Sustainable management of flue-cured tobacco requires a careful balance among productivity, chemical composition, and soil ecological function, which are often disrupted by excessive chemical fertilization. This study aimed to elucidate how microbial fertilization regulates plant performance, chemical coordination, and rhizosphere microbial structure under field conditions. A two-year factorial field experiment was conducted in Sichuan, China, using a Bacillus-based plant growth-promoting microorganism (PGPM) and a commercial microbial consortium (Xi⋅Weifeng), applied individually or in combination at gradient doses. Agronomic traits, cured-leaf chemical composition, secondary metabolites, and rhizosphere bacterial communities were comprehensively analyzed using multivariate statistics, network correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM). Moderate PGPM application (27 kg⋅ha–1) significantly increased plant height (8.6%), internode length (15.3%), and leaf width (7.8%) at the vigorous growth stage. Co-application further enhanced leaf expansion (9.7%) and improved chemical coordination, maintaining optimal sugar/nicotine (8–12) and N/nicotine (0.7–1.0) ratios. Chlorogenic acid (18.8 mg⋅g–1) and neochlorogenic acid (2.7 mg⋅g–1) were markedly elevated under the A27B54 treatment. Rhizosphere bacterial diversity peaked under co-application, with Bacillus, Rhizobiales, and Sphingomonas emerging as key taxa positively associated with both metabolic and agronomic improvements. SEM demonstrated that fertilization effects on leaf quality were mediated indirectly through microbial community restructuring and metabolite modulation. Microbial fertilizer co-application enhances tobacco performance by promoting rhizosphere microbial diversity and functional coordination, which in turn improves metabolic balance and nutrient-use efficiency. These findings highlight a soil microbiome-mediated pathway linking fertilization strategy to crop physiological and chemical responses, providing mechanistic insights for sustainable fertilization management.

Investigating genetic diversity is a prerequisite for the management and utilization of germplasm resources. This study assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of 103 olive (Olea europaea) varieties in the Liangshan region, Sichuan Province, China, based on fruit phenotypic traits and 48 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. There were high positive correlations between various fruit phenotypic indicators, while a few indicators showed negative correlations (e.g., stone longitudinal diameter was significantly negatively correlated with the fruit shape index and kernel shape index). Fresh fruit oil content was significantly negatively correlated with fruit longitudinal diameter, stone transverse diameter, stone longitudinal diameter, and fruit volume. The number of allelic variations at SSR loci in the population ranged from 2 to 22, with an average of 10.7. The mean Shannon’s information index (I), observed heterozygosity (Ho), and expected heterozygosity (He) of the 103 varieties were 1.529, 0.54, and 0.685, respectively, indicating relatively high genetic diversity between these olive varieties. Structure analysis, PCA, and PCoA consistently classified the varieties into two ancestral populations, with mean fixation index (FST) = 0.052 and gene flow (Nm) = 4.544, suggesting moderate genetic differentiation and extensive gene flow between the populations. Based on phenotypic clustering and phylogenetic analysis, eight varieties exhibiting synonymy or homonymy were successfully identified. Furthermore, molecular fingerprint profiles were established using seven pairs of SSR primers, which could effectively identify all varieties. This study provides a valuable reference for the management and breeding of olive germplasm resources in the Liangshan region.

Background Olive (Olea europaea L.) oil is well-known commercial product worldwide for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. The molecular mechanisms underlying lipid variations in different olive cultivars remain unclear. Methods To investigate the molecular mechanism involved in lipid synthesis and metabolism, untargeted metabolome and RNA-Seq analyses were performed based on two varieties of olive fruits, i.e., Kalinjot (JZ) with low oil content and Coratina (KLD) with high oil content. Results Totally, 38 lipid compounds of 375 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified in JZ and KLD fruits, with 24 metabolites showing higher contents in KLD than those in JZ. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses identified 48 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with six lipid DAMs from JZ and KLD fruits. The contents of decanoic acid, sphinganine, and leukotriene D4 in KLD fruits were 2.33, 1.91, and 1.53 times greater than that of JZ fruits, respectively. In particular, two BCCP, one ACC, seven KAR, one EAR, one FATA and one SPT genes were observed involving to the content and quality of lipids in olive fruits. These DEGs were associated with the pathways of fatty acid biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, and limonene degradation. This study provides a strong theoretical and experimental foundation for further revealing the molecular mechanisms regulating lipid synthesis and metabolism in different olive cultivars.

