Context: Inefficient straw utilization and conventional planting patterns in intensive wheat-maize systems threaten soil health and food security. Although a well-developed root morphology is essential for resource acquisition, it typically accelerates soil moisture depletion. It remains unclear whether combining planting patterns with straw recycling systems can coordinate the relationship between root morphology and soil moisture content, thereby improving yield and water productivity. Method: To address this challenge, a two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate two planting patterns-conventional planting (CR) and wide-precision planting (WR)-combined with three recycling systems: direct straw return (SS), straw-derived biochar (SB), and straw-manure (SM). The study investigated how this integrated strategy influenced wheat canopy structure and root morphology, soil moisture content and improving crop yield and water productivity. Results: Results showed that WR significantly increased wheat yield by 7.6%-27.6% (2022-2024) over CR by increasing spike numbers and reducing the root-shoot ratio at harvest. At anthesis, WRSM primarily promoted root parameters (root length, surface area, and volume densities) in the shallow soil layer (0-60 cm), while WRSB significantly enhanced root parameters in the deep soil layer (60-150 cm). At harvest, the deep root advantage conferred by WRSB persisted, further improving yield by 11.0%-18.6% relative to WRSS by optimizing root morphology. WRSB significantly improved water productivity by 26.0%-33.7% at the yield level and by 16.3%-17.7% at the biomass level. Although linear regression analysis indicated a negative correlation between root morphology and soil moisture content (SMC), WRSB uniquely maintained both high root parameters and elevated SMC in the deep soil layer (60-150 cm). Conclusion: WRSB improved grain yield and water productivity by optimizing canopy structure, increasing deep soil moisture content, and improving root morphology. Implications: This study reveals a novel mechanism by which biochar-coupled wide-precision planting reconciles the root-water relationship, offering a promising strategy to achieve high yield, optimized water utilization, and sustainable development in the North China Plain.

Soil salinization seriously limits wheat yield improvement. Although plastic film mulching can suppress salt content and retain moisture to increase wheat yield, green and sustainable mulching techniques are still necessary to mitigate the environmental pollution caused by plastic films. Moreover, the interaction between the mulch types and the groundwater depth has not been clearly elucidated. A two-year field experiment was conducted in the Bohai Rim region of China to investigate the physiological and ecological mechanisms underlying the effects of three mulching types (mud blanket mulching, MBM; plastic film mulching, PFM; and no mulching, CK) and four ridge heights (H0: 0.0 m, flat planting; H1: 0.5 m; H2: 1.0 m; H3: 1.5 m) on the grain yield of winter wheat. The results showed that mulching and raised fields could synergistically regulate the soil water and salt environment. Raised field height was the dominant factor controlling soil water and salt dynamics. Building on the raised fields effect, mulching further suppressed salinity and conserved soil moisture. MBM and PFM significantly inhibited surface salt accumulation, reducing the salt content in the 0–20 cm soil layer over the entire growth period by 14.90–38.32% and 26.47–51.84%, respectively. Similar to PFM, MBM increased the volumetric soil water content in the 0–20 cm layer at the jointing stage by 2.78–22.54%. The changes in soil water and salt conditions improved leaf water potential and promoted photosynthesis, thereby increasing dry matter accumulation. The MBM treatment increased the average yield of winter wheat by 53.68–70.20% and the water use efficiency by 16.43–388.46%. The experiment determined that the optimum groundwater depth was 2.00 m for the MBM and PFM treatments, shallower than the 2.14 m determined for CK.

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are critical for plant flavor quality, growth, and stress resistance, yet they remain poorly characterized in wheat. In this study, we performed volatile metabolome analysis on six wheat cultivars under normal and stress environments. A total of 476 BVOCs were detected, including esters, heterocyclic compounds, terpenoids, and other classes. Two-dimensional partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) effectively discriminated wheat samples from different environments, but failed to separate different cultivars. Notably, cultivars displayed distinct responses to stress. Certain cultivars exhibited low baseline BVOC levels but strong inducibility under stress, whereas others showed minimal BVOC variation. Terpenoids, particularly monoterpenes, were the most induced BVOC class across most cultivars, even in those stress insensitive cultivars. Transcriptomic profiling and co-expression network analysis identified gene modules correlated with total and specific BVOCs, which were enriched in genes involved in stress responses, sugar signaling, hormone signaling, and regulatory processes of gene expression. By integrating the expression profiles of core enzymes from four major BVOC biosynthetic pathways, we observed a decoupling between gene expression and BVOC variation. Further analysis focusing on monoterpene biosynthesis revealed that rate-limiting enzymes were up-regulated only in few cultivars, whereas the expression of genes involved in reducing power generation and carbon competition aligned with monoterpene variation. Functional assays demonstrated that among the co-upregulated BVOCs, 1,3-propanediol application promoted seedling growth under both normal and drought conditions, while 4-aminopyridine pretreatment enhanced potassium retention under salt stress. Collectively, our study provides novel insights into the mechanisms and functions underlying BVOC synthesis in wheat under stress.

Context: Selecting high water productivity wheat cultivars is an ideal strategy to maintain grain yield under water limited environments. However, the evolutionary and physiological-ecological mechanisms underlying highyielding and water-efficient traits in wheat remain poorly understood. Method: A three-year field experiment (2020-2023) was conducted in the North China Plain, encompassing three irrigation environments (W0: rainfed; W1: irrigation at jointing and W2: irrigation at both jointing and anthesis), and 14 wheat cultivars released between 1976-2016. The purpose was to identify morpho-physiological differences in grain yield and water productivity with cultivar replacement. Results: Grain yield and water productivity increased by 0.41-0.75 % yr -1 and 0.43-0.76 % yr -1 with cultivar replacement under different irrigation environments. Compared to 1970s cultivars (JM 1 and JM 2), those released in the 2010s (JM 585, JM 518 and JM 325) showed a 70.05-117.96 % increase in leaf area index and a 32.61-44.70 % increase in post-anthesis dry matter accumulation. Additionally, the ratio of green to yellow leaf dry weight increased by 30.77-105.12 %. Wheat cultivars released in the 2010s delayed senescence of the surface 0-30 cm root system under W0 and W1, resulting in a 23.82 % and 0.73 % increase respectively in total root length post-anthesis, while reducing total root length by 22.29 % under W2. Structural equation modeling indicated that grain yield and water productivity were positively affected by leaf area index and the ratio of leaf area to total root length at late grain filling period. Conclusion: Newly released wheat cultivars improve grain yield and water productivity through improving root adaptation and optimizing root-canopy synergies post-anthesis. Implications: These findings offer critical insights for breeding and selecting wheat cultivars with high water efficiency, supporting sustainable agriculture in water-limited regions.

Improving wheat drought resilience and water use efficiency (WUE) is critical for sustaining productivity under increasing water scarcity. Here, we integrate genome-wide association study (GWAS), expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping, population-transcriptome analysis, and summary-data-based mendelian randomization (SMR), followed by functional validation using indexed EMS mutants and transgenic lines, to systematically identify key WUE regulators. GWAS across water conditions in 228 accessions identifies 73 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for WUE-traits. Transcriptome profiling of 110 diverse accessions reveals 28 drought-responsive modules. eQTL mapping uncovers 146,966 regulatory variants, including condition-specific hotspots associated with key drought-related pathways. Integrative analysis underscores 85 high-confidence candidate genes, notably TaMYB7-A1. Overexpression of TaMYB7-A1 enhances photosynthesis, WUE, root development, and grain yield under drought condition by activating TaPIP2;2-B1 (water transport), TaRD20-D1 (stomatal regulation), and TaABCB4-B1 (root growth), reflecting reduced water loss and improved physiological resilience. Our study presents a comprehensive regulatory map and robust targets for wheat drought adaptation and resilient cultivar breeding.

The uneven spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation poses significant challenges to the growth and development of winter wheat. Screening drought-resistant and water-saving winter wheat varieties in waterlimited regions is crucial for increasing crop production. However, quickly screening suitable cultivars remains a challenge. Utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for remote sensing (RS) offers a solution by enabling the prediction of yields, overcoming issues such as the labor-intensive process of manual yield data collection and the difficulty of screening during the growing season. In this study, three types of water treatments were applied to 48 varieties screened in the North China Plain, with each water treatment repeated three times using a randomized block design. The aim is to explore the potential of UAVs for non-destructive yield prediction at various crop growth stages by integrating UAVs-based RS with machine learning, while also screening for drought-resistant and water-saving variety based on predicted yields, actual evapotranspiration (ET) derived from soil water balance and water use efficiency (WUE) at grain yield level. The results indicate that the random forest regression (RFR) model achieved the best prediction results. The optimal data combination of RS, canopy temperature, and data of variety by using RFR yielded the highest coefficient of determination (R2). Additionally, the RFR performs best when using data from the mid-filling stage (single-stage data) and the entire growth stage data (multi-stage data), with R2 0.58 and 0.69, respectively. Among the varieties, Malan 1 and Jimai 765 ranked first and second in both predicted and measured yield assessments, indicating the reliability of the yield prediction model for top-performing varieties. By combining predicted yields from RFR with ET, the screening results demonstrated high consistency between predicted and measured yields. Notably, even yield prediction models with lower R2 can still provide satisfactory screening results. These findings will contribute to screening drought-resistant and water-saving winter wheat varieties by UAV. This research accelerates the variety screening process and addresses the conflict between agricultural production and water scarcity in the North China Plain.

The delayed onset of the rainy season in the North China Plain (NCP) frequently leads to postponed sowing or germination of summer maize in rainfed areas, thereby shortening the grain filling stage and reducing overall yield. Among the factors influencing maize production potential, cumulative temperature has emerged as a critical determinant. This two-year study assessed four maize varieties with differing cumulative temperature requirements: high cumulative temperature requirement maize varieties (HCTR, 2800-2990 degrees C; Zhengdan 958 and Xuntian 969) and low cumulative temperature requirement maize varieties (LCTR, 2200-2450 degrees C; Jifeng 2 and Junyi 86) under late sowing (end of June). Yield, biomass, leaf area index, photosynthetic characteristics, and crop growth rates were analyzed. Results showed HCTR varieties achieved significantly higher yields (19.8 %-25.7 %) than LCTR varieties, even with suboptimal cumulative temperatures (2508.8 degrees C in 2022; 2694.2 degrees C in 2023). HCTR varieties had superior hundred-grain weight (10.7 %) and grain number per cob (12.5 %). Aboveground biomass followed a logarithmic growth curve, with HCTR varieties outperforming LCTR throughout, especially at blister (R2, 29.0 %-31.8 %) and milk stages (R3, 9.0 %-12.6 %). This was due to earlier peak growth rates at R2 for HCTR, while LCTR peaked at R3. HCTR also showed higher relative chlorophyll content (5.9 %) and net photosynthetic rate (14.1 %) at R2, though these declined at R3 (4.4 % and 13.0 %, respectively), underscoring their earlier photosynthetic advantage. The key mechanism by which HCTR varieties maintain high yields under insufficient cumulative temperature could be as attributed to the advanced peak photosynthetic rate and optimized biomass allocation. To draw a conclusion, HCTR maize varieties are particularly well-suited for late showing in the rainfed dryland areas of the NCP. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for selecting high-yielding maize cultivars suitable for rainfed dryland areas similar to NCP.

Winter wheat cultivation faces yield reductions in the North China Plain due to drought and excessive nitrogen fertilizer use, exacerbated by climate change. This study employed a life cycle assessment approach, integrating economic and material input-output data, to evaluate the eco-efficiency of reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer inputs. Field experiments were conducted with four irrigation regimes at the jointing stage (W0: no irrigation; W1: 75 mm), heading stage (W2: additional 75 mm), and filling stage (W3: additional 75 mm), in combination with three nitrogen fertilization levels (conventional, N250: 250 kg ha-1; 20 % reduction, N200: 200 kg ha-1; 40 % reduction, and N150: 150 kg ha-1). The interactive effects on environmental benefits were comprehensively assessed. Results showed irrigation frequency had higher effect on yield than nitrogen application, with nitrogen reduction causing a maximum yield loss of 11.7 %, while reduced irrigation led to 34.0-48.9 % yield losses. Under conditions of sufficient water availability, total environmental costs were inversely correlated with wheat yield and did not increase with higher irrigation frequency. Specifically, increasing irrigation frequency reduced total environmental costs by an average of 32.4 %, 26.9 %, and 23.7 % under N250, N200, and N150 fertilization levels, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer inputs represented the largest contributor to environmental costs, accounting for 25.6-60.1 % of the total environmental burden. Nitrogen reduction strategies enhanced overall eco-efficiency and lowered environmental costs, whereas water-saving measures involving reduced irrigation decreased eco-efficiency and increased environmental costs. The optimal strategy for high-quality wheat production involved applying 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen and irrigating twice (W2), balancing yield, sustainability, and eco-efficiency. This approach effectively balances yield, environmental sustainability, and eco-efficiency, providing a practical solution to address the environmental challenges of wheat production in the region.

AbstractImproving water use efficiency (WUE) and drought resistance in wheat is critical for ensuring global food security under changing climate conditions. Here, we integrated multi-omic data, including population-scale phenotyping, transcriptomics, and genomics, to dissect the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying WUE and drought resilience in wheat. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) revealed 8,135 SNPs associated with WUE-related traits, identifying 258 conditional and non-conditional QTLs, many of which co-localized with known drought-resistance genes. Pan-transcriptome analysis uncovered tissue-specific expression patterns, core and unique gene functions, and dynamic sub-genomic biases in response to drought. eQTL mapping pinpointed 146,966 regulatory loci, including condition-specific hotspots enriched for genes involved in water regulation, osmoregulation, and photosynthesis. Integration of Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), Summary-data-based Mendelian Randomization (SMR) and GWAS, eQTLs identified 207 candidate causal genes as key regulators for WUE-related traits in wheat, such as TaMYB7-A1. Functional analyses found that TaMYB7-A1 enhances drought tolerance by promoting root growth, reducing oxidative stress, and improving osmotic regulation, enabling better water access and survival under stress. It also increases photosynthesis efficiency and WUE, boosting yield under drought without compromising performance in well-watered conditions, making it ideal target for breeding. Our findings provide a comprehensive omic framework for understanding the genetic architecture of WUE and drought resistance, offering valuable targets for breeding resilient wheat varieties.

Optimizing canopy spacing configuration can enhance resources utilization, supporting robust growth and dry matter production, while mitigating the risk of lodging and improving crop yield and quality. However, research specifically addressing optimal canopy spacing configurations for foxtail millet remains limited. Over a two-year period, a field experiment in the North China Plain assessed the impacts of four-row spacing configurations (T0: 40 + 40 cm; T1: 30 + 50 cm; T2: 20 + 60 cm; T3: 10 + 70 cm), to investigate the effects of row spacing configuration on lodging resistance, canopy spatial configuration, stem characteristics, yield, and water productivity (WP) of foxtail millet, aiming to elucidate the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Row spacing configurations significantly influenced lodging resistance, yield, and WP. Under T1, improvements were observed in stem morphology and mechanical properties, particularly in the 2nd-6th basal internodes (I2-I6). The light interception rate in T1 at wide rows in the middle canopy (30-90 cm aboveground) increased by 97.89 %, compared to T0. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling revealed that improved light interception in wide rows in the middle canopy contributed to a rise in diameter and dry plumpness of I2. This, in turn, promoted greater breaking resistance of I2 and tensile resistance, ultimately reducing the lodging likelihood. Simultaneously, the decrease in lodging resulted in higher yield and WP at yield level of foxtail millet. Therefore, T1 demonstrated the lowest lodging rate (67.34 %-91.92 % lower than T0), and the highest yield and WP at yield level (4.10 %-8.03 % and 20.79 %-22.46 % higher than T0). Optimizing canopy spacing configuration is essential for cultivating high-yielding and water-efficient foxtail millet populations. The results indicated that the 30 + 50 cm row spacing configuration improves light distribution in the middle canopy, enhancing lodging resistance and consequently increasing both yield and WP. This research offers a theoretical foundation for foxtail millet breeding and agronomic practices to achieve lower lodging rate, higher yields, and enhanced WP in the North China Plain.

Cultivating high-yield wheat under limited water resources is crucial for sustainable agriculture in semiarid regions. Amid water scarcity, plants activate drought response signaling, yet the delicate balance between drought tolerance and development remains unclear. Through genome-wide association studies and transcriptome profiling, we identified a wheat atypical basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF), TabHLH27-A1, as a promising quantitative trait locus candidate for both relative root dry weight and spikelet number per spike in wheat. TabHLH27-A1/B1/D1 knock-out reduced wheat drought tolerance, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE). TabHLH27-A1 exhibited rapid induction with polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment, gradually declining over days. It activated stress response genes such as TaCBL8-B1 and TaCPI2-A1 while inhibiting root growth genes like TaSH15-B1 and TaWRKY70-B1 under short-term PEG stimulus. The distinct transcriptional regulation of TabHLH27-A1 involved diverse interacting factors such as TaABI3-D1 and TabZIP62-D1. Natural variations of TabHLH27-A1 influence its transcriptional responses to drought stress, with TabHLH27-A1Hap-II associated with stronger drought tolerance, larger root system, more spikelets, and higher WUE in wheat. Significantly, the excellent TabHLH27-A1Hap-II was selected during the breeding process in China, and introgression of TabHLH27-A1Hap-II allele improved drought tolerance and grain yield, especially under water-limited conditions. Our study highlights TabHLH27-A1's role in balancing root growth and drought tolerance, providing a genetic manipulation locus for enhancing WUE in wheat.

为明确鉴选指标并筛选出适宜缺水地区种植的高产抗旱节水高水效小麦品种,在雨养旱作和常规灌溉条件下对56个河北小麦品种的产量(GY)、耗水量(ET)、水分利用效率(WUE)和农艺性状进行了比较分析.结果表明,河北冬小麦品种的GY、ET和 WUE表现稳定,未见极高或极低品种.联合使用产量-水分高效利用指数(YHWUEI)、GY-ET-WUE指数对参试品种进行筛选,可将小麦品种划分为产量-高水效组、高产抗旱低耗水高水效组2个优势组.对2个优势组的品种取交集,最终筛选出5个具有高产、抗旱节水、高水效特征的品种,分别为衡444、衡H116021、科农1223、石麦28和中信麦15.这5个品种的典型特征是株高60～65 cm,穗下节间长度15～20 cm,穗粒数28～35粒,每穗不孕小穗数2～4个.

Salinity and water deficit are major abiotic environmental stresses affecting crop quality in arid and semi-arid areas. Particularly, salinity stress induces several detrimental physiological effects on crops, including toxic ion accumulation, disturbed osmotic potential, and reduced grain yield. However, how salinity stress reduces growth loss and maintains water productivity (WP) by compensating for water conditions in foxtail millet re-mains unclear. Herein, a two-year experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of two soil water levels [W1, 45% & PLUSMN; 5% field capacity (FC); and W2, 75% & PLUSMN; 5% FC; FC, 0.34 cm3 cm -3] and ten soil salinity levels (S, 1.0-2.8 g kg-1 in 0.2 g kg-1 intervals) on foxtail millet flag-leaf osmoregulation, grain yield, and soil water utilization in the Bohai Lowland of the North China Plain. The results indicated that the plant survival rate was significantly lower at W2 than at W1 three days after sowing. Compared with W1, the Na+ (2.94-9.96% for S1.8 and S2.0) and proline contents (2.74-61.48%) at W2 were lower from the heading to the grain filling stage, whereas the K+ content (5.39-23.24% from S1.6 to S2.0, except for S1.6 at the flowering stage) was significantly higher. With increasing salt stress, the leaf water potential dropped continuously. Compared with S1.0, evapo-transpiration at S1.6, S2.2, and S2.8 decreased significantly by 8.36-72.70% at W1 (except for S1.6) and by 4.69-52.44% at W2 in both study years. In 2021, aboveground biomass decreased at W1, but remained stable at W2 in S1.0-S1.4, at the mature stage. Compared with W1, W2 increased the grain yield (1.54-110.85%) but decreased water productivity at the grain yield (WPy, 1.54-33.72%) and biomass levels (WPbm, 2.36-47.49%). Overall, the grain yield at the soil salinity levels of 1.87 and 1.91 g kg -1 (at W1 and W2, respectively) was only half that at 1.0 g kg -1 soil salinity. Altogether, this study provides guidelines for foxtail millet cultivation in saline soils.

Low light stress seriously decreased wheat grain number through the formation of aborted spike during the reproductive period and induced new tiller regeneration to offset the loss of grain number. However, the mechanism by which plants coordinate spike aborted growth and the regeneration of new tillers remains unknown. To better understand this coordinated process, morphological, physiological and transcriptomic analyses were performed under low light stress at the young microspore stage. Our findings indicated that leaves exhausted most stored carbohydrates in 1 day of darkness. However, spike and uppermost internode (UI) were converted from sink to source, due to increased abscisic acid (ABA) content and decreased cytokinin content. During this process, genes encoding amylases, Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEET) and sucrose transporters or sucrose carriers (SUT/SUC) were upregulated in spike and UI, which degraded starch into soluble sugars and loaded them into the phloem. Subsequently, soluble sugars were transported to tiller node (TN) where cytokinin and auxin content increased and ABA content decreased, followed by unloading into TN cells by upregulated cell wall invertase (CWINV) genes and highly expressed H+ /hexose symporter genes. Finally, expansin genes integrated the sugar pathway and hormone pathway, and regulate the formation of new tillers directly.

随着农业种植业结构调整,谷子作为一种抗旱耐瘠薄作物在干旱盐碱地区的种植越来越受到重视.系统深入梳理谷子的耐盐性及盐胁迫下的生理生态响应特性,对增加盐碱地区谷子产量、提高农民收入具有重要指导意义.本文从谷子的耐盐性筛选指标及评价、盐胁迫下植株生长发育变化规律和生理生态响应以及谷子耐盐基因发掘等3个方面,综述了国内外研究进展.目前谷子耐盐鉴选指标单一,主要依赖于谷子萌发期的发芽率,而其他生理生态指标未被充分考虑;因谷子品种和土壤盐分的不同,谷子植株地上地下农艺性状、光合特征、清除活性氧相关酶类以及激素响应特征存在差异,建立综合鉴选指标存在困难;谷子耐盐基因的表达与作用发挥与环境条件,如高盐、干旱(PEG)和脱落酸(ABA)等相关,通过特定蛋白来增强抗氧化系统、保护细胞不受损伤以及提高抗渗透胁迫能力等提高谷子的耐盐性.在此基础上,本文提出了建立谷子耐盐综合鉴选量化标准和平台、深入开展谷子耐盐调控机理研究、进一步研发谷子耐盐栽培技术体系是未来重要的研究方向.

Improving water use efficiency (WUE) has been proven to be a prosperous way to produce more grain in drought-prone areas. Transpiration efficiency (TE) has been proposed as a criterion for screening cultivars with high WUE. This study quantifies the relations of TE to relative soil water content (RSWC) gradients using pot experiments and evaluates the capability of the relations of TE-RSWC on assessing the cultivar performance in field yield and WUE. Twelve winter wheat cultivars were grown at 6 RSWC, 12.1, 24.2, 36.3, 48.4, 60.5, and 72.6% of field capacity (FC = 24.8 g/g) for 33 days in tightly sealed pots preventing soil evaporation. The results showed that TE decreased power functionally following the increase in RSWC for all cultivars. The relationship could be described as TE = TE FC × (RSWC) b, named TE–RSWC curve. This curve could be divided into an orderly area where the rank of cultivars was stable when RSWC ≤ 12.1% or RSWC ≥ 72.6% and a disorderly area where the rank was unstable when 12.1% < RSWC < 72.6%. To assess the consistency of pot TE to field yield and WUE, the same 12 varieties were grown under rainfed and two irrigations (75 mm at the jointing and flowering stages, respectively). TE FC was found to be positively related to field yield and WUE independent of irrigation. TE measured near the wilting point was negatively related to field yield and WUE. These results indicated that TE FC could be used as a surrogate for screening high-yield and high-WUE cultivars. The consistency and inconsistency can be attributed to the orderly area and disorderly area of the TE–RSWC curves.

Although low light stress seriously affects florets fertility and grain number during the reproductive period, crops can be fertilized by heterologous pollen to alleviate the reduction of grain number. However, wheat is strongly autogamous, how to change to outcross after low light remains unclear. To understand the mechanisms of this change process, an approach combined morphological, physiological, and transcriptomic analyses was performed under low light stress imposed at the young microspore stage the booting stage from tetrad to uni-nucleate microspores stage. The results showed that low light stress caused pollen abortion, and the unfertilized ovary is fertilized by heterologous pollen after floret opening. Compared to control, the opening angle of lemma and glume were increased by 11.6-48.6 and 48.4-78.5%, respectively. The outcross of stressed wheat compensated for the 2.1-18.0% of grain number loss. During this process, phytohormones played an important role. Jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) levels in spikelets were increased. Meanwhile, lignin and cellulose content decreased, and genes associated with cell wall related GO terms were enriched. Among the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), were identified 88-710 transcription factors genes, of which some homologs in Arabidopsis are proposed to function in lignin and cellulose, influencing the glume and lemma opening. Our finding can provide new insight into a survival mechanism to set seeds through pollination way alteration in the absence of self-fertilization after the stress of adversity.

以'沧麦6005'为试验材料,在旱地冬小麦春季追施水溶肥技术示范田(SR)和对照田(CK)进行调查取样,研究不同田块的产量、产量因素及肥料贡献率.结果 表明:追施水溶肥技术示范田3年平均产量为5 119.15 kg·hm-2,显著高于对照田,比对照田平均增产17.55％.增产的主要原因在于增加了穗粒数和亩穗数,穗粒数和产量间呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.840;穗数和产量间呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.666;追施水溶肥技术示范田穗粒数比CK 3年平均增加12.87％,穗数比CK 3年平均增加4.00％;追施水溶肥后肥料贡献率3年平均值为14.85％.