformed to the Onagrad type and the endosperm development was nuclear. Abnormal embryo sacs or abortive ovules were observed in the ovary. Our results suggested that the abortive ovules is a likely cause of low seed set in C. mollissima 'Yanshanzaofeng'. (C) 2014 Friends Science Publishers

We studied the effect of thinning staminate inflorescences in different periods and intensities on mineral element in fruit of Chinese chestnut ‘Yanshanzaofeng ’ .The effect of thinning staminate inflorescences on the contents of mineral ele-ment in cupules and ovaries were different .The effect of thinning staminate inflorescences on the contents of mineral ele-ment in cupules and ovaries was not same .Thinning staminate inflorescences had no effect on the content of Ca in cupules and the content of Fe in ovaries , and it improved the content of N , P, K, B, Mg, Mn and Cu in young fruit .The influence of thinning staminate inflorescences in different intensities were higher than that of different periods on the content of miner -al element in young fruits of Chinese chestnut, and the larger intensities were benefit to the mineral element accumulation . Overall, the intensity is thinning all of the staminate inflorescences of shoots in early flowering stage .

以河北省迁西县不同林龄(8,12,20,30年生)板栗品种‘燕山早丰’Castanea mollissima ‘Zaofeng’为试材,通过测定不同物候期结果枝叶片主要矿质元素的质量分数并进行差异分析,研究了不同林龄板栗需肥规律及树体营养差异,旨为不同林龄‘燕山早丰’的营养诊断和科学施肥提供参考.结果表明:①不同林龄板栗对养分的需求规律一致,其中开花授粉期对氮、磷、钾、钙和硼与果实膨大期对氮、磷、钾、钙需求量较大;果实发育期间板栗对铁和锰的需求有持续增加的趋势;不同物候期板栗对铜和锰的需求量变化较小.②与8年生和12年生板栗相比,20年生、30年生板栗由于长期养分大量输出导致树体营养镁亏损,对此,生产上应适当增加镁肥(硫酸镁)施用量,及时补充板栗养分,以延长‘燕山早丰’的盛果期.③不同林龄‘燕山早丰’叶片主要矿质元素质量分数在幼果期(7月10日-8月10日)相对稳定,是采用叶分析法进行营养诊断的最佳采样期.

With WinsCanopy 2006a,the canopy light radiation parameters of 115 Chinese chestnut trees were measured in 23 typical orchards in Qianxi county of Yanshan area.Through the calculation,the transmission rate of photosynthetic effective radiation(RPART) and extinction coefficient K were obtained,then the parameters correlations were analized.The leaf area indexes of the tested trees were measured by using LI-3000C leaf area meter.The correlation comparisons between the measured values(ILAC) by LI-3000C and those(ILAIW) by WinsCanopy 2006a were conducted.The results show that(1)the gap fraction,openness and ILA had significant correlation with the total under canopy radiation(TUCR) and fixed site factor,and there were large differences among different trees,which indicate that the gap fraction,openness and ILA had significant influences on the light interception ability,the AML had no significant correlation with other canopy optical radiation parameters;(2)The ILAW had significant relationship with ILAC and the coefficient was 0.893(P 0.05),it means that the ILAIW had higher reliability;(3)The minimum of extinction coefficient K and RPART were 0.666 and 0.037,respectively,this shows that the light interception ability of Chinese chestnut canopy was strong.Therefore,it is necessary to regulate the Chinese chestnut canopy structure by pruning,and there is a wide application prospect of canopy analyzer in chestnut canopy radiation features study.

To study the influence of different leaf-to-husk ratios to the yield, fruit quality (starch, soluble sugars, proteins and fats.) and carbohydrate in different organs (foliages, stems, cupules and ovaries) of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Bl.) trees, 3 levels were set up with different leaf-to-husk ratios, which was 5:1, 10:1 and 15:1. The results indicated that the contents of fructose, glucose, inositol, sucrose, xylose, arabinose and sum of individual sugars, differed significantly among different organs of the different treatments. The leaf-to-husk ratios of 15:1 had the higher yield, higher total soluble sugar, starch and protein and lower fat concentrations. Low leaf-to-husk ratio influenced the accumulation of starch and the development of the ovary of Chinese chestnut.

