A single factor experiment was conducted to analyze the impacts of initial pH (1.0-8.0), reaction time (10-120 min), aeration quantity (0-12 L/h), and flocculation pH (6.0-12.0) on the removal of Cu2+ and Cd2+ from simulated wastewater via coupled iron-carbon internal electrolysis with flocculation. The results showed that in the internal electrolysis reaction stage, the removal rate of Cu2+ remained steady at first and then slowly decreased with increasing initial pH, whereas the removal rate of Cd2+ continued to slowly increase. As the reaction time increased, the removal rate of Cu2+ increased steadily, and the removal rate of Cd2+ showed the same trend. With the growth of aeration intensity, the removal rate of Cu2+ increased rapidly and then decreased slowly, whereas the removal rate of Cd2+ continued to slowly increase. The removal rate of Cd2+ under different reaction conditions was lower than that of Cu2+. In the flocculation reaction stage, as the flocculation pH increased, the removal rate of Cu2+ gradually increased at first and then stabilized, while the removal rate of Cd2+ rapidly increased at first and then stabilized. The Cd2+ removal rate could be increased to more than 90% by adjusting the pH to a suitable value. The internal electrolysis reaction followed the first-order kinetic model. Solution components after the reaction were determined by X-ray diffraction. It could be inferred that the underlying mechanism of coupled iron-carbon internal electrolysis with flocculation for the removal of Cu2+ was oxidation and reduction, while the mechanisms for the removal of Cd2+ were chemical precipitation and flocculation-adsorption.

In order to solve the bottleneck of internal electrolysis technology, ultrafine grinding catalytic internal electrolytic fillers were prepared by powder metallurgy method.Under the initial conditions of ballto-powder weight ratio 10:1, taking particle size, particle size distribution and particle morphology as evaluation criteria, the effects of ball milling time, ball milling speed and absolute ethanol addition on the effect of powder ball milling were studied by single factor test and orthogonal test.The results show that the optimal parameters of the ball milling process are ball milling time of 20 h, ball milling speed of 300 rpm and absolute ethanol addition of 50% (by total powder mass).The influence of the three factors on the ball milling effect is extremely significant, and there is an interaction between the three.Finally, the corrosion values at different pH levels were obtained by potentiodynamic scanning of self-made internal electrolytic fillers and two kinds of commercial internal electrolytic fillers.By calculating the corrosion rate, the optimum pH value for the reaction of self-made internal electrolytic filler is 3.The corrosion rate of self-made internal electrolytic filler is the fastest, the reaction rate is the highest, and the passivation and bonding phenomenon are alleviated.

A pilot scale experiment was conducted to investigate the characteristics and factors that influence contaminant removal in a pulping wastewater pretreatment process, which was treated by a self-made ultrafine grinding catalytic internal electrolytic filler. The powder metallurgy method was used to prepare the novel filler, with iron powder, graphite powder, copper powder and manganese powder as the raw materials. A comparative study conducted with commercial packing material under the same conditions showed that the self-made filler performed better than the commercial material regarding pollutant removal. CODCr and the chroma removal rate were used as evaluation indexes, and a single factor test and L27 (3(13)) orthogonal test were utilized to obtain the optimum working conditions and interaction effects of each influencing factor. At the same time, using SEM to observe the surface morphology and structural change of the filler and analyzing the IR spectra of wastewater and sediment before and after the reaction, the reaction mechanism and organic degradation mechanism were discussed.

To study the separation characteristics of organics and inorganics in the sludge of municipal wastewater treatment plant by alkaline thermal hydrolysis technology,the effect of NaOH dosage,reaction temperature and reaction time on separation efficiency was studied by single factor experiment.Experimental results showed that with NaOH dosage increasing,the inorganic concentration increased at first and then decreased,while the organic concentration decreased rapidly in the beginning and increased slowly afterwards.When the reaction temperature increased,the change of inorganic concentration differed while the organic concentration decreased gradually.When the reaction time was extended,the inorganic concentration increased slowly,while the organic concentration decreased slowly.According to the experiment results,the optimum reaction conditions were obtained as follows:NaOH dosage of 10％,reaction temperature of 150 ℃ and reaction time of 2 h.Then the concentration of inorganics and organics in the solid phase changed into 76.6％ and 23.4％,respectively,and COD,NH3-N,TN and TP was 139 733,446,3 326,238 mg/L,respectively.It was found by scanning electron microscope (SEM) that cell structure of sludge was broken after reaction and organics and inorganics were released.X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) suggested that the concentration of metal elements increased after the reaction.The GC/MS revealed that the kinds and concentration of organic compounds decreased after the reaction.

