The metasomatized lithospheric mantle is proposed to be conducive to the gold mineralization. However, genetic links between silver deposits and the metasomatized mantle remain poorly constrained. The giant Poshan silver deposit, located in the Tongbai Orogen of central China, has a remarkably high average Ag grade of 146.21 g/t and is supposed to be associated with a magmatic hydrothermal system. In this study, integrated zircon, titanite and apatite U-Pb dating, elemental, Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic analyses were conducted on fresh and mineralized lamprophyre dykes in the giant Poshan silver deposit to clarify the relationship between deep-seated magmatism and silver mineralization. Magmatic zircons, titanite and apatite from the lamprophyres yielded U-Pb ages of 136.0 f 1.6 Ma to 134.2 f 2.4 Ma, 134.1 f 9.2 Ma, and 131.0 f 8.5 Ma, respectively, indicating the emplacement age of the lamprophyres. Hydrothermal titanite and apatite from the silver-mineralized lamprophyres yielded LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages of 125.7 f 7.9 Ma and 125.0 f 6.0 Ma, respectively, constraining the timing of silver mineralization. The fresh lamprophyres have high K2O (4.78 to 5.76 wt%) and MgO (6.50 to 7.05 wt%) contents, high Mg# values (65 to 67), and belong to calc-alkaline series. They are characterized by relative enrichment in LREE and weakly negative Eu anomalies (delta Eu = 0.89 to 0.94). They have initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.707283 to 0.707456, negative epsilon Nd(t) values varying from-12.8 to-12.6, with zircon epsilon Hf (t) values of-11.0 to-6.7. These results suggest that these lamprophyres were generated by the partial melting of the enriched lithospheric mantle resembling EMI, and underwent minimal fractionation within intra-crustal processes. The hydrothermal titanite at Poshan yielded epsilon Nd (t) values of-13.6 to-11.2, which are comparable to those of enriched mantle. Sulfides from the mineralized lamprophyre have delta 34SV-CDT values of 3.40%o to 4.01%o and Pb isotopic ratios similar to those in silver ores, with Pb isotopic compositions are consistent with coeval mantle-derived mafic rocks. These results indicate that volatiles, fluids and metals were likely exsolved from a mantle-derived mafic magma chamber. The mafic magmas, derived from partial melting of the enriched metasomatized lithospheric mantle during 135 to 125 Ma, migrated upward and accumulated in magma reservoirs within an extensive extensional setting, and eventually evolved and released volatiles and metals leading to the shallow giant silver mineralization. The results demonstrate genetic links between lithospheric extension, metasomatized mantle-derived magmatism, and the formation of the giant silver deposit in the Tongbai orogen.

The identification of geochemical weak anomalies in data-gap or minimally explored areas-where labeled mineral occurrence data are scarce or completely absent-poses a significant challenge to conventional supervised methods that rely on known positive samples for training. This study proposes a fully unsupervised framework that combines optimized Multiple-Point Statistics (MPS) with a Fusion Convolutional Autoencoder (FCAE), applied to geochemical data from 1:50,000-scale stream sediments in the Gaoqiao-Jiugong (Edongnan) area in southeastern Hubei, China. Under the principle of multifractal scale invariance, the MPS training image (TI) construction strategy was optimized to capture high-order spatial structural patterns, generating geologically consistent spatial distributions while preserving multi-scale heterogeneity and mitigating the over-smoothing effects inherent in conventional interpolation methods. These MPS outputs serve as high-quality input representations for subsequent unsupervised FCAE, extracting composite weak anomalies through reconstruction error analysis without any pre-labeled mineral occurrence data. Application results demonstrate that the MPS-generated maps exhibit superior structural conformity with known geological features compared with IDW and Kriging methods. Quantitative validation based on the maximum percentile ranking within a 500 m buffer around 18 known mineral occurrences (2 deposits, 14 occurrences, 2 low-potential showings) shows that MPS-FCAE achieves a mean percentile of 0.60% in high-potential occurrences, outperforming the IDW-FCAE counterpart (0.79%), with prominent improvements in deposit-scale anomaly detection (0.77% vs. 1.58%) and a maximum 45-fold enhancement for weak Au and Hg anomalies. Crucially, MPS-FCAE correctly downgraded two low-potential showings to percentiles above 6%, while IDW-FCAE retained them within the top 3% due to the bullseye effect. The composite anomalies derived from FCAE are associated with known Au deposits and reveal previously unidentified exploration targets in data-gap regions, while yielding fewer false-positive anomalies than conventional manual anomaly delineation methods. These findings demonstrate that the proposed unsupervised MPS-FCAE framework effectively addresses the issues of inaccurate spatial structural characterization and insensitive detection of weak anomalies in medium-scale (1:50,000) geochemical surveys, offering a label-independent, transferable methodology for mineral exploration in sparsely sampled terrains.

