法尼基焦磷酸合酶（FPS）是异戊二烯生物合成途径中的一个关键酶。为探究FPS在暗紫贝母生物碱合成代谢过程中的作用,本研究利用RT-PCR和RACE技术,克隆了暗紫贝母法基尼焦磷酸合酶基因的全长cDNA序列,命名为FrFPS,GenBank登录号为KX 900485。该序列全长1 333 bp,具有长度为1 059 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码352个氨基酸,预测分子量40.13 kDa,等电点pH值为5.17。FrFPS基因的推导氨基酸序列含有高等植物FPS蛋白的典型保守结构域,亚细胞定位预测其在细胞质、线粒体基质空间及微体上。系统进化分析显示,暗紫贝母与铁炮百合处于同一分支,其亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,FrFPS主要在鳞茎表达,且表达量随海拔梯度升高而降低,而在茎、叶中表达量很低。HPLC测定暗紫贝母鳞茎中生物碱含量,发现随海拔梯度升高生物碱含量降低。研究认为,FrFPS基因响应了对不同海拔梯度的应答。

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the hybrid of Acipenser dabryanus (♀) × A. schrenckii (♂) was first determined by using the next-generation sequencing in this study. The circular mitochondrial genome was 16,439 bp in length, which contained 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, one displacement loop locus and an origin of replication on the light-strand, showed a typical vertebrate pattern. All of the genes were encoded on the heavy strain except for ND6 and eight tRNA genes. The overall nucleotide composition was 30.19% A, 23.74% T, 29.65% C, 16.42% G, with 53.93% AT, respectively. Compared with the complete mitogenome of the parents, the results indicated that the mitochondria of hybrid sturgeon could be consistent with a maternal inheritance. Phylogenetic analyses using concatenated nucleotide sequences of the 13 protein-coding genes with two different methods (maximum likelihood and neighbor-joining analysis) both highly supported that A. dabryanus (♀) × A. schrenckii (♂) showed a close relationship with A. dabryanus and A. sinensis. These data provide useful information for a better understanding of the mitogenomic diversities and evolution in fish as well as novel genetic markers for studying population genetics and species identification.

Garra pingi pingi , an endemic species to China, is mainly distributed in the upper Yangtze River and its tributaries. In present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of G. pingi pingi was first determined using the next-generation sequencing technology and annotated using bioinformatic tools. The circular mitochondrial genome was 16,599 bp long, contained 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, an origin of light-strand replication (O L ) and one displacement loop locus (D-loop). Most mitochondrial genes were encoded on the heavy strand, except for ND6 and eight tRNA genes. The total nucleotide composition was 31.48% A, 25.79% T, 26.66% C, 16.07% G, with 57.27% AT, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the tandem 13 coding protein genes nucleotide sequences indicated that G. pingi pingi showed a close relationship with G. imberba . These data provide fundamental information not only for unravelling the population structure and differentiation, but also for further conservation genetics studies on Labeonini species.

Sinibotia reevesae is a fish endemic only to the upper Yangtze River.The nutritional quality of cultured S.reevesae was evaluated by analyzing the muscle tissue of thirty individuals of average body length, (92.27±7.70) mm, and body weight, (12.56±3.59) g.The results provide a reference for nutritional content and for protecting and culturing S.reevesae.The muscle of cultured S.reevesae was composed of water (75.24±2.25) ％, protein (19.32±0.33) ％and fat (6.60±0.59) ％.The protein includes 18 amino acids and accounting for (76.42±0.62) ％ of the muscle dry weight, higher than the standard set by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).The weight ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids (WEAA/WTAA) was 39.96％ and the ratio of essential to nonessential amino acids (WEAA/WNEAA) was66.55％.The concentrations of aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu), the"delicious amino acids", were highest and the essential amino acids index (EAAI) was 63.94.Twenty different fatty acids were found in the muscle, including 7 saturated fatty acids (SFA), 6 monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and7 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).Among the unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), the concentration of C18:1ω9 cwas highest.The concentration of PUFAs were low, with EPA and DHA together accounting for (3.54±0.04) ％ of the dry weight.To summarize, the muscle of cultured S.reevesae parent fish is a delicious, high quality protein food with high nutritional value.However, it is necessary to scientifically manage the EPA and DHA content of feed during artificial breeding to ensure normal reproduction of S.reevesae and the healthy development of offspring.