Experiments were performed to investigate the mechanism of a biological anaerobic filter-biological aerobic filter (AF-BAF) process coupled with internal electrolysis for the treatment of dye simulated wastewater containing reactive brilliant red X-3B dye. A kinetic model of the anaerobic reactor was set up to provide the dependence of the COD removal rate on organic substrates (first-order) and the decolourization rate on dye concentration (first-order). Moreover, the results of gas chromatography/mass spectrum (GC-MS) and UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) analyses demonstrated that azo chromophore side groups were destroyed and the degradation of benzene and naphthalene ring intermediates was intensified in the anaerobic stage by the coupled bio-electrochemical AF-BAF process. Additionally, the remaining benzene ring derivatives were further degraded by the subsequent aerobic stage.

A pilot scale experiment was conducted to analyze the characteristics and factors of contaminant removal in the coupled bio-electrochemical AF-BAF process treating dyeing wastewater. Results showed that the optimum conditions of coupled system were: HRT=7h, pH =6, and DO=4mg.L-1. And the influent COD and dye concentration controlled at 300 mg.L-1 and 100 mg.L-1 respectively were beneficial for pollutants removal. After treatment under the optimum conditions, removal efficiencies of COD, dye and chroma reached 92.2%, 97.7% and 99.0% respectively. The system can remove highly concentrated azo dyes efficiently with low COD concentration through multiple mechanisms (e.g. biochemical and internal electrolysis reactions), and simultaneously produce less intermediate products (aromatic amine). The conclusions can provide reference for practical engineering and theoretical research.

针对印刷线路板综合废水p H低,Cu、Ni、氨氮含量高等特点,采用铁碳催化内电解结合A/O组合工艺进行废水处理。最佳条件下,一级催化内电解对总铜去除率可达99.6%,由179.7 mg/L降低至0.71 mg/L;对总镍去除率为62.7%,由0.83 mg/L降至0.31 mg/L。二级催化内电解对总铜去除率达96.3%,降低至0.026 mg/L;对总镍去除率达92.6%,降低至0.023 mg/L。两级铁碳内电解对COD和TP去除率为53.3%和91.2%。经过A/O系统处理后,最终出水ρ(COD)<44 mg/L、ρ(TP)<0.21 mg/L、ρ(TN)<14 mg/L、ρ(NH+4-N)<1.6 mg/L、ρ(总铜)<0.02 mg/L、ρ(总镍)<0.016 mg/L,可达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准。

In the treatment of the rural domestic sewage, the total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) effluent concentration has been too high to comply with the class A ofPollutant Discharge Standard of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plan(GB18918-2002). To solve this problem, a new type of denitrification and dephosphorization filer adopted in an anoxic filter (AF) - biological aerated filter (BAF) system was developed. The mass percentage of the raw materials of this fillers, namely steel slag, iron scrap, zeolite, activated carbon and cement, was 45%, 10%, 20%, 10% and 15%, respectively. The mixture of these materials at this mass ratio was then wrapped on the hollow float in the coating machine. The final product was produced after curing for a certain time. Due to the fact that the new fillers presented excellent synchronous nitrogen and phosphorus removal performances and were easy to prepare with low cost, they could be beneficial for promotion and application. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results demonstrated that the fillers were of good hydrophilicity and rough surface. A large number of voids and large specific surface area was conductive to biofilm colonization. Optical microscope results showed that the biofilm was of good growth and high activity, which could remain long-term stable operation without backwash. And five main influencing factors (HRT, gas water ratio, reflux ratio and temperature) were investigated for the advanced treatment research. In the single factor experiment, when the value of the study factor was changed, TN and TP concentrations were measured for consecutive 4 days after the system got stable, and the average value was taken as the final result. The results showed that, within a certain range, the pollutants removal rate was proportional to HRT and temperature which means that the improvement of HRT and temperature exerted a positive effect on pollutant removal within a certain range. Besides, the removal rate tended to increase at first and then decrease with the rising of gas water ratio and reflux ratio. At the same time, the TN removal efficiency was significantly affected by temperature. The TN removal rate experienced an upward then a following downward trend with the increasing of temperature. In contrast, the TP removal rate increased slightly as temperature rose, drawing the conclusion that the changes of temperature had little effect on TP removal. Overall, the optimum conditions of this technology were as follows: HRT 5h, gas water ratio 10:1, reflux ratio 50% and 27℃, which was best for the nitrogen removal. With a stable system operation achieved, the effluent COD (chemical oxygen demand), NH3-N, TN and TP were 18.53, 0.66, 9.78 and 0.30 mg/L respectively and the removal efficiencies were 89.82%, 99.80%, 59.05% and 88.31%, respectively, which could meet the A class criteria specified inPollutant Discharge Standard of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plan(GB18918-2002). Through the comparative test conducted, the effect of the new filters was better than that of the ordinary commercial ceramic filters, which was of obvious advantages and development prospects. The results have provided reference for the practical engineering and theoretical study.