The experiment of screening pollination varieties on 2 chestnut varieties('Yanshanzaofeng','Dabanhong'),which are the main varieties in the Qianxi County,were carried out.Seven excellent pollination varieties were selected for artificial pollination,namely 'Yanshanzaofeng','Dabanhong','Yanshanduanzhi','Yanlong','Zunyu','Qianxi14','Qianxi15'.In order to screen good pollination varieties for'Yanshanzaofeng'and'Dabanhong',effects of different pollination varieties on rate of bar setting,rate of nut in bar,nut rate,nut number in bar were investigated.In addition the fruit quality was studied.The results showed that fruiting and fruit quality of cross-pollination combinations differd significantly from that of self-pollination combinations.'Qianxi15'obviously improved the content of soluble sugar and nut size of'Yanshanzaofeng'.'Qianxi15'also significantly improved the content of soluble sugar and nut size of'Dabanhong'.'Qianxi14'with'Yanshanzaofeng'for female significantly improved the glutinosity of'Yanshanzaofeng',but increased the intent of fat.Taking modern people's consumption concept into cosideration to improve nut size,glutinosity and sugar content,'Qianxiyouxi15'was the optimum pollinator for'Yanshanzaofeng'and'Dabanhong'.

In order to improve the yield of chestnut in Qianxi County of Hebei Province and select the optimum pollination combinations,eight excellent chestnut varieties were selected as paternal pollinators,two main varieties in Qianxi County as maternal parent. Direct sorting method and subordinate function method were employed to evaluate different pollination combinations based on the investigation of yield and fruit quality. The results indicated that only ‘Yanshanzaofeng '× ‘Qianxi15 ' and ‘Yanshanzaofeng '× ‘Dabanhong'ranked higher than that of control among pollination combinations with‘Yashanzaofeng'as female parent using direct sorting method. Five pollination combinations ranked higher than that of control among pollination combinations with ‘Dabanhong'as female parent. The five pollination combinations were ‘Dabanhong ' × ‘Qianxi14', ‘Dabanhong ' × ‘Zunyu', ‘Dabanhong ' × ‘Qianxi15 ', ‘Dabanhong'בYanlong'and ‘Dabanhong'בYanshanzaofeng',respectively. Using subordinate function method, ‘Yanshanzaofeng ' × ‘Qianxi15', ‘Yanshanzaofeng ' × ‘Dabanhong ' and ‘Yanshanzaofeng'בZunyu'all ranked higher than that of control among pollination combinations with ‘Yashanzaofeng'as female parent. The ranking of pollination combinations with‘Dabanhong'as female parent was similar to that of using direct sorting method. Through comprehensive analysis,we can conclude that ‘Qianxi15'and ‘Dabanhong',are the best pollination varieties for ‘Yanshanzaofeng'. ‘Qianxi14',‘Zunyu'and‘Qianxi15'are the optimum pollination varieties for‘Dabanhong'.

Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume.) is a widely distributed fruit tree and well known for its ecological and economic value. In order to evaluate obstacles to male reproductive in the C. mollissima, a morphological and histological characterization of male flower of chestnut cultivar 'Yanshanzaofeng' were examined by paraffin section technique and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that male catkins with floral primordia were formed in the buds of one-year olds shoots in later April. Later, a protoderm, ground meristem and a procambium had differentiated in young anthers. Each young anther soon developed to four microsporangia. The anther wall layers developed completely by mid-May and consisted of one-cell-layered epidermis, one-cell-layered endothecium, two or three middle layers and one-cell-layered tapetum. The tapetum was of glandular type. Microspore mother cells underwent meiosis through simultaneous cytokinesis in later May and gave rise to tetrads of microspores, which were tetrahedrally arranged. Mature pollens contained two cells with three germ pores. Anthers were dehiscent and pollen grains shed by early June. Based our results, we did not find the abnormal male flower in the C. molissma cv 'yanshanzaofeng', indicating that male gametes were fertile and thus was considered as pollenizers.

In this research, we sprayed 0.3% calcium chloride, 5 mmol L-1 EGTA, 4% sucrose solution on the surface of leaves to explore the interactions of the total soluble sugar, sucrose, and starch content as well as the relevant enzyme activity of Chinese chestnut "yan shan zao feng" in the fruit establishment stage. The results indicated that: the sprayed sucrose solution increased soluble sugar, sucrose, and starch content, extended the duration of starch accumulation, and promoted sucrose synthase (SS), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), ADPG Pyrophosphorylase (AGPPase), soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) activities. Individual fruit weight increased by 5.15%. CaCl2 showed no significant effect on growth and development indexes of Chinese chestnut, while EGTA treatment reduced the single fruit weight, disturbed the Chinese chestnut kernel development amd caused formation of Empty-shell, inhibited the activity of SS, SPS, AGPPase, SSS and GBSS, and reduced the soluble sugar, sucrose, starch content. Spraying sucrose solution during the Fruit Growth and Development of Chinese chestnut is one of operational measurements.

Camellia oleifera 'Huashuo' is an elite variety selected from a stand raised from seeds.This variety matures around Frost's Descent,which average weight of single fruit is 68.75 g,and maximum weight of single fruit is 99.20 g.The fruit seed-producing percentage is 45.51%,kernel percent is 69.28% and the average oil content of seeds is 39.07%.More than 975 kg oil per acres is produced in full fruit period.In summary the new variety has the characteristics of large fruit,high yield,anti-adversity,and high photosynthetic efficiency and so on.

‘华鑫’是从普通油茶实生林分中选育的高产油茶良种,属霜降籽类型,鲜果平均单果质量48.83g,最大单果质量66.30g,鲜出籽率52.56％,干籽含油率39.97％,盛果期产量1050kg·hm4以上,具有高产、稳产、抗性强等特点.

By taking the main cultivar Yanshanzaofeng(which fruits early and bears more) in the full bearing early period as testing materials,in the growth and development stages Eight different ratio of leaf-to-involucre of chestnut trees were chosen [No.1(10～15:1),No.2(16～21:1),No.3(22～27:1),No.4(28～33:1),No.5(34～39:1),No.6(40～45:1),No.7(46～51:1),No.8(52～57:1)];in different directions of crown periphery to choose physical maturity leaves on mid-head piece of bearing breaches,the leaves' photosynthetic characteristic were measured in order to analyze the differences and correlation among the chlorophyll,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),transpiration rate(Tr),intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci),water use efficiency(WUE),nut quality,which include the content of fat,crude protein,starch(amylase and amylopectin),Ca and Mg.The results show that among the indexes there were significant differences under the condition of different leaf-to-involucre ratios;when the leaf-to-involucre ratio was 4,the indexes of photosynthetic characteristic of Pn and Tr reached peak values,being 5.056 μmol/(m2·s) and 2.729 μmol/(m2·s),while the content of starch was up to a maximum of 46.33 %,and the amylopectin was 35.33%,which is related with waxiness of starch.Therefor,the leaf-to-involucre ratio should keep at 28～33:1 on full fruit preliminary stage of Chinese chestnut.

Taking the 38 Camellia oleifera superior clones as the materials,the seed oil was extracted by Soxhlet extraction,Using conventional methods and gas chromatography,the physical and chemical properties and fatty acid composition were measured.The results show that between different clones of lipid and fatty acid content of physical and chemical properties,there was differences and correlation.Among them,the refraction coefficient were close to 1.469 6;acid ranged from 0.36 to 0.92 mg·g-1;iodine value in the range of 76 ~ 127.5 g·100 g-1;saponification value ranging from 168 to 218.5 mg·g-1;unsaturated acid content of about 90% of the total composition,and oleic acid as Lord,was generally about 80%;oleic acid and linoleic acid negative correlation coefficient of the largest was-0.733 0.