为降低铁皮石斛组织培养成本、简化组织培养程序,以铁皮石斛原球茎为试验材料,采用开放式组织培养方法研究MS固体培养基添加不同浓度代森锰锌和链霉素对铁皮石斛原球茎组织增殖、分化、生根及抑菌效果的影响.结果表明:在培养基中,添加0.3 g/L代森锰锌+1.5 g/L链霉素有利于铁皮石斛原球茎增殖;添加0.3～0.5 g/L代森锰锌+1.5 g/L链霉素的抑菌效果较好,并能促进分化幼苗生长;添加0.5 g/L代森锰锌+1.5～2.0 g/L链霉素有利于再生植株生根.

论述了水产养殖专业校外实践基地教学面临的常见问题,分析影响教学质量的深层次原因,提出了解决问题的相关对策,为提高实践教学质量出谋划策.

基因工程是生物学相关专业本科生的专业主干课程之一.为适应地方本科院校转型发展的需求,本文根据基因工程的技术流程体系重构教学内容,理论和实践对接,同时对教学方法和考核评价方式进行改革,以提高基因工程的教学质量,满足应用技术型人才培养的需求.

Cardamine hirsute L.is muti-functional wild herbaceous plant with significant value for application and ecological impacts.Seed germination was studied by control experiments after the seeds kept under different storage condition and temperature.There were large number of small seeds produced by individuals,and explosive seed dispersal was observed in the plants.Seed initially collected required a long time to germinate;germination beganat similar time after low temperature and freezing storage,but the treatments improved germination uniformity.This indicated the seeds were at least partialy dormant.The germination rate (GR) decreased (7.61％-100％) during storage,low temperature (5 ℃) and freezing(-20 ℃) could effectively keep the seeds viable.The germination rate,germination power(GP) and germination index(GI) of seeds stored at-20 ℃ were better than those of seeds kept at 5 ℃,especially in half year (P ＜ 0.05).Seeds in natural soil had high germination rate,while seeds sealed at room temperature lost their viability.High temperature treatments significantly affected the GR of seeds (P ＜ 0.05),but the effects of different temperature and duration were similar.Over 50％ seeds geminated after high temperature treatments.Numerous seeds,stable vigor and tolerance to various temperatures are the important characteristics of Cardamine hirsute to adapt to the environment.

Experiments and models have led to a consensus that there is positive feedback between carbon (C) fluxes and climate warming. However, the effect of warming may be altered by regional and global changes in nitrogen (N) and rainfall levels, but the current understanding is limited. Through synthesizing global data on soil C pool, input and loss from experiments simulating N deposition, drought and increased precipitation, we quantified the responses of soil C fluxes and equilibrium to the three single factors and their interactions with warming. We found that warming slightly increased the soil C input and loss by 5% and 9%, respectively, but had no significant effect on the soil C pool. Nitrogen deposition alone increased the soil C input (+20%), but the interaction of warming and N deposition greatly increased the soil C input by 49%. Drought alone decreased the soil C input by 17%, while the interaction of warming and drought decreased the soil C input to a greater extent (−22%). Increased precipitation stimulated the soil C input by 15%, but the interaction of warming and increased precipitation had no significant effect on the soil C input. However, the soil C loss was not significantly affected by any of the interactions, although it was constrained by drought (−18%). These results implied that the positive C fluxes–climate warming feedback was modulated by the changing N and rainfall regimes. Further, we found that the additive effects of [warming × N deposition] and [warming × drought] on the soil C input and of [warming × increased precipitation] on the soil C loss were greater than their interactions, suggesting that simple additive simulation using single‐factor manipulations may overestimate the effects on soil C fluxes in the real world. Therefore, we propose that more multifactorial experiments should be considered in studying Earth systems.

随着科学技术的快速发展,一种新的教育教学方式——慕课应运而生,它的出现革新了传统的教育教学理念,促进了新时期人们对教育变革的深刻认识.水产养殖专业课程内容繁多、机理复杂,传统的课堂教育很难集中学生的精力,学习效果不能达到预期.因此,新时期课堂教育应该与时俱进,以慕课为载体的新型课堂教育在水产养殖专业课程的教学中具有巨大的应用前景.

