Objective:To investigate the relationship between sarcopenia and early renal dysfunction in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Methods:A total of 198 elderly patients with T2DM aged over 60 years undergoing treatment in the Geriatric Department of Beijing Hospital from July 2018 to July 2019 were enrolled in this retrospective case-control study.The estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)is calculated according to the CKD-EPI Cr-Cys formula.Based on the eGFR, the patients were divided into normal renal function group(n=63, in CKD 1 stage)and mild renal dysfunction group(n=135, in CKD 2-3a stage). All subjects underwent physical examination, laboratory examination and dual energy X-ray bone density examination. Results:The age, weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference, serum creatinine, cystatin C, uric acid, diastolic pressure, the proportions of diabetes and hypertension were lower, and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, appendicular skeletal muscle mass(ASM)and skeletal muscle mass index(SMI)were higher, in the normal renal function group than in the mild renal dysfunction group( P<0.05 or 0.01). Spearman correlation analysis showed that eGFR was positively correlated with SMI( r=0.343, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that body weight( OR=1.318, 95% CI: 1.091-1.594), uric acid( OR=1.007, 95% CI: 1.001-1.012), diastolic blood pressure( OR=1.072, 95% CI: 1.033-1.112), years of diabetes( OR=1.075, 95% CI: 1.013-1.142)were risk factors, and the LSM( OR=0.136, 95% CI: 0.047-0.392)and SMI( OR=0.778, 95% CI: 0.703-0.860)were protective factors for the early renal dysfunction in elderly patients with T2DM. Conclusions:Elderly patients with T2DM are often co-existed with sarcopenia.Sarcopenia is associated with early renal dysfunction in elderly patients with T2DM.

With the acceleration of the aging process in China, the incidence rates of coronary heart disease and cerebral infarction have significantly increased.And iodine contrast agent is often used in imaging diagnosis and percutaneous intervention therapy.The contrast medium is filtered from the glomerulus in its original form and is not absorbed by renal tubules.However, the accumulation of iodine contrast medium in the kidney can lead to acute kidney injury.Kidney is one of the most important excretory and endocrine organs in human body.The prevention and treatment of contrast-induced nephropathy(CIN)have been widely concerned.The incidence rate of contrast-induced renal damage is higher and the prognosis is poorer in the elderly than in the non-elderly due to the decline of organ function in the elderly.At present, the mechanism of action for oxygen free radicals in CIN of the elderly is still unclear.This article reviews the researches on the role of oxygen free radical in CIN of the elderly studied by domestic and foreign scholars in recent years.

Objective To improve the method of paraffin section and frozen section of adipose tissues .Methods The adipose tissues were collected and quickly placed in 10% neutral formaldehyde .Sections were prepared by setting different dehydration procedures . The slices were observed under microscope after Hematoxylin-Eosin staining . The expression of PPARγand ITLN1 in adipose tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry .For frozen sectioning , the adipose tissues were collected and quickly placed in 10%neutral formaldehyde or Calcium formaldehyde , After embedded by OCT, put in -80℃ refrigerator for at least 30 minutes.Setting the temperature of frozen section cabinet to -20℃ and the temperature of sample to -30℃.Results Following the improved methods , the slices of adipose tissues were better than before .The structural integrity and consistency of adipose tissues were preserved well , the staining was distinct , and the improved methods had no effect on immunohistochemistry results .The improvement of the frozen sectioning had greatly improved the slice quality , the adipose tissues showed complete structure and good morphology .Conclusions The improved methods can be successfully applied to different experimental animals , which provide a powerful condition for the study of adipose tissues .