TaWI12 is a member of the wound-induced (WI) protein family, which has been implicated in plant stress responses and developmental processes. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a crucial staple crop upon which human sustenance relies. Consequently, investigating the developmental mechanisms of pistils and stamens in wheat is profoundly significant for enhancing wheat characteristics and boosting productivity. In this study, we cloned TaWI12, from common wheat and observed a significant resemblance among the three homoeologs of TaWI12. The open reading frames (ORFs) of TaWI12-4A, TaWI12-4B and TaWI12-4D were 408 bp, 417 bp and 417 bp, respectively, and encoded 135, 138 and 138 amino acids, respectively. The phylogenetic tree revealed a high degree of homology between the protein sequences of TaWI12 and the wound-induced proteins of Hordeum vulgare (KAI4994568) and Aegilops tauschii (XP_020196548). To clarify the characteristics and functions of TaWI12 homoeologs, we obtained transgenic positive plants of Arabidopsis thaliana and observed significant filament shortening and decrease. Simultaneously, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate mutant plants via the modification of three homoeologs of TaWI12 in wheat. We noticed two distinct phenotypic differences in the knockout mutant. First, we observed the different degrees of homologous conversion of stamens to pistils in the single mutant TaWI12-4D. Second, we observed leaf cracking in both the single mutant TaWI12-4A and the double mutants TaWI12-4A and TaWI12-4D. Our findings further revealed that TaWI12 plays an important role in flower development, which is important for revealing the molecular mechanisms of pistil and stamen development in wheat and has important application value for high-yield wheat breeding. TaWI12 overexpression in Arabidopsis caused filament shortening and decreasing. 1 bp insertion or deletion in upstream of ATG increased the expression of TaWI12 and caused varying degrees of pistillody traits in wheat. Utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 technology to modify TaWI12 in the coding region caused varying degrees of leaf cracking in wheat.

Proper development of floral organs is essential for reproductive success and grain yield in wheat. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating wheat floral organ development remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the role of the wheat TaEPFL1 gene in floral organ development and its association with ethylene signaling. TaEPFL1 was highly expressed in immature spikes of the pistillody mutant HTS-1, particularly during the pistil and stamen specification stages. Its expression was responsive to both exogenous ethylene and the ethylene inhibitor 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Overexpression of TaEPFL1 in transgenic wheat led to shortened stamens, defective pistils, male sterility, and complete reproductive failure. Histological analysis revealed delayed tapetum degradation, indicating disrupted programmed cell death (PCD). Gas chromatography (GC) showed significantly reduced ethylene production and release in TaEPFL1-overexpressing lines. Similar floral defects were observed in wild-type plants treated with 1-MCP. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses further confirmed downregulation of multiple ethylene biosynthesis-related genes, including three homologs of TaACO. These results suggest that TaEPFL1 negatively regulates ethylene biosynthesis by repressing TaACO expression, thereby impairing floral organ differentiation. We propose a feedback model in which ethylene induces TaEPFL1, which in turn suppresses ethylene production to maintain hormonal homeostasis. This study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism linking TaEPFL1 to ethylene-mediated floral development and provides new insights for improving wheat fertility through molecular breeding.

Auxin and gibberellin significantly influence plant pistil development, but their specific roles in the formation of the three pistils trait in wheat are still unclear. To investigate the effects of auxin and gibberellin on the three pistils trait in wheat, we measured the contents of auxin and gibberellin in young spikes from three pistils wheat (TP and CM28TP) and single pistil wheat (CM28) at three stages. We also performed transcriptome sequencing. A total of 14 different auxins and 7 different gibberellins were detected from all samples, among which the contents of IAA-Glc and GA19 showed significant differences among different samples. The transcriptome sequencing yielded over 1.28 billion clean reads and 3.2 million transcripts. A total of 2,018 and 6,163 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the comparisons of CM28 vs CM28TP and CM28 vs TP, respectively. Through the correlation analysis between auxin, gibberellin, and DEGs, 4 ARF genes, 3 AMI genes, and 3 DELLA genes were identified. These results suggest that IAA-Glc, GA19, and the 10 key genes were crucial factors in the formation of three pistils trait. Further analysis showed that ARF expression level and GA contents were negatively correlated with three pistils trait, while DELLA expression level and auxin contents were positively correlated. This study suggests that auxin and gibberellin signal transduction have an antagonistic relationship during wheat flower development, influencing the formation of the three pistils. This discovery helps further understanding of the mechanism behind the formation of the three pistils trait and provides theoretical support for the cultivation of high-yield wheat. (c) 2024 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