In order to investigate the cytogenetic characters of Sinibotia reevesae,the chromosome number and karyotype of S.reevesae were analyzed using a routine method including intraperitoneal injection of PHA and colchicine,nephrocyte cultivation in vivo,and slides preparation with air—drying.Erythrocyte nuclear DNA content of S.reevesae was determined by using a flow cytometer (BD Accuri TM C6) with the chicken erythrocytes (their DNA content is 2.50 pg) serving as reference cells.The results showed that S.reevesae was diploid,the chromosome number was 2n =96,and the karyotype formula was 2n =36m + 14sm + 20st + 26t,and arms number (NF) was 146 (Table 2 and Fig.1).The heterosomes were not observed.The DNA content of S.reevesae was 2.60 ± 0.36 pg/2c (n =10,Fig.2).By comparing with the chromosome karyotypes of other 26 Cobitidae species,it was concluded that S.reevesae should belong to specialization group,and karyotype of S.reevesae might evolve from the type of Cobitidae ancestors by Robertsonian translocation of chromosomes and chromosome polyploidy.Our results could provide essential data for broodstock conservation and cytogenetic research of the S.reevesae.

随着我国水产养殖业的快速发展,社会对水产专业人才的需求越来越大,然而与之不相适应的低对口就业率、高跳槽率,已经成为困扰行业发展的关键问题.作为我省水产养殖转型试点专业,已经在应用转型方面展开了一些探索,并已取得一定成效.本文结合企业的用人需求和相关高校人才培养经验,对新形势下地方本科院校如何做好水产养殖专业的人才培养提出十点建议,供广大水产教育工作者探讨交流.

为了全面提高人才培养质量,笔者结合生命科学学院水产养殖学高职本科专业的教育教学实际,分析了高职本科生的生源特点和在学业表现方面存在的问题,提出应针对性地重新定位人才培养目标并修正培养方案,加强“双师型”专业师资队伍建设,区别开展个性化教育,加强教育引导和规范管理,强化教学活动的职业指向性及大力推动实践创新育人活动等,“教、学、管”三管齐下.

针对《鱼类遗传育种学》传统教学模式是以理论教学为主,实践教学缺失等问题,从2013年起,我们在该课程改革中开展了实践案例教学法和"课程+基地+企业"一体化教学模式.结果表明,通过改革提高了学生专业综合能力,强化了学生专业实践操作技能,培养了学生综合运用专业知识解决品种选育、良种繁育等生产应用问题的能力.同时也提高了教师的专业综合能力,收到了较好的实践教学效果.

为了体现应用型本科院校的办学宗旨和水产养殖专业人才培养的目标要求,本文结合内江师范学院的实际,及职业岗位对食品营养与检测的能力要求,对《食品营养与检测》的课程体系建设和教学改革进行了探讨,以提高教学质量和学生的专业素质.

针对铁皮石斛富含多糖、多酚等次生代谢物质的特点,以铁皮石斛叶片为材料,比较改良CTAB-LiCl法、SDS法以及试剂盒法提取总RNA的质量,利用电泳检测、核酸蛋白仪浓度测定、RT-PCR等进行验证分析.结果表明,3种方法均能提取铁皮石斛叶片中总RNA,但提取效果存在差异.改良CTAB-LiCl法提取总RNA的28S和18S条带清晰、D600 nm/D280 nm与D260 nm/D230 nm分别为1.96和2.03,RNA完整性好、纯度高,RNA浓度在3种方法中最高,达到560.6 mg/L,RT-PCR扩增出目的基因片段条带最明显,适用于后续的分子生物学研究.

采用热休克抑制第二极体排放的方法诱导乌鳢(Channa argus)三倍体,以探索人工诱导乌鳢三倍体的理想热休克条件.采用DNA含量测定法和红细胞核大小鉴定法对获得的鱼苗倍性进行鉴定,同时对普通二倍体乌鳢群体与三倍体群体的生长差异进行了比较研究.结果表明,(1)热休克法适宜诱导条件为,(28±0.5)℃培育水温授精后4 min,在水温42℃条件下持续处理3 min,三倍体诱导率最高,达到87.69％;(2)三倍体与二倍体DNA含量差异极显著(P＜0.01),其比值为1.50:1.00;(3)三倍体和二倍体在红细胞核长径、红细胞核体积、红细胞核面积等6项指标上存在极显著差异(P＜0.01);与二倍体相比,三倍体红细胞体积和核体积分别是其1.69倍和1.60倍;(4)在4月龄与8月龄,三倍体的体长和体重比二倍体稍高,但两者差异不显著(P＞0.05).本实验结果为进一步开展乌鳢倍性育种奠定了基础.