According to the characteristics of low pH,high content of Cu,Ni and ammonia nitrogen of printed circuit board integrated wastewater,the wastewater treatment was carried out by using iron carbon catalytic internal electrolysis combined with A/O process.Under the optimum conditions,the removal rate of total copper in the first stage catalytic internal electrolysis was 99.6％,which reduced from 179.7mg/L to 0.71 mg/L,and the removal rate of total nickel was 62.7％,which reduced from 0.83 mg/L to 0.31 mg/L.The removal rate of total copper in the second stage catalytic internal electrolysis was 96.3％,which reduced to 0.026 mg/L,and the removal rate of total nickel was 92.6％,which reduced to 0.023 mg/L.The removal rate of COD and TP of two stage iron carbon internal electrolysis was 53.3％ and 91.2％.The final effluent after the A/O system treatment was:ρ (COD) ＜ 44 mg/L,ρ (TP) ＜ 0.21 mg/L,ρ (TN) ＜ 14 mg/L,ρ (NH4+-N)＜ 1.6 mg/L,ρ(total copper) ＜ 0.02 mg/L,ρ(total nickel) ＜ 0.016 mg/L,meeting the firststandard of GB 18918-2002"Discharge of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant".

采用催化热水解分离城市污水厂污泥中的有机物和无机物,并将无机物制备成了聚合氯化铝铁.研究结果表明:在盐酸质量浓度为20％,反应时间为2h,反应温度为90℃,固液比1∶3条件下,制备的液体聚合氯化铝铁的Al2O3含量为9.34％,Fe2O3含量为2.11％,盐基度为47.8％;制备的产品在城市污水处理中取得了较好处理效果.同时采用红外光谱(IR)技术对制备的聚合氯化铝铁的聚合形态进行表征.

随着我国污水排放标准的不断提高,有效控制污水的溶解性COD和氮、磷成为污水深度处理和回用处理领域的研究热点.氧化偶合絮凝技术集氧化、絮凝、吸附和共沉淀于一体,用于污水深度处理,具有投资及运行费用低、工艺简单、易操作等优点.以山东东明污水处理厂提标改造工程为例,在对其运行现状进行分析的基础上,论证了提标改造工艺方案,介绍了处理工艺及设计参数,分析了改造后的运行效果及运行成本,可为污水处理厂提标改造工程提供借鉴.

Lead may cause a series of health problems which ranged from behavioral problems, learning disabilities to seizures or even death. The conventional treatment methods adopted for removing lead from wastewater included chemical precipitation, electro-chemical reduction, ion exchange process and adsorption method. However, these methods had certain disadvantages, such as high cost, technical sophistication, generation of sludge, or other waste products that needed to be processed. Therefore, it was necessary to research and develop a treatment method which had the advantage of relative high efficiency and low operating cost. On the basis of above considerations, an emerging lead removal system, namely, the catalyzed internal electrolysis based on advanced ferric-carbon filler, was applied to treat lead-containing wastewater, especially the lead pollution water in rural areas. To investigate the effect of catalyzed internal electrolysis based on advanced ferric-carbon filler treating water that simulated lead pollution in rural area, this study adopted single factor experimental design and orthogonal experimental design that included eight factors and three levels, making study on initial pH(1.0~8.0), reaction time(10-90 min) and aeration quantity(0-12 L/h). The results showed that the removal rate of Pb2+rose slowly at first and then dropped sharply when pH value rose from1.0 to 8.0. The removal rate of Pb2+rose steadily when the reaction time increased from 10 min to 60 min and tended to be stable when the reaction time kept extending to 90 min. The removal rate of Pb2+rose sharply at first and then dropped slowly when aeration quantity increased from 0 to 12 L/h. The influence of the three factors on removal efficiency of Pb2+were as follows: aeration quantity>initial pH value>reaction time, the best reaction condition occurred when the initial pH value was at 3.0, the reaction time was 60 min and aeration quantity was 6L/h. This paper fitted the reaction stage according to the first-order kinetic model, observed the surface feature and structure changes of the ferric-carbon filler before and after the reaction by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and analyzed the components of solution after the reaction by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and inferred that the mechanism for catalyzed internal electrolysis removing lead was oxidation-reduction and chemical precipitation. In optimum experimental conditions, the concentration of Pb2+could fall to 0.037 mg/L after treatment when initial Pb2+concentration was 1.0 mg/L, which could meet the requirement on limiting value of the case-Ⅲ water specified in Environment Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002). This research results may provide theoretical foundation and design basis for the remediation of the lead pollution water in rural areas.