Objective To investigate the changes of cytokines(IL-6,IL-10,TNF-α) in rhesus monkey models of diabetes mellitus.Methods Ten adult rhesus monkeys were divided into experimental and control groups,5 in each group.The experimental monkeys were intravenously injected with streptozotocin(STZ)(30 mg/kg body weight,three times).The dynamic changes of IL-6,IL-10 and TNF-α serum levels were measured for 19 months.The animals were sacrificed when impending death.The expressions of IL-6,IL-10 and TNF-α in the pancreatic islets,liver and kidney were examined by immunohistochemical staining.Image analysis and statistical analysis were carried out of all the data obtained above.Results Compared with the serum levels before STZ injection,the level of IL-10 was significantly increased(P0.01),while the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α decreased(P0.01).The expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly decreased in pancreatic islets than those in the control group(P0.05).The IL-10 expression was significantly increased in pancreatic islets than that in the control group(P0.01).The number of TNF-α-positive cells in the liver was significantly decreased compared with that of the control group(P0.05).Conclusions The levels and changes of cytokines in the rhesus monkey models of diabetes mellitus generated by multiple injection of low-dose streptozotocin are similar to those in human diabetes,and this animal model may be used as a useful tool in researches assessing safety and efficacy of protective agents.

Objective To use special and double immunohistochemical staining and assess the typical histopathological changes in experimental macaque diabetes models.Methods Streptozotocin was applied(30 mg/kg body weight,i.v.,for 3 days) to five macaques.The animals were sacrificed when impending death.Histopathological changes of the pancreas,heart,kidney and spleen were observed with HE,PAS,Masson,Sirius red,toluidine blue and double immunohistochemical staining.Results The quantity of pancreatic islets was decreased obviously,and the reminders showed atrophy.Interstitial fibrotic hyperplasia was observed in the exocrine pancreas with Masson staining.There were focal chronic nephritis,renal interstitial fibrotic hyperplasia,and partial glomerular and renal tubular atrophy.Thickened small arteries in the spleen were dipicted with PAS staining.By double immunohistochemistry staining,the quantity of brown-colored pancreatic islet A cells was increased while the amount of pink-colored B cells was decreased.Conclusions The use of HE staining combined with special and double immunohistochemical staining is a better method to evaluate the histopathological changes in macaque models of diabetes mellitus.

Objective To make a reproducible diabetes mellitus model in macaques by injecting streptozotocin(STZ).Methods we used STZ(30 mg/kg of body weight,intravenously,3days) to five macaques.The dynamic changes of the glucose,C-peptide and insulin contents in plasma were measured for 12 months.The IVGTT were made at 2 and 3 month.Results Three of five monkeys became markedly hyperglycemic,2 other monkeys received a second and third dose of STZ intravenously(30 mg/kg) after the first dose.Compared with the contents before injection,the glucose contents increased significantly while C-peptide and insulin contents reduced in plasma in macaques 1 week after streptozotocin injection(P0.01),Diabetic monkeys also had abnormal responses to an intravenous glucose tolerance test at 2 and 3month.Conclusion The results showed that low dose with 30 mg/kg STZ could lead to the significant changes in glucose,C-peptide and insulin content stably,indicating that macaques diabetes mellitus model was established successfully.

Objective To make a reproducible diabetes mellitus model in macaques intravenous injection with low dose streptozotocin(STZ).Methods we used STZ(30 mg/kg of body weight,intravenously,3 days) to five macaques.The dynamic changes of the kidney related biochemistry index and routine urinalysis were measured for 13 months after the glucose is stable.Results Animal's average glucose is table at 10 week(8.31±2.31 mmol/L).Compared with the contents before injection,TP,GLOB,TG increased significantly at 10 and 9 months(P < 0.05)while A/G reduced in plasma in macaques 11 months after streptozotocin injection(P < 0.01).GSP have significant difference at 6 months(P < 0.05) and great significant difference at 9 months(P < 0.01).Significantly positive correlations were observed between Glu and TP,GLOB,UREA,CR,Mg2+,GSP.Significantly negative correlations were observed between Glu and A/G.Concusion The present Diabetes Mellitus model in nonhuman primate mimics human early stage of DN and may be useful in assessing safety and efficacy of protective agents.

Objective To explore the application value of combined detection of microalbumin,β2-microglobulin,TRF,glycated hemoglobin and serum lipids in diabetic rhesus macaque models.Methods Streptozotocin in a dose of 30 mg/kg of body weight was intravenously injected to five rhesus macaque for consecutive 3 days.The dynamic changes of urine microalbumin,β2-microglobulin,TRF,glycated hemoglobin were measured for 13 months.Results β2-microglobulin and transferrin were significantly higher than those before STZ injection(P<0.05).The metabolism of TC and HDL-C were abnormal 6 months after STZ injection.Abnormal TG and LDL-C metabolism occurred 9 months after STZ injection.Significantly positive correlations were observed between TRF and β2-MG(F=0.242,0.153,P < 0.05),mALB and TRF(F=0.213,P< 0.05),as well as HbAlc and β2-MGTRF(F=0.153,0.097,P< 0.05).There was a positive correlation between urine mALB and β2-MG(F=0.242,0.153,P < 0.05),between TRF and β2-MG(F=0.213,P< 0.05),and between HbAlc and β2-MG(F=0.153,0.097,P< 0.05).Single factor linear regression analysis showed that TRF was a correlation factor of mALB and β2-MG(P < 0.05).Conclusions The results show that the combined detection of urine microalbumin,β2-microglobulin,glycated hemoglobin and serum lipids can be used in rhesus macaque models of diabetes mellitus,and are useful in their early monitoring,diagnosis,therapy and prognosis.

Objective To study the content of superoxied dismutase(SOD) and MDA in serum of macaques Monkey and its clinical significance in macaques Monkey.Methods We used streptozotocin(30mg/kg of body weight,intravenously,3days) to five macaques.The dynamic changes of superoxied dismutase(SOD) and MDA in serum were measured for 13 months.Results As a result,the SOD in macaques Monkey′s serum were lower than those of before injection,and the difference was of statistically significance at the 8th month(P<0.05).The level of MDA in the serum were higher than those of before injection,and the difference was of statistically significance at the 9th month(P<0.05).Significantly negative correlations were observed between SOD and Glu(F=-0.186,-0.323,P<0.05).Significantly positive correlations were observed between MDA and Glu(F=0.128,0.087,P<0.05).There was no correlation between SOD and MDA.Conclusion The results showed that the detection of SOD and MDA reflectes the viability of antioxidase in diabetic macaques Monkey.The cause of diabetes is related with free radical.

Objective To investigate thrombosis in mouse lung tissue after infection with influenza A virus,and compare the differences between mouse strains with different immune status.Methods Influenza H1N1(A/California/7/2009) and H3N2(A/Brisbane/10/07) were used in this infectivity study.Forty BALB/c mice,50 NOD-Scid mice,33 Scid mice,33 BALB/C-nu mice,33 NOD/LTJ mice and 10 icosl-KO mice were anesthetized by ether inhalation and inoculated intranasally with 0.05 mL suspension of infectious virus H1N1 or H3N2.The pathogenic changes were observed and the virus copy numbers in the lung tissue were detected by real-time PCR.Results Varying degrees of interstitial pneumonia were observed in the lung tissue of mice infected with H1N1 and H3N2 viruses.There was thrombosis within the lung tissue in 13 mice of H1N1 group and 6 mice of H3N2 group.The main components of the thrombus were cellulose and platelets.Conclusions Our results support that thrombosis may occur in the lungs of all studied mouse strains after infection with influenza A(H1N1) and(H3N2) viruses.

Objective To compare the effect of berberine and additive on serum glucose and lipid level.MethodsType 2 diabetic model was induced by both high lipid food and low dose of streptozotocin(STZ) in mice.The number of 100 three month's mice were randomly divided into normal group,type 2 diabetic model group,berberine treated group,berberine and low dose additive treated group,berberine and high dose additive treated group and metformin treated group.Every group were administered through intragastric administration of berberine,berberine and low dose additive,berberine and high dose additive in six weeks.The capability of glucose and insulin tolerance was measure.The blood glucose,the serum lipids and the function of kidney were observed.The weight of mice was monitored every week.Food and drink of the mice were also observed in the metabolic cages.Results The blood glucose level of type 2 diabetic model was obviously higher than that of normal group(P < 0.01) and steady.The level of CHO,HDL-c and LDL-c in the blood lipids were increased,other indexes were not statistical significance.The glucose level of Metformin treated group was decreased,but the blood lipid level was no significant difference.The glucose level and blood lipid level of berberine and low dose of additive treated group were no obvious difference.The glucose level of berberine and high dose additive treated group were decreased,but the blood lipid level was no significant difference.Other biochemical indexes showed no difference.Conclusions\ The medical activities of berberine are better than metformin,berberine and low dose additive,berberine and high dose additive.