The effects of different calcium levels on photosynthesis and protective enzyme activities of Hosta leaves were studied by using colorful Hosta as test materials. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate ( Pn) , stomatal con-ductance ( Gs) , Intercellular CO2 concentration ( Ci) , transpiration rate ( Tr) and the maximum photochemical efficien-cy (Fv/Fm) of the colorful Hosta leaves all showed a single peak curve with the increasing of calcium levels, and the highest peak level was 90 mg?L-1 Ca2+. While the apparent electron transport rate ( ETR) also changed as a single peak curve and the peak was 50 mg?L-1 Ca2+. The initial fluorescence (F0) and maximum fluorescence (Fm) first increased and then decreased, finally increased in calcium levels of 0-360 mg?L-1 , and 90 mg?L-1 Ca2+ was the highest. The change of Pn and Gs were positively correlated with Ci. Meanwhile, the activities of peroxidase(POD) and catalase (CAT) and the contents of MAD and soluble protein(SP) of leaves all showed a single valley curve and the minimum was 90 mg?L-1 Ca2+, while the activity of superoxide dismutase( SOD) had declined steadily. The results obtained from above showed that the decrease of Pn of colorful Hosta mainly resulted from the stomatal factors. The best spraying con-centration of calcium was 90 mg?L-1 which could enhance photosynthesis and reduce protective enzyme activities.

2012年7月和2013年6月从大渡河支流脚木足河采集黄石爬(鱼兆)(Euchiloglanis kishinouyei)383尾,以脊椎骨作为主要年龄鉴定材料,对其年龄结构和生长特性进行了研究.黄石爬(鱼兆)体长92～190 mm,其中110 ～ 140mm个体占渔获物总量的74.41％;体重14.70 ～ 119.80 g,其中20～60 g个体占渔获物总量的84.86％;由3～ 13龄11个年龄组组成,5～8龄鱼占渔获物总量的84.07％;种群雌雄性比为1∶1.06.体长(L)与脊椎骨半径(Ro)回归方程为L=67.038+ 50.783Ro(n=325,R2=0.758,P＜ 0.01).雌雄个体体长和体重生长无显著差异,据体长(L,单位mm)与体重(W,单位g)关系式W=3×10-5L2.9279(n=383,R2=0.807 1,P＜0.01),黄石爬(鱼兆)为等速生长类型.据体长、体重生长方程Lt=208.42[1-e-0.089(t+1.20)]、Wt=184.82[1-e-0.089(t+1.20)]2.9279,体长和体重生长速度方程分别为dL/dt=18.549 4 e0089(t+ 1.20)和dW/dt=48.161 0 e-0.089(t+1.20)[1-e-0.089(t+ 1.20)] 1.9279,体长和体重生长加速度方程分别为d2L/dt2=-1.650 9 e-0.089(t+1.20)和d2W/dt2=4.286 3 e-0.089(t+1.20)[1-e-0.089(t+1.20)]0.9279[2.927 9 e-0.089(t+1.20)-1],黄石爬(鱼兆)属于生长缓慢,生命周期较长的鱼类.生长拐点年龄为10.87,落后于性成熟年龄(♀6龄,♂5龄),属于性成熟后生长仍然较快的类型.产卵群体主要以补充群体(5、6龄)和低龄剩余群体(7、8龄)为主,资源已经受到严重破坏,需加大保护力度.

为研究沱江浮游生物群落结构的时空特征,并探讨影响其形成的环境因子,于2013年对沱江10个采样断面按季节进行采样分析.研究期间共检出浮游甲壳动物13种,以中小型枝角类和剑水蚤为主;尽管桡足类密度与枝角类接近,但由于体型原因桡足类生物量始终占据优势地位.检出浮游植物7门95种,优势属7个,全年均以硅藻为主.两类生物在上游资阳市区的断面中总生物量最高,中游农村断面最低;其生物量季节变化也趋于一致,均在丰水季节8月取得最高值,枯水季节2月最低.与历史数据相比,呈现出浮游植物增多,浮游甲壳动物减少的趋势.根据结构方程模型(SEM)和冗余分析(RDA)的结果,浮游甲壳动物生物量在浮游植物生物量和溶氧高的环境中较大,桡足类对溶氧的要求比中小型枝角类高.浮游植物对高温、高营养和高pH较偏好,尤其是一些优势属.尽管受浮游植物生物量影响,浮游动物对浮游植物的控制力却极弱.在流速缓慢且污染较严重的城市江段浮游植物密度已高达2.7× 107 cells/L,浮游动物尽管能选择性地以部分浮游植物为食,对其控制力却极弱,如不加强污染控制,沱江可能有暴发水华的危险.