Fluorine-containing compounds have proven to be effective coating materials for enhancing the combustion efficiency of aluminum micro-particles (Al MPs). However, these compounds are usually low-energy polymeric materials, which may inevitably diminish the overall energy density of propellants or explosives. This study introduces a two-step coating strategy using fluorinated energetic small-molecule 2-NCF to coat Al MPs, employing FeCl3 as an intermediate layer. Compared to pristine Al MPs, 2-NCF coated Al MPs can reduce the ignition delay from 36 ms to 3 ms and shorten the time to maximum flame area from 551 ms to 114 ms, accompanied by intensified sparking combustion. Thermal analyses demonstrate that the energetic 2-NCF induces localized micro-explosions to disrupt the alumina shell, and the fluorinated segments produced by 2-NCF react with the aluminum, followed by beta-AlF3 to alpha-AlF3 phase evolution, which sustains oxygen penetration for complete aluminum core oxidation to release more energy. The 2-NCF coating concurrently enhances hydrophobicity of Al MPs, elevating contact angles from 0 degrees to 120 degrees. This coating can effectively block water penetration and prevent hydrolysis of the inner aluminum during long storage. This work demonstrates the potential of 2-NCF as an excellent high-energetic coating material to enhance the combustion and hydrophobic performance of aluminum powder. (c) 2025 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press Co., Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

MgO-CaO-Fe2O3-x wt.% SiO2-y wt.% Al2O3-z wt.%Y2O3 (3 <= x <= 15, 0 <= y <= 12, 0 <= z <= 12) porous ceramics are prepared by the organic foam template method and the mechanical and thermal performance are investigated. The XRD results illustrate that the main phase is MgO, and the secondary phases include MgSiO3, MgAl2O4, and Y2O3. The Mg-O-Si and Mg-O-Y peaks are observed in FTIR spectrum, indicating the successful incorporation of additives. The results from mercury intrusion porosimetry show that the porous ceramic is mainly macro-pores, with few meso-pores distributed on the skeleton, which effectively increase total porosity. The SiO2 doping changes the fracture manner of MgO-CaO-Fe2O3 ceramic from intergranular to transcrystalline, co-addition of Al2O3 can promote the formation of MgAl2O4 spinel that distribute at the grain boundary and decrease grain size of MgO, and the Y2O3 could enable uniform grain size distribution, which disperse external forces evenly to improve the mechanical properties. The MgO composite ceramic synthesized by organic foam template method, due to the high total porosity similar to 85%, exhibits thermal conductivity below 0.07 W/(m.K), which is almost independent of SiO2-Al2O3-Y2O3 doping concentration. Typically, the MgO-2.5 wt.% CaO-1 wt.% Fe2O3-3 wt.% SiO2-0.3 wt.% Al2O3-6 wt.% Y2O3 porous ceramics exhibit total porosity of 84.6%, compressive strength of 4.3 MPa, and thermal conductivity of 0.063 W/(m.K). Benefiting from their outstanding compressive strength and low thermal conductivity, the MgO based porous composite ceramics exhibit significant potential for application as building insulation materials.

Digital light processing (DLP) three-dimensional printing has the advantages of both high printing resolution and efficiency and has been used to manufacture high-precision, small, and complex shaped ceramic parts. One of the challenges of DLP is to develop photosensitive ceramic slurries with high solid content and low viscosity, especially for non-oxide ceramics such as silicon nitride due to the dispersion and light absorption problem. This study mainly explores the dispersibility of silicon nitride in ultraviolet (UV)-cured resins and the photocured properties of the slurry. Rheological measurements were utilized to characterize and screen different dispersants in the resin. It was found that DISPERMP is an effective dispersant. In order to improve the curing depth of Si3N4 photosensitive paste, the surface of silicon nitride powder was treated by oxidation, and organic compounds with different refractive indices were also introduced to increase the light penetration depth. It was found that glycerol with a refractive index of 1.474 resulted in the greatest improvement in the curing depth of Si3N4 photosensitive paste. Finally, a proposed slurry composition was developed to successfully print silicon nitride ceramics through UV-curing molding technology.