By take four Camellia oleifera superior clones as the testing materials,Camellia oleifera seeds oil was extracted with Soxhlet extraction,fatty acid composition of the oil was analyzed with gas chromatography,and the amion composition was analyzed with automatic andyzer.The results show that the relative content difference of fatty acids between clones was quite obvious,the relative content of unsaturated fatty acids was as high as 89.15%;the relative content of palmitic acid ranged from 9.39%to 13.18%;hard fatty acid among 1.46%and 2.86%.Four Camellia seeds contained 17 kinds of free amino acids,of which the highest total amino acid content 'Huashuo' was 673.1 mg·100 g-1,followed by the 'Huaxin'to be 583.9 mg·100 g-1,the lowest for the'Huajin' 404.6 mg·100 g-1.The differences in arginine content among the four fine varities were notable,and the differences in other amino acids content were not abvious.

The effects of canopy density, storage time of scion, slope position and different variety of scion on survival percentage and mass growth of young sprouts of crown grafting were studied in this paper, with Camellia oleifera as rootstock, Camellia oleifera and Camellia yuhsienensis h.h.hu as scion. The results showed that the graft survival percentage increased with the increase of canopy density. The shorter storage time was, the high the graft survival percentage. The graft survival percentage of plant growed at mountainside reached as high as 82.3%, which was higher than the plant growed at peak and foot obviously. The graft compatibility was small between Camellia oleifera and Camellia yuhsienensis h.h.hu. Partial correlation analysis showed that the effect of canopy density on the survival percentage of Camellia oleifera grafting crown was the greatest, followed by the storage time of scion, and the effect of slope position and variety was small. It’s obvious that the slope position influence the mass growth of young sprouts.

Pear is a typical self-incompatible fruit tree.Its yield is low and quality is bad under natural pollination conditions.The approach of overcoming self-incompatibility,increasing production and improving quality could be found through identification of pear S genotype.The new germplasm Jinzhuguo is selected from wild Pyrus pyrifolia(Burm.f.)Nakai.Young leaves of Jinzhuguo pear was selected as materials,and special PCR,cloning,DNA sequencing and analysis of biological information were carried out with its genomic DNA.As a result,the S-genotype of Jinzhuguo pear was identified as S3 S19.

Introduced the DTOPSIS basic principle and method, DTOPSIS was employed for multi-trait 11 main characters on 10 clones. The results indicated that the comprehensive scores of Chaling 744, Chaling 784 and Chaling 766 were in the top grade, it was 0.8171, 0.7382 and 0.7029, respectively. The appraisal results was consistent with the variety actual performance. This method was more reasonable than that only using yield analysis.

3 Eucalyptus original breeds and 5 Eucalyptus crossbreeds were used as materials to analyze genome polymorphism with ISSR markers.10 primers screened out from 100 primers were used for ISSR-PCR.A total of 155 bands were generated,of which 148 bands were polymorphic bands(the percentage of polymorphic band,PPB=95.5%).The results of ISSR were analyzed by NTSYSpc 2.10e software,and indicated that there actually existed much genetic diversity at molecular level among the Eucalyptus species.Genetic distance(GD) of 8 Eucalyptus materials was 0.419 5 to 1.003 4,while Genetic similarity coefficient(SM) was 0.420 0 to 0.693 3.The clustering dendrogram was constructed by UPGMA method.8 Eucalyptus materials were divided into three major groups.E.dunnii and E.camaldulensi fell into one group.E.grandis×E.urophylla,E.urophylla×E.grandis E.urophylla×E.tereticornis,E.wetarensis and E.pellita constituted the second group.E.torelliana formed the third group.