We examined whether plant-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is involved in flower organ formation or not by over-expression in Arabidopsis. A wheat PEPC isogene Tappc3A, belonging to the ppc3 group, was targeted due to its preferential expression pattern in pistils and stamens. Transgenic Arabidopsis over-expressing Tappc3A exhibited irregular stamen formation, i.e., a lesser number of stamens per flower and shorter filaments in T2 and T3 generations. Irregular stamens were frequently observed in homozygous T4 lines, but no morphological change was observed in other floral organs. High-degree gene co-expression of Tappc3 isogenes with wheat SEEDSTICKs but not with other homeotic transcription factor genes for flower formation implicates that Tappc3 is under control by the class D genes of the ABCDE model to flower development. In addition, the conservation of CArG box sequences on the Tappc3 promoters supported the developmentally programmed gene expression of ppc3 in wheat flowering organs. Thus, this study provides the first experimental evidence for the critical regulation of plant-type PEPC for flower formation.

Previous studies have shown that ethylene levels in flower buds are key to sex determination in plants. However, the roles of ethylene in wheat flower development are poorly understood. In this study, pistillody wheat HTS-1 (three-pistil trait), CM28TP (three-pistil trait), CS (one-pistil trait), and CM28 (one-pistil trait) were used as experimental materials. The effect of exogenous ethephon (ETH) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the morphology of wheat flowers and candidate genes in the ethylene signaling pathway was investigated. The results revealed that exogenous ETH or 1-MCP treatment had a strong effect on the stamens but not on the pistils of wheat. Specifically, after treatment with ETH, the stamens of CS and CM28 became significantly shorter, while in CM28TP, 71.38% of stamens were homologously transformed into pistils or pistil-like structures (pistillody). Moreover, after treatment with 1-MCP, the pistillody stamens of HTS-1 were transformed back into stamens, and the pistillody rate decreased from 73.61 to 55.25%. Furthermore, pistillody occurred in three-pistil wheat but not in one-pistil wheat, so the three-pistil trait was closely related to the occurrence of pistillody. In addition, the expression of the ethylene transduction genes TaETR1 , TaCTR1 , and TaEIN2 and the ethylene response gene TaERF was upregulated under pistillody. Among them, TaCTR1 presented the highest level under pistillody, being 150 times in HTS-1 and 103 times higher in CM28TP treated with ETH than in CM28TP. Moreover, the ERELEE4 cis -acting element was found upstream of the TaCTR1 gene promoter and could facilitate homologous transformation of stamens into pistils or pistil-like structures. The results lay a theoretical foundation for analyzing the effect of ethylene on wheat flower development and supply important information for wheat hybrid breeding.

ABSTRACT Over-application of chemical fertilizers and continuous cropping obstacles seriously restrict the sustainable development of tobacco production. Localized fertilization of beneficial microbes has potential advantages in achieving higher productivity, but the underlying biological mechanisms of interactions between rhizospheric microorganisms and the related metabolic cycle remain poorly characterized. Here, an integrative analysis of microbiomes with non-targeted metabolomics was performed on 30 soil samples of rhizosphere, root surrounding, and bulk soils from flue‐cured tobacco under continuous and non-continuous monocropping systems. The analysis was conducted using UPLC-MS/MS platforms and high-throughput amplicon sequencing targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS gene. The microbial inoculant consisted of Bacillus subtilis , B. velezensis, and B. licheniformis at the ratio of 1:1:1 in effective microbial counts, improved the cured leaf yield and disease resistance of tobacco, and enhanced nicotine and nitrogen contents of tobacco leaves. The bacterial taxa Rhizobium , Pseudomonas , Sphingomonadaceae , and Burkholderiaceae of the phylum Proteobacteria accumulated in high relative abundance and were identified as biomarkers following the application of the microbial inoculant. Under continuous monocropping, metabolomics demonstrated that the application of the microbial inoculant significantly affected the soil metabolite spectrum, and the differential metabolites were significantly enriched to the synthesis and degradation of nicotine (nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from nicotinic acid). In addition, microbes were closely related to the accumulation of metabolites through correlation analysis. The interactions between plant roots and rhizospheric microorganisms provide valuable information for understanding how these beneficial microbes affect complex biological processes and the adaption capacity of plants to environments. IMPORTANCE This study elaborated on how the microbial fertilizer significantly changed overall community structures and metabolite spectrum of rhizospheric microbes, which provide insights into the process of rhizosphere microbial remolding in response to continuous monocropping. we verified the hypothesis that the application of the microbial inoculant in continuous cropping would lead to the selection of distinct microbiota communities by establishing models to correlate biomarkers. Through correlation analysis of the microbiome and metabolome, we proved that rhizospheric microbes were closely related to the accumulation of metabolites, including the synthesis and degradation of nicotine. The interactions between plant roots and rhizospheric microorganisms provide valuable information for understanding how these beneficial microbes affect complex biological processes and the adaption capacity of plants to environments.

The plant B3 gene superfamily contains a large number of transcription factors playing a vital role in both vegetative growth and reproductive development in plants. Although several B3 genes have been well studied, molecular functions of the B3 genes in olive are largely unknown. In our study, a total of 200 B3 genes were identified in olive genome based on RNA-seq and comparative genomic analyses and further classified into five groups (i.e., REM, RAV, LAV, HSI, and ARF) based on phylogenetic analysis. Results of gene structure and motif composition analyses revealed diversified functions among these five groups of B3 genes. Results of genomic duplication and syntenic analyses indicated the gene expansion in the B3 genes. Results of gene expression based on both transcriptomics and relative expression revealed the tissue-biased expression patterns in B3 genes. The results of the comparative expression analysis of B3 genes between two olive cultivars with high and low oil contents identified several potential REM genes which may be involved in oil biosynthesis in olive. Based on the comprehensive characterization of the molecular structures and functions of B3 genes in olive genome, our study provided novel insights into the potential roles of B3 transcription factors in oil biosynthesis in olive and lays the groundwork for the functional explorations into this research field.

Multi-pistil trait in wheat is of great potential value in plant development research and crop breeding. Our previous studies identified the Pis1 locus that causes three pistils in wheat by genetic mapping using multiple DNA marker systems. However, there are still 26 candidate genes on the locus, and the causal gene remains to be found. In this study, we aimed to approach the molecular mechanism of multi-pistil formation. Comparative RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) during the pistil formation was undertaken in four wheat lines: a three-pistil mutant TP, a single-pistil TILLING mutant of TP (SP), a three-pistil near-isogenic line CM28TP with the background of cultivar Chunmai 28 (CM28), and CM28. Electron microscopic analysis specified probable developmental stages of young spikes for the three-pistil formation. mRNA sequencing in the young spikes of the four lines represented 253 down-regulated genes and 98 up-regulated genes in both three-pistil lines, which included six potential genes for ovary development. Weighted gene co-expression analysis represented three-pistil trait-associated transcription factor-like genes, among which one hub gene, ARF5, was the most highlighted. ARF5 is on the Pis1 locus and an orthologue of MONOPTEROS which mediates tissue development in Arabidopsis. qRT-PCR validation implies that the deficiency of ARF5 underlies the three-pistil formation in wheat.

As one of the most important crops for oil, olive (Olea europaea L.) is well-known worldwide for its commercial product “virgin olive oil” containing high-content fatty acids and many secondary metabolites. The molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced oil content in olive remain unclear. To further investigate the molecular mechanisms of olive oil biosynthesis, we selected two olive cultivars, i.e., Kalinjot (JZ) and Coratina (KLD), at three maturity stages (MI-1, MI-3, and MI-6) for transcriptomic analysis based on Nanopore sequencing. Significant differences were observed in oil content between JZ and KLD during three maturity stages. Enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in metabolic pathways of photosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, response to stress, and energy metabolism, in particular, fatty acid metabolism. A total of 170 (31.54% of 539 genes involved in oil synthesis) DEGs were further investigated based on expression analysis to identify their molecular functions in oil biosynthesis in olive. A co-expression network based on 714 transcription factors and their targeted genes in oil biosynthesis was constructed. Our study provided novel experimental evidence to investigate the molecular mechanisms of olive oil biosynthesis and to improve the breeding of olive varieties with enhanced oil contents.

Common oat ( Avena sativa ) is an important cereal crop serving as a valuable source of forage and human food. Although reference genomes of many important crops have been generated, such work in oat has lagged behind, primarily owing to its large, repeat-rich polyploid genome. Here, using Oxford Nanopore ultralong sequencing and Hi-C technologies, we have generated a reference-quality genome assembly of hulless common oat, comprising 21 pseudomolecules with a total length of 10.76 Gb and contig N50 of 75.27 Mb. We also produced genome assemblies for diploid and tetraploid Avena ancestors, which enabled the identification of oat subgenomes and provided insights into oat chromosomal evolution. The origin of hexaploid oat is inferred from whole-genome sequencing, chloroplast genomes and transcriptome assemblies of different Avena species. These findings and the high-quality reference genomes presented here will facilitate the full use of crop genetic resources to accelerate oat improvement.