采用催化内电解-A/O-氧化耦合絮凝联合工艺,并在A/O段投加高效微生物菌群,对混合化工废水进行处理.结果表明,向催化内电解出水中投加100 mg/L的Ca(OH)2和2mg/L的PAM,经混凝沉淀后对COD的去除率可达到47％,B/C值由0.13提高到0.35;系统对进水水质有良好的抗冲击能力,对COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别可达到92.9％、89.4％、74.5％、96.7％,出水水质可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)的一级A标准.

针对陕西咸阳西郊污水厂的现状和出水水质要求,设计了化学强化-缺氧生物滤池/好氧生物滤池联合工艺,并引进高效的滤布滤池对其进行处理,介绍了主要工艺单元及其设计参数.运行结果表明,该工艺能有效地处理该厂生活污水,当进水COD＜ 360 mg/L、TN浓度＜40mg/L、TP浓度＜4 mg/L时,出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准.

The process,catalyzed internal electrolysis/hydrolysis acidification/UASB/AO/oxidation coupled floccula-tion,has been used for treating wastewater by a food additive producing station. The design capacity of the project is 200 m3/d. The results from a three months debugging and operation show that when the average influent COD is 2 000 mg/L,BOD5 400 mg/L,NH4+-N 80 mg/L and TN 220 mg/L,their removing rates are 97%,95%,87%and 86%respectively. The effluent quality could meet the first level requirements specified in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard(GB 8978—1996) .

The catalyzed internal electrolysis/hydrolysis acidification/bio-contact oxidation/coagulation process was used for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater.The COD removal rate was 61% while the B/C improved from 0.1 to above 0.3 after the catalyzed internal electrolysis.The system had high resistance to influent loads,and the removal rates of COD,NH3-N and TP were 89%,95% and nearly 100%,respectively.The effluent quality met the first class criteria specified in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard(GB 8978-1996).The operation cost of the combined process was only 1.61 yuan/m3.

The characteristics of sludge, the start-up and treatment effect of biological filters with multiple compounded filling are studied with low concentration domestic sewage as treating object. Experiment results shows that it spends 25 days to start up biological filters. The removal rate of COD, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) are about 90%, 100%, 80% and 90% respectively. Meanwhile, the Biological electron microscope results show that anaerobic biological membrane presents deep black, more filamentous fungi and a small amount of Ciliates, while aerobic biological membrane presents yellow-green, close-grained bacteria micelle, micro-metazoans such as Aspidisca and Vorticella, proving the success of the biofilm formation.

在乙醇-水体系中以榆树皮胶粉、氯乙酸、丙烯酰胺为原料合成改性天然高分子絮凝剂,以产物黏度和模拟水浊度去除率为目标,研究了碱投加量、氯乙酸投加量、单体质量比、接枝共聚温度对产品性能的影响,得到了最佳合成工艺条件,并采用红外光谱对改性产物进行了分析.结果表明:当m(榆树皮胶粉)∶m(氢氧化钠)∶m(氯乙酸)∶m(丙烯酰胺)=5∶1∶1.2∶3,聚合温度为75℃时,产品具有最佳的絮凝效果和最高黏度,其他反应条件为碱化时间3h、碱化温度70 ℃、聚合时间5h.红外光谱表明,榆树皮胶粉发生了接枝共聚.

Because COD,ammonia nitrogen and color of coking wastewater secondary effluent could not meet the first class criteria specified in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard(GB 8978-1996),iron-carbon internal electrolysis and two-stage biofilters were adopted for the advanced treatment of coking wastewater.Under the optimal experimental conditions,the removal rates of COD,TOC,color,TP,NH3-N and TN by iron-carbon internal electrolysis were 47.3%,44.2%,93.3%,96.4%,11.3% and 10.4%,respectively.The effluent BOD5/COD was increased from 0.17 to 0.31.The COD removal efficiency of two-stage biofilters was more than 50%.The final effluent COD,TP,TN,NH3-N and color were less than 60 mg/L,0.5 mg/L,25 mg/L,1 mg/L and 30 times,respectively,meeting the first class criteria specified in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard(GB 8978-1996).

With AlCl3 and FeSO4 as the major raw material, the preparation process of a new high polymer flocculant-polymeric aluminum ferric sulfate chloride(PAFSC) was researched, to offset the polymeric aluminum and the polymerization iron flocculants' lacks, and draw their strong points. The product was characterized by Al-Fe-Ferron timed complex colorimetric, IR and XRD methods, to study the flocculant's morphological characteristics. The results show that The PFASC, with better coagulating property than the market PAC, has higher contents of Al-b and Al-OH-Fe bond, and the introduction of iron restrains the forming of Al-OH-Al.