This study investigates the utilization of blast furnace slag (BFS) and basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) as raw materials for the production of glass-ceramics. By varying the proportion of BOF slag, the study investigates the impact of FeO content on the structure, crystallization behavior, and properties of the glass-ceramics. The optimal FeO addition ratio is determined, providing a promising approach for the efficient and high-value recycling of these two types of industrial waste. The results show that FeO causes depolymerization of the glass network, enhances the crystallization of the parent glass, and significantly improves the physicochemical properties of the glass-ceramics. When the FeO content is 2.56 wt.% (with 8.64 wt.% BOFS and 38.39 wt.% BFS), the glass-ceramics exhibited a bulk density of 2.9 g/cm3, flexural strength of 169.1 MPa, hardness of 7.7 GPa, and outstanding corrosion resistance. The findings contribute to advancing the sustainable recycling of BFS and BOFS, reducing their environmental impact while creating cost-effective building and industrial materials.

Over the last few decades, the research for energetic materials with ultrahigh heat resistance and good energy level has been a highly severe challenge. In this study, a novel heat-resistant compound, 2,3,6,7,14,15-hexanitrotriptycene was developed through triptycene as core structure. Density functional theory (DFT) was employed to predict the energetic properties and synthesis difficulty of five designed triptycene-based compounds. Subsequently, a straightforward and efficient two-step synthesis process was adopted: two isomers of trinitrotriptycene with a yield of 93.8 % were synthesized via an improved Menke nitration method, and then hexanitrotriptycene was obtained with a yield of 74.0 % via an optimized process. Structure characterization confirmed the nitro substitution positions of trinitrotriptycene and trinitrotriptycene. Among them, 2,3,6,7,14,15-hexanitrotriptycene with low sensitivity (IS > 20 J, FS > 360 N) shows an ultrahigh thermal decomposition temperature of 414 degrees C and exhibits no decomposition after 4 h' heating at 390 degrees C, which is extremely rare in the field of heat resistant explosives. Its enhanced density (1.81 g center dot cm(-3)) and energy level (detonation velocity: 7682 m center dot s(-1)) is comparable to several commonly used heat-resistant explosives such as HNS, PYX, and NONA. These prominent properties of hexanitrotriptycene support it as an advanced heat resistant explosive with great promise.

Considering the remarkable difference in the refractive index of AlN grain along different directions (Delta n = 0.045), it was of great challenge to improve the in-line optical transmittance of AlN ceramics via high texturization of grains with specific grain orientation. A rotating horizontal magnetic field was employed to orient AlN grains along the c-axis during the formation of the AlN green body. The AlN ceramic green body with the highest texture degree of 38.13 % was obtained through slip casting under a rotating horizontal 9 T magnetic field with a rotation speed of 60 r/min. After being densified by pressureless sintering under 1900 degrees C for 24 h, the highly textured transparent AlN ceramic was obtained successfully with a relative density of 99.9 % with an average grain size of 11.6 mu m. It was found that the transparency of obtained AlN ceramics was greatly improved as their texture degrees increased. For AlN ceramic specimens with the highest texture degrees of 78.15 %, the highest in-line optical transmittances of 22.78 % and 68.63 % were achieved at wavelengths of 800 nm and 5200 nm respectively, showing the obvious superiority to those of AlN obtained under static magnetic field. It is suggested that the remarkable improvement of in-line optical transmittances originated from the high orientation degree along the c-axis of AlN grains, leading to the conspicuous reduction of birefringence of light in the AlN ceramic specimen.

To significantly improve high-temperature tribological properties, plasma-sprayed NiCr-Cr3C2-BaF2/CaF2 coatings were fabricated by axial feeding (named as A-coating) in present work. The microstructure and tribological behavior at elevated temperature were methodically investigated, with the coatings prepared by radial feeding serving (named as R-coating) as a comparison. Moreover, the influence of thermal exposure at 800 degrees C on the high-temperature tribological behavior was further discussed. It was found that the density as well as hardness of the coating was obviously improved due to the enhanced melting state and flight speed of particles led by axial feeding. The results also indicated that thermal oxidation took a dual effect on high-temperature tribological performance. The formation of hard oxides resulting from oxidation dramatically improved the hardness, however, it in turn consumed binder phase NiCr in the coatings, degrading cohesion strength. Accordingly, wear rate dramatically increased with the extension of thermal oxidation in the both case of Acoatings and R-coatings. Despite of all of this, wear resistance of A-coatings is 28.1 % better than R-coatings thanks to excellent resistance to thermal oxidation aroused by low porosity. This study systemically shed light on the effect of thermal oxidation on tribological behavior, and meanwhile provided effective methodology for enhancing high-temperature tribological performance.

To enhance the efficiency of traditional chemical mechanical polishing, we propose the use of sodium persulfate, which can generate strong oxidative radicals, as an oxidant. First, the enhancing effect of sodium persulfate on the oxidation of single crystal GaN was verified through friction and wear experiments. The effects of the initial concentration of Na2S2O8, the concentration of Fe-C catalyst, current density, and pH value on the generation of SO4- were systematically studied, and the related reaction mechanism was revealed. The results show that when the Fe2+-S2O82- system is used as an oxidant in the electrochemical reaction, the generated SO4- can significantly improve the oxidation efficiency during the friction and wear process. The best efficiency of generating sulfate radical is achieved when the initial concentration of Na2S2O8 is 2 wt%, the concentration of Fe-C is 1.5 wt%, the current density is 20 mA cm-2, and the pH value is 4 to 7. In addition, by applying current to the Fe2+ activation system, the generation rate and total concentration of SO4- in the electrochemical activation reaction based on persulfate can be precisely controlled, thereby significantly improving the polishing efficiency of single crystal GaN.

This work systematically investigated the effect of Cr4+ codoping on the spectral composition and scintillation performance of YSO:Ce scintillation crystals. A series of YSO:Ce,xCr (x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, and 2.0 atom %) crystals were grown with the Czochralski method in a nitrogen atmosphere. The influence of Cr4+ codoping on crystal luminescence was analyzed through transmittance spectra, photoluminescence, and X-ray excited luminescence spectra. Scintillation performance and carrier trap states of the crystals were studied by gamma spectroscopy, scintillation decay dynamics, and thermoluminescence curves. It was found that low concentration Cr4+ codoping can significantly reduce the proportion of long wavelength emission of the Ce2 site without decreasing the crystal YSO:Ce light output. In the case of high concentration Cr4+ codoping, light output decreased rapidly due to Cr4+ forming the intense carrier competition and reabsorption of Ce3+ emission. However, the decay time could be optimized by about 10% without significantly deteriorating the light output using high concentration Cr4+ codoped YSO:Ce crystals as an external filter. This could be more valuable for application. In addition, the possible mechanisms of the above phenomena were discussed based on the experimental results.

Ion separation has great potential in a variety of applications, including water treatment, energy conversion, and resource recovery. The sub-nanoporous polymeric membranes prepared by track-UV method has good prospects for ion separation. However, the ion selectivity of reported sub-nanoporous membranes is still not ideal. In this study, we prepared sub-nanoporous polyetherimide membranes. The sub-nanometer gaps on the membrane exhibit a unique monovalent ion selective transport. The selectivity attributes to the dehydration energy barrier of ions and the interaction between ions and surface charge. The single salt electrodialysis experiments showed that the ideal selectivity of K+/Mg2+ was as high as 8900, and the potassium ion flux was 0.49 mol h-1 m- 2. In addition, the membrane showed a K+/Li+ selectivity of up to 6 and a K+/Mg2+ selectivity of 67 under mixed salt conditions. This work provides a valuable insight into the future large-scale and expedited production of subnanoporous membranes featuring exceptional ion separation performance.

Antiferroelectric (AFE) ceramics are the most promising material system for energy storage in dielectric capacitors due to their fast charging-discharging rate, good chemical stability, and high energy storage density. However, it is exceedingly challenging to simultaneously achieve the excellent recoverable energy density (Wre) and high energy storage efficiency (η) at present. In this work, (Pb0.925-xSrxLa0.05)(Hf0.95Ti0.05)O3 AFE ceramics with various Sr contents are fabricated by solid-state sintering processing. It has been found that Sr-doping in the A-site can significantly affect the microstructure, including reducing grain size and modulation period, effectively strengthening the antiferroelectricity, which is responsible for the improved energy storage performance. The high recoverable energy storage density of 10.2J/cm3 is obtained at 560kV/cm with an ultra-high efficiency of 93.0% in (Pb0.875Sr0.05La0.05)(Hf0.95Ti0.05)O3 ceramics. These features suggest that Sr-doped PbHfO3-based AFE ceramics can serve as promising candidates for capacitor materials, offering significant potential in the realm of energy storage applications.

Submicrometer lutetium-gadolinium oxyorthosilicate ((Lu0.95Gd0.05)2SiO5, LGSO) powder with a magnetic susceptibility of 4.19 x 10-6 (5.4 times that of lutetium oxyorthosilicate) was synthesized via a sol-gel method. Slip casting with a 6 T assisted magnetic field and pressureless sintering at 1600 degrees C for 16 h in the air effectively produced the textured LGSO ceramics with an orientation factor f of 0.96. The grains of textured LGSO ceramics grow with the preferred orientation along the b-axis. The thermal conductivity of the textured LGSO ceramics reaches only 2.05 W center dot m-1 center dot K-1 at 300 K, which is 34.5% lower than that of untextured LGSO ceramics. Textured LGSO ceramics provide increased fracture toughness. This work presents a microstructural design method for RE2SiO5 ceramics to regulate thermal and mechanical properties through texture engineering, as well as advice for the selection or optimization of RE2SiO5 ceramics as a Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) material.

Peptides, biopolymeric compounds connected by peptide bonds, have garnered significant attention in recent years as their potential wide applications in fields such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and antibiotics. Peptides exhibit excellent biocompatibility and stability due to their structural similarities to many bioactive substances found in human bodies. The self-assembly of peptides has piqued considerable interest with groundbreaking advancements achieved in experimental research. However, it is still a big challenge to establish comprehensive theoretical model to accurately describe the behavior of peptide self-assembly. Current peptide self-assembly designs primarily rely on experimental outcomes and general rules, which is inefficient and susceptible to human errors. In recent years, thanks to rapid advancements in computer techniques and theoretical methods, computational research has become a vital tool in complementing experimental research with rapid development witted in this field. This review delves into the description of peptide self-assembly, covering relevant sequences, structures, morphologies, rules, and application areas. It places particular emphasis on the recent progress in computational methods such as molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and machine learning (ML) techniques in the study. Finally, we provide a perspective on the application of computational methods to expedite exploration in the realm of multi-peptide self-assembly.

Garnet-type electrolytes are regarded as one of the most promising solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) for lithium-ion batteries due to their potential advantages in terms of energy density, electrochemical stability and safety. To achieve the maximum energy density, it is necessary to ensure that the electrolyte layer is as thin as possible. Nevertheless, thin sheet SSE is more challenging to sinter than pellet due to the greater lithium volatilization from the high surface/volume ratio. Garnet-type SSE (Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12, LLZTO) green tape was prepared by the tape-casting technique. The effects of supporter, sintering temperature and dwell time on the relative density, microstructure and ionic conductivity of thin sheet were investigated. A ceramic SSE sheet with a thickness of 173 mu m, a relative density of 97.2 %, an ionic conductivity of 2.02 x 10(-4) S/cm at 25 degrees C and an activation energy of 0.25 eV, was achieved using a rapid pressureless sintering at 1250 degrees C for 25 min with a MgO supporter. This work offers insights into the practical production of LLZTO sheets.

The surface metallization of Si 3 N 4 ceramics with the Ag-Cu conductive paste containing CuO was systematically investigated. The interfacial reactions between CuO and Si 3 N 4 promoted the surface metallization of the ceramic substrate in an argon atmosphere. The effects of Ag and Cu relative contents on the evolution of the thick film surface morphology were studied. The electrical properties and tensile strength of composite ceramic substrates were enhanced through the generation of Ag-Cu eutectic solution within the thick film layer. The effect of brazing time on the properties of Ag-Cu/Si 3 N 4 composite ceramic substrates was investigated. Mechanical testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the interface tensile strength of the Ag-Cu/ Si 3 N 4 composite substrates and the morphology of the Ag-Cu film, and the bonding mechanism of the composite ceramic substrate was studied. When the sample was brazed at 800 degrees C for 20 min, the maximum tensile strength of 23.6 MPa between the Ag-Cu film and ceramic substrate was obtained, the lowest resistivity of 6.22 mu Omega ecm was obtained. The bonding interface between thick film layer and the ceramic substrate formed the Ag-Cu mechanical structure was benefit for improving the comprehensive performance of the Cu/Si 3 N 4 composite ceramic substrate.

In order to overcome the problem of pesticide resistance, it is necessary to discover novel pesticides with new mechanisms of action. Herein, a series of novel pyrimidin-4-amine derivatives containing trifluoroethyl sulfide moiety were designed and synthesized. Bioassays indicated that the title compounds synthesized possessed excellent acaricidal activity against Tetranychus urticae and fungicidal activity against Erysiphe graminis and Puccinia sorghi. Especially, the acaricidal activity of 5-chloro-6-(difluoromethyl)-N-(2-(2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-((2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio)phenoxy)ethyl)pyrimidin-4-amine (compound T4, LC50 = 0.19 mg/L) against T. urticae was close to commercial acaricide cyenopyrafen, and the fungicidal activity of 5-chloro-6-(difluoromethyl)-2-methyl-N-(2-(3-((2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio)phenoxy)ethyl)pyrimidin-4-amine (compound T15, EC50 = 1.32 mg/L) against P. sorghi. was superior to commercial fungicide tebuconazole. The synthesis and characterization of these compounds were given and the structure-activity relationships were discussed. By connecting the key intermediate trifluoroethyl sulfide with pyrimidinamine, we obtained T4 with LC50 was 0.19 mg/L against T. urticae and T15 with EC50 was 1.32 mg/L against P. sorghi after active testing and structural optimization. image

Magnesium oxide (MgO) porous ceramics with high porosity, compressive strength and low thermal conductivity were prepared by Organic Foam Template Method. The effects of the sintering temperature, polycarboxylic acid (PCE) dispersant and pore size of organic foam template on the properties of MgO porous ceramics were investigated. The experiment results showed that with the increase of sintering temperature, the MgO porous ceramic shrinkage, skeleton density and compressive strength increased. PCE could increase the fluidity of slurry and make the framework clearer, as well as reduce the cracks formed in the process of drying effectively. When the content of PCE was 0.5 wt-%, the porosity, compressive strength and thermal conductivity of MgO porous ceramics were 88.5%, 1.6 MPa and 0.045 W/(m·K), respectively. In addition, as the pore size of the organic foam template decreased, the porosity decreased, and the resistance increased and the thermal conductivity increased.

Energy storage is an essential means to stabilize the fluctuation of renewable energy generation. Based on desolvation of electrolyte ions, high density charge storage in nanoporous electrodes has attracted widespread attention. The mechanism of ion transport within nanopores is currently under exploration. In this work, electric double layer capacitor was established using porous carbon electrode. Electrolytes with different hydrated/desolvatd ion radii were selected. The ion desolvation process was observed indirectly and concisely by using electrochemical in situ Raman technique on the carbon electrode. It was found that for ion with bigger solvation shells, its Raman intensity fluctuated with the cell charging voltage, which was caused by the desolvation of electrolyte ions. The desolvated ion has a strong polarization effect on the electron cloud of carbon. The influence of electrolyte concentrations on desolvation was also explored. High concentration electrolyte exhibits greater increase in Raman peak intensity. Our approach provides a way to study the physical mechanism and interface behavior of ion desolvation in electrochemical devices.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), with highsensitivityto a broad range of molecules, can detect molecular "fingerprints"in a complex substance and thereby offers a promising solution fornoninvasive medical diagnostics and personal healthcare monitoring.The eventual realization of such applications relies on SERS substrateswith dense and uniform hot spots, good chemical stability, and highmechanical durability. With these criteria in mind, we developed aflexible nanoporous SERS substrate via the in situ synthesis of goldnanostars (AuNSs) on an ion-track-etched polycarbonate membrane. Thenanoporous SERS substrate can realize analyte enrichment and exhibitexcellent Raman performance by taking the advantage of hot spots onAuNSs. The SERS substrate yields highly repeatable and uniform signalsfor analytes (e.g., methylene blue) over a wide concentration rangefrom 10(-4) to 10(-13) M. The flexibleSERS substrate even can work well after 2000 times bending and exhibitexcellent stability for long-term use. It can be prepared on a largescale with a low-cost and simple fabrication process and can be usedrepeatedly after cleaning to reduce the use-cost further. On-bodyexperiments prove that the sweat SERS substrate allows effective identificationof sweat contents, such as lactic acid and uric acid (UA), and themonitoring of diet-induced variation in sweat UA. The potential ofthe wearable nanoporous SERS substrates in sweat analysis thus hasbeen demonstrated, opening possibilities for autonomous and noninvasivemedical health monitoring.

Small-molecule anticancer drugs inhibited tumor growth based on targeted inhibition of specific proteins, while most of oncogenic proteins are "undruggable". Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTAC) is an attractive and general strategy for treating cancer based on targeted degradation of oncogenic proteins. This review briefly describes the peptide-based PTOTAC and small molecule-based PROTAC. Subsequently, we summarize the development of targeted delivery of PROTAC, such as targeting molecule-mediated targeted delivery of PROTAC, nanomaterial-mediated targeted delivery of PROTAC and controllable activation of small-molecular PROTAC prodrug. Such strategies show potential application in improving tumor selectivity, overcoming off-target effect and reducing biotoxicity. At the end, the druggability of PROTAC is prospected.