[目的]从药用植物秦艽的叶中分离1株内生真菌,并对抗氧化、抑菌等生物学活性进行分析,为进一步研究其作用机理及应用价值提供基础.[方法]用组织分离法从秦艽的叶中分离纯化了1株内生真菌菌株,采用形态学结合rDNA ITS区、LSU基因序列鉴定菌株;采用PCR技术扩增菌株的PKS基因;采用DPPH法检测发酵液的乙酸乙酯萃取物的抗氧化活性,并采用单因素试验优化菌株发酵的最适碳氮源;采用牛津杯法检测发酵液对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希氏杆菌的抑制能力.[结果]结合形态学观察结果和序列对比分析鉴定该内生真菌为链格孢属真菌Alternaria alternata;其发酵液的乙酸乙酯萃取物具有清除DPPH自由基活性,其IC50为2.728 mg/mL,最适发酵的碳氮源分别是麦芽糖和硝酸钾;此外,其发酵液对对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希氏杆菌有抑制作用.[结论]该菌株蕴藏着潜在的抗菌和抗氧化活性物质.

Crop male sterility has great value in theoretical research and breeding application. HTS-1, whose stamens transformed into pistils or pistil-like structures, is an important male sterility material selecting from Chinese Spring three-pistil (CSTP) wheat. However the molecular mechanism of pistillody development in HTS-1 remains a mystery. RNA-seq data of 11 wheat tissues were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), including the stamens of CSTP and the pistils and pistillodic stamen of HTS-1. The Salmon program was utilized to quantify the gene expression levels of the 11 wheat tissues; and gene quantification results were normalized by transcripts per million (TPM). In total, 58,576 genes were used to construct block-wise network by co-expression networks analysis (WGCNA) R package. We obtained all of modules significantly associated with the 11 wheat tissues. AgriGO V2.0 was used to do Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis; and genes and transcription factors (TFs) in these significant modules about wheat pistillody development were identified from GO enrichment results. Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) was used to align HTS-1 proteins with the published pistillody-related proteins and TFs. Genes about wheat pistillody development were analyzed and validated by qRT-PCR. The MEturquoise, MEsaddlebrown, MEplum, MEcoral1, MElightsteelblue1, and MEdarkslateblue modules were significantly corelated to pistillodic stamen (correlation p < 0.05). Moreover, 206 genes related to carpel development (GO:0048440) or gynoecium development (GO:0048467) were identified only in the MEturquoise module by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, and 42 of 206 genes were hub genes in MEturquoise module. qRT-PCR results showed that 38 of the 42 hub genes had highly expressed in pistils and pistillodic stamens than in stamens. A total of 15 pistillody development-related proteins were validated by BLAST. Transcription factors (TFs) were also analyzed in the MEturquoise module, and 618 TFs were identified. In total, 56 TFs from 11 families were considered to regulate the development of pistillodic stamen. The co-expression network showed that six of HB and three of BES1 genes were identified in 42 hub genes. This indicated that TFs played important roles in wheat pistillody development. In addition, there were 11 of ethylene-related genes connected with TFs or hub genes, suggesting the important roles of ethylene-related genes in pistillody development. These results provide important insights into the molecular interactions underlying pistillody development.

丹参种植中产生大量废弃茎叶,造成巨大的资源浪费,干旱显著影响药用植物活性成分的产生和积累.该研究以'川丹参1号'为材料,采用土壤水分胁迫法,探讨长期水分胁迫对丹参茎叶的总酚酸(TPA)、8种主要酚酸含量和乙醇提取物抗氧化活性的影响,以初步明确丹参茎叶中酚酸及其抗氧化能力对土壤水分胁迫的响应特征,为丹参茎叶的开发利用提供理论依据.结果表明:(1)丹参茎叶TPA对土壤水分响应敏感,8、9、10月份样品(SL-8、SL-9和SL-10)的TPA含量随着土壤相对含水量(SRWC)降低而增加,且不同月份间差异显著;在相同SRWC下,SL-9的TPA含量最低,仅为SL-8的41.4％～91.1％和SL-10的24.0％～79.9％.(2)长期土壤水分胁迫下,丹参茎叶中迷迭香酸、丹酚酸B、咖啡酸和原儿茶醛明显积累;干旱增加了 TPA和单一酚酸的含量,但严重缺水(SRWC为35％)会降低酚酸含量.(3)丹参茎叶乙醇提取物具有很强的抗氧化活性,其DPPH·和ABTS·+清除活性随着SRWC的降低而增强,与TPA含量变化趋势一致.研究发现,适度干旱胁迫能显著增加丹参茎叶酚酸含量及抗氧化活性,在丹参种植中可以通过科学灌溉技术来增加茎叶中酚酸含量,促进丹参的综合利用.

Poaceae is the most prominent monocot family that contains the primary cereal crops wheat, rice, and maize. These cereal species exhibit physiological diversity, such as different photosynthetic systems and environmental stress tolerance. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in Poaceae is encoded by a small multigene family and plays a central role in C4-photosynthesis and dicarboxylic acid metabolism. Here, to better understand the molecular basis of the cereal species diversity, we analyzed the PEPC gene family in wheat together with other grass species. We could designate seven plant-type and one bacterial-type grass PEPC groups, ppc1a, ppc1b, ppc2a, ppc2b, ppc3, ppc4, ppcC4, and ppc-b, respectively, among which ppc1b is an uncharacterized type of PEPC. Evolutionary inference revealed that these PEPCs were derived from five types of ancient PEPCs (ppc1, ppc2, ppc3, ppc4, and ppc-b) in three chromosomal blocks of the ancestral Poaceae genome. C4-photosynthetic PEPC (ppcC4) had evolved from ppc1b, which seemed to be arisen by a chromosomal duplication event. We observed that ppc1b was lost in many Oryza species but preserved in Pooideae after natural selection. In silico analysis of cereal RNA-Seq data highlighted the preferential expression of ppc1b in upper ground organs, selective up-regulation of ppc1b under osmotic stress conditions, and nitrogen response of ppc1b. Characterization of wheat ppc1b showed high levels of gene expression in young leaves, transcriptional responses under nitrogen and abiotic stress, and the presence of a Dof1 binding site, similar to ppcC4 in maize. Our results indicate the evolving status of Poaceae PEPCs and suggest the functional association of ppc1-derivatives with adaptation to environmental changes.

To understand the molecular mechanism of the resistance to potato wart disease, we used the potato cultivar Qingshu 9 as the experimental material and prepared potato samples with different levels of disease through inoculation. The RNAs of the samples were extracted, and transcriptome analysis was performed on the samples not infected by the disease (control group) and also on the samples with different levels of disease, with the aid of high-throughput sequencing. Next, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the resistance to potato wart disease were identified based on the analysis results. Using bioinformatic tools, the DEGs were functionally annotated, classified, and enriched in related metabolic pathways. The main results are as follows: Compared with the control group, 4 DEGs were identified in the samples with light disease, 52 were found in the samples with medium disease, and 214 were discovered in the samples with heavy disease. Potato mainly resists the wart disease by suppressing its gene expression, and the degree of suppression depends on the level of the disease; the disease resistance might be dominated by cellular nucleic acid-binding protein, AP2-like transcription factor, and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. This research provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of potato resistance against wart disease.

[目的]本文明确了硬粒小麦ANW16F(Triticum durum,2n =4X =28,AABB)株高与构成因子及部分产量性状的遗传相关性,以及株高与构成因子的数量遗传模型,为Rht16基因的育种利用及后续利用分子标记定位主效QTL提供参考.[方法]利用ANW16F和高秆对照硬粒小麦LD222亲本以及杂交F1代、F2代群体,对株高及其构成因子、部分产量性状等10个农艺性状进行表型特征和相关性分析.[结果]“ANW16F”降秆能力约33.9％,穗下节是株高最主要的构成因素,株高与各茎节均极显著正相关,其中与倒2节相关性最高,其次为穗下节.株高、穗长与小穗数为显著正相关.株高受两对主基因控制,满足加性-显性-上位性遗传模型(B-1模型),以加性效应为主,主基因遗传率86.07％,受环境影响较小.穗下茎节符合两对加性-显性主基因遗传模型(B-2模型).倒2、3、4茎节符合一对加性-显性主基因遗传模型(A-1模型).[结论]综合考虑株高构成比例、相关性分析,以及遗传率的大小,今后在利用Rht16基因进行矮化高产育种时,穗下节和倒2节可作为重要的育种筛选指标,且可在较早期选择.