The Neoproterozoic geological evolution of the Yangtze Block and its positional affiliation within the Rodinia supercontinent have been intensely debated. Our latest 1:50,000-scale regional geological survey, new high-precision litho-tectonic mapping, and systematic geochronological and geochemical analyses for the Huashan Group in the Dahongshan area, northern Yangtze Block, provide crucial insights into this controversy. The Huashan Group is structurally subdivided into northern and southern domains. The northern Huashan Group, formed between 971 Ma and 793 Ma, is dominated by calc-alkaline basic-intermediate-acidic volcanic and pyroclastic rocks with little siltstone, accompanied by the Sanligang pluton and scattered mafic intrusive rocks. Both mafic and felsic rocks in the northern domain have positive bulk-rock εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) values, indicating a magmatic source of metasomatized mantle wedge and juvenile crust, respectively. The southern Huashan Group consists of a sedimentary-dominated succession interbedded with tholeiitic pillow lavas, basalts and alkaline brecciated lavas, associated with mafic intrusive rocks, formed between 930 Ma and 794 Ma. The tholeiitic rocks are characterized by flat REE patterns and positive bulk-rock εNd(t) values, consistent with a source of metasomatized mantle wedge. The alkaline rocks display OIB-like REE patterns and negative εNd(t) values, indicative of an enriched mantle source. The Huashan Group records prominent Neoproterozoic deformation, including top-to-the-NE thrust faults, folds and mélange-like characteristics, and an angular unconformity with the overlying post-780 Ma Liantuo Formation. We proposed that the Huashan Group formed in an arc-backarc setting above a south-dipping subduction zone, where late-stage slab breakoff triggered a significant influx of enriched mantle components. The Huashan Group documents a complete Neoproterozoic tectonic transition from convergence to divergence in the northern Yangtze Block, including the pre-835 Ma arc, ca. 835–820 Ma backarc basin, ca. 820–780 Ma slab breakoff and accretionary orogen, and post-780 Ma extension. The Huashan Group provides new evidence supporting an external model for the Yangtze Block's position within Rodinia.

Study region: The Yangtze River Basin (YRB), China, a humid subtropical basin extending from the Tibetan Plateau to the East China Sea, supporting over 400 million people and facing frequent drought-flood extremes. Study focus: This research develops an integrated geodesy-hydrology framework to benchmark evapotranspiration (ET) in intensively managed basins. We reconstructed terrestrial water storage changes (TWSC) from 2006 to 2024 via frequency-domain joint inversion of GNSS and GRACE data using Slepian basis functions, eliminating empirical smoothing. Basin-scale ET was derived by incorporating anthropogenic fluxes (e.g., inter-basin water transfers and consumptive use) into a revised water budget equation. The geodetically constrained ET dataset was used to evaluate three global models: GLDAS, ERA5-Land, and GLEAM. New hydrological insights for the region: The joint inversion reduced TWSC spatial discrepancies by approximately 40 % in critical sub-basins such as the Jinsha River, significantly improving mass change localization. Neglecting anthropogenic disturbances led to a 6.4 % ET underestimation in the Hanjiang Basin, exceeding model uncertainties and highlighting the necessity of quantifying human interventions. Among the evaluated models, GLEAM exhibited the highest accuracy (RMSE = 1.9 mm/month) due to its physical representation of vegetation-water coupling. This study provides a transferable methodology for delineating human-natural interactions in humid basins under hydrological extremes, with direct implications for water resources management in the YRB and similar regions.

Cenozoic igneous rocks south of Sumatra's Toba volcano record distinct magmatic variations across the region. The south underwent prolonged magmatic quiescence, the central region experienced a shorter pause, and the north maintained near continuous activity. Geological and geophysical data link this spatiotemporal variability to changes in slab dip angle, driven by the unevenly buoyant Wharton Ridge. However, the dynamic process of the Wharton Fossil Ridge subduction and the factors that affect it remain unclear. Using "I2VIS" thermomechanical modeling, we investigated how subduction modes depend on ridge cooling age (1-15 Ma) and continental trenchward velocity (1-3.5 cm/yr). Based on the evolution trajectory of slab dip angle (theta), we identify three subduction modes: flat-slab subduction (theta approximate to 0 degrees), low-angle decoupled subduction (theta approximate to 15 degrees), and moderate-to-high-angle subduction (theta >= 30 degrees). Numerical simulations indicate that young oceanic ridges (<= 5 Ma) combined with high continental trenchward velocities (>= 2 cm/yr) initiate flat-slab subduction and prolonged magmatic quiescence. In contrast, older ridges (>= 7 Ma) and slower trenchward velocities (<= 2 cm/yr) promote moderate-to-high-angle subduction and sustained magmatism. Low-angle decoupled subduction represents an intermediate mode, characterized by shorter periods of quiescence or diminished magmatism. Numerical results align with geological and geophysical observations. Our synthesis indicates that the spatiotemporal variations in Sumatra's magmatism during Cenozoic were jointly influenced by two concurrent factors: the cooling age of the extinct Wharton Ridge as it passed beneath the southern, central, and northern regions, and the clockwise southwestward rotation of the Sumatran Block between 50 and 30 Ma.

The Tawenchahanxi mining area, situated in the southeastern Qimantagh region of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt, hosts a skarn-type Fe-polymetallic deposit associated with acidic granitic intrusions. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry zircon U-Pb dating yields ages of 233.3 +/- 1.2 to 234.3 +/- 1.1 Ma for a granodiorite and 397.7 +/- 1.4 Ma for a quartz porphyry, indicating two magmatic intrusive events during the Early Devonian and Late Triassic. The Early Devonian quartz porphyry is characterized by high SiO2 (72.39%-74.04%), high total alkalis (7.81%-7.83%), high TFeO (>1.0%) and high crystallization temperatures (similar to 865 degrees C), together with low CaO (1.64%-1.70%) and MgO (0.61-0.65%), which are all consistent with A-type granite affinity. The granodiorite exhibits aluminum saturation index (A/CNK) values of 0.67-1.07 (metaluminous to weakly peraluminous) and belongs to the high-K calc-alkaline series. It exhibits moderate negative Eu anomalies (delta Eu = 0.71-0.83), and zircon saturation temperatures of similar to 748 degrees C, collectively indicative of I-type granite affinity. Both rock suites display depletion in Nb, Ta, and Sr and enrichment in Rb and LREEs. Zircon Hf isotopic data show epsilon Hf(t) values of -0.64 to 0.57 for the quartz porphyry and -4.37 to -1.06 for the granodiorite, indicating derivation primarily from partial melting of ancient crust with variable mantle contributions. These intrusions formed during post-collisional extensional (Early Paleozoic) and collisional to post-collisional (Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic) stages, respectively, associated with mantle magma underplating and crust-mantle mixing. Such processes formed the material basis for the polymetallic mineralization in the Tawenchahanxi district by providing Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn and other ore-forming elements from deeper crust.

Solving the elastic or acoustic wave equation is essential for seismic imaging and inversion techniques. Although conventional methods, like finite difference or finite element schemes, are widely used, they suffer from low computational efficiency, especially in large‐scale applications. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel deep learning‐based framework using Fourier neural operators (FNOs), which learn mappings from geological parameters to wavefield solutions. By integrating finite difference simulations with stochastic medium modelling, we generated training datasets encompassing diverse geological conditions. The neural operator was iteratively optimized through targeted training trials to enhance its predictive capability. The resulting operator achieves high accuracy ( L 2 error: 0.05–0.30) while preserving numerical fidelity comparable to traditional methods. More notably, the operator offers significant speedups, 170‐fold for acoustic and 260‐fold for elastic wave equations. Validated through comprehensive experiments, this operator serves as an efficient and reliable input for downstream seismic processing workflows, enabling end‐to‐end acceleration in seismic waveform inversion and imaging systems.

As the main carrier of mass migration, exchange and circulation in the Earth's hydrosphere cycle processes, the redistribution of land water plays a vital role in climate change and human activities. The time-varying (or time-lapse) 4D surface and satellite gravity, and deformation observations have a revolutionary impact on the study of spatiotemporal changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS), but they still face challenges in terms of resolution and sensitivity of hydrological signal monitoring. This study introduces the scientific background and main geophysical observation methods for studying TWS changes. Focusing on gravity and deformation monitoring of global/regional spatiotemporal responses of hydrological mass signals as the goal, we sequentially expound on the basic principles, data models, processing techniques, inversion methods and driving factors involved in recent years. Based on application examples, the basic ideas and processes of estimating TWS using surface gravity (continuous and absolute), satellite gravity (GRACE) and GNSS observations are given in detail, and then the problems and technical bottlenecks that may exist in gravity and deformation solutions so far are discussed. Finally, we briefly look forward to the application prospects of monitoring water mass migration and the underlying causes based on gravity and deformation technology. This study provides a variety of perspectives for in-depth understanding of the TWS changes and its driving factors, and has reference value for the development of Hydrogeophysics.

Terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSA) derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its Follow-On mission (GRACE-FO) provide unique constraints on large-scale water mass redistribution, but their coarse effective spatial resolution limits regional applications across hydroclimatically heterogeneous domains such as the conterminous United States (CONUS). In this study, we developed a Vision Transformer (ViT)-based framework to produce GRACE-constrained, predictor-informed monthly TWSA reconstructions over CONUS by combining GRACE/GRACE-FO observations with multiple hydroclimatic predictors, including precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, snow-related variables, soil moisture, canopy water, and land surface temperature. To maintain consistency with satellite gravimetry, hydroclimatic predictors were harmonized to the effective GRACE spatial scale before model training. Model evaluation was conducted using a chronological temporal partition, with early-period samples used for training and validation and later-period samples reserved for independent testing. The ViT reconstruction preserved the large-scale spatial organization of GRACE while introducing predictor-informed subregional spatial heterogeneity within GRACE-consistent constraints. Benchmark comparisons with RF, CNN, and LSTM baselines further indicate that ViT provides a more balanced reconstruction in terms of regional error, temporal skill, and seasonal spatial coherence. Regional analyses reveal hydroclimate-dependent performance, with stronger agreement in the Mississippi and Colorado River basins and more conservative estimates in the Central Valley and High Plains. SHAP analysis suggests that evapotranspiration, snow, and soil moisture are the most influential predictors used by the trained model, although their relative importance varies regionally. Our findings demonstrate the potential of transformer-based data fusion to improve the regional spatial usability of GRACE/GRACE-FO TWSA products and provide a scalable pathway for regional water resource assessment.

A series of high Ba-Sr granitoids,developed in the Taihang Mountains region,are associated with a large amount of metal mineralization.To analyze their genesis is of great significance for studying the crust-mantle interaction and the evolution of its corresponding magmatic mineralization system in the destruction process of the North China Craton.This study takes the Guanyintang intrusion in the central section of the Taihang Mountains as an example to conduct zircon U-Pb geochronological,lithogeochemical,and genetic mineralogical researches of its different rocks.The research results show that main components of the Guanyintang intrusion are quartz monzonite,granodiorite,with minor diorite as the marginal phase of the intrusion.The compositions of dikes associated with the intrusion are consistent with those of main components of the Guanyintang intrusion.The diorite was formed at 125.2 Ma.Three measured ages for porphyritic quartz monzonite,granodiorite,and porphyritic granodiorite are 124.6 Ma,129.9 Ma,and 130.33 Ma,respectively.The Lu-Hf isotopic characteristics of zircons indicate that the Guanyintang intrusion was formed by the mixture of acidic magma produced by the partial melting of ancient crust and basic magma produced by the partial melting of lithospheric mantle.Characteristics of the zoning texture of orthoclase indicate that the Guanyintang high Ba-Sr granitoid was formed by the mixture of the granitic magma in the magma chamber and the mantle derived magma which were intruded into the acidic magma chamber in multiple pulsations.

In general, the traditional spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method uses the fundamental-mode surface-wave dispersion curve for inversion. Ignoring the higher-mode surface-wave dispersion curves affects the accuracy of the SPAC method in detecting the S-wave velocity structures, especially for the inversion of deeper structures. To fully and accurately use the multimode nature of surface waves, we investigate a direct inversion method of subsurface S-wave velocity structures from the SPAC coefficients of multimode surface waves extracted from the seismic ambient noise. In this new method, the SPAC coefficient is directly inverted to obtain the S-wave velocity. The key step is to obtain the theoretical SPAC coefficients of a layered model by taking into account the energy ratio of each mode of surface waves in the studied frequency band and the influence of the finite station pairs and by velocities of each mode with the energy ratio as the weighting factor. The direct inversion method for the SPAC coefficient ity of inversion, and significantly reduces the inversion misfit.

The calculation of Moho flexural deformation is essential in the flexural isostatic theory. Existing approaches lack consistent comparison, and the applicability of key parameters, such as the radius of regionality, requires further validation. We first evaluate the optimal value of the radius of regionality, a critical parameter in flexural deformation calculations. We then systematically compare and assess the applicability and accuracy of four widely used flexural calculation approaches: integral summation, finite difference, Fourier transform, and spherical harmonic transform. Comparative analysis shows that: (1) the commonly used radius of regionality (first flexural bulge) generates significant long-wavelength errors, and at least the second flexural bulge should be used to balance calculational accuracy and computational cost; (2) In Cartesian coordinates, the integral summation and finite difference approaches produce consistent results, while the Fourier transform approach introduces larger errors in areas with steep topographic variations; (3) In spherical coordinates, the integral summation and spherical harmonic transform approaches yield consistent results. Finally, the integral summation approach is applied to calculate flexural isostatic gravity anomalies across East Asia. The results reveal that young tectonic blocks are generally characterized by negative anomalies, which may reflect crustal thickening, whereas older cratonic basins display positive anomalies, largely due to their dense and stable lithospheric structure. In regions distant from the India-Eurasia collision zone-such as the northern Tibetan Plateau, the Tianshan Mountains, and the North China Craton-the direction of isostatic adjustment indicated by the flexural isostatic gravity anomalies aligns well with the observed vertical velocities of GPS measurements. This suggests that the crust is undergoing isostatic adjustment. In contrast, in the southern Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayan block, the directions of isostatic adjustment and vertical velocities are opposite, indicating that vertical crustal deformation in these areas is primarily controlled by the collision and subduction of the India Plate.

With the continually accumulated magnetic measurements and the gradually reliable global models of the lithospheric magnetic field by several advanced satellites (such as CHAMP, Swarm, CSES-1 and MSS-1), now present a requirement and also a challenge to develop realistic forward modelling methods for magnetic fields (i.e., the magnetic potential and its derivatives) that take the curvature of the Earth into account. The spatial discretization by a set of elementary tesseroids is generally utilized to approximate the complex magnetized source in spherical domain by the principle of superposition and saturate the source volume without “holes”. Since there is no analytic solution for magnetic fields of the tesseroid (except for the special points located on the polar axis), the numerical solution is the efficient way, where the Gauss–Legendre quadrature (GLQ) is usually employed. However, the required computation becomes notably time-consuming when the geometric sizes of the tesseroids are very large or the distances between the tesseroids and the observation points are very close, that is, the distance-to-size ratio (DSR) is quite small. Moreover, in an actual application, the DSRs vary with relative distances between source locations and observation points and hence are often non-uniform. Therefore, in order to reduce the computational time while maintaining a desired accuracy (i.e., relative percentage error) of each observation point, an efficient forward modelling scheme is employed. The key point of this scheme is the adoption of a new simple and efficient adaptive subdivision method. It is an equidistant subdivision method based on the longest side length, rather than recursion or stacking. By comparing the number of subdivided tesseroids, this method demonstrates its ability to avoid over-subdivision and perform more efficient calculations compared to the recursive method, because it adopts a new priori termination condition for subdivision rather than the traditional posteriori way. We obtain the required DSRs with errors of 0.1

Paleoproterozoic ophiolitic melanges, which are rare worldwide, provide significant insights into the structures of ancient orogens and the onset of modern plate tectonics. Here, we report a spatially and temporally linked arc magmatic association comprising circa 2.1-2.0 Ga EMORB-affinity gabbros and diabases, arc-affinity basalts, hornblendites, high-Mg andesites, and granites from the Paleoproterozoic Shuiyuesi ophiolitic melange in the Northern Kongling Complex, Yangtze Craton. Structural analyses reveal that the melange is characterized by a series of imbricated NEE-trending reverse faults and late-stage NNW-trending normal faults. Zircon U-Pb dating indicates that mafic rocks within the melange belt primarily formed at ca. 2.1 Ga and metamorphosed at ca. 2.0 Ga, while granites mainly formed at ca. 2.0 Ga. The gabbros and diabases are characterized by enriched LREE patterns without negative Nb and Zr anomalies, displaying an EMORB-like geochemical affinity. In contrast, the arc-affinity basalts exhibit slightly enriched LREE patterns with negative Nb and Zr anomalies. The hornblendites and high-Mg andesites have higher MgO, Ni and Cr contents and display more fractionated REE patterns and larger negative Nb and Zr anomalies compared to the arc-affinity basalts. We propose that tholeiitic EMORBaffinity gabbros and diabases, arc-affinity basalts and calc-alkaline high-magnesium andesites record a geological transition from subduction initiation to mature island arc magmatism. Granites are characterized by highly fractionated REE patterns, negative zircon epsilon Hf(t) values (-6.3 to -19.3) with Archean Hf isotope TDM1 ages. We suggest that they formed through the partial melting of thickened Archean crusts during a syn-collision stage. Together with the existing studies, the Shuiyuesi melange preserves an intact record of subduction-related and syn-collision magmatism and high-pressure metamorphism, indicating that modern-style plate tectonics characterized by cold and deep subduction has been operated since at least 2.1-2.0 Ga during Paleoproterozoic.

Late Paleozoic oceanic subduction has been proposed for the formation of Eastern Tianshan, NW China, situated in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. However, the patterns and consequences of the subduction remain undetermined. To identify the mode of the Late Paleozoic subduction, a high-resolution magnetotelluric (MT) long-profile across Eastern Tianshan was deployed. A three-dimensional (3D) inversion was conducted to obtain the resistivity model beneath the profile. The most obvious feature in the resistivity model is a well-developed conductor (similar to 30 Omega m) beneath Turpan-Hami Basin from similar to 15 km depth extending to the uppermost mantle. This conductor is preferably ascribed to the metamorphic fluids from an ancient mantle upwelling. In addition, the MT observation suggests a double subduction in the south Kangguer suture, together with a southward dipping subduction in the north Kalamaili Fault during the Late Paleozoic. The bilateral convergent double subduction induced the mantle upwelling and controlled the initial extensional environment during Late Paleozoic in the Turpan-Hami Basin.

The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), a critical hydrological regulator for Asia through its extensive glacier systems, high-altitude lakes, and intricate network of rivers, exhibits amplified sensitivity to climate-driven alterations in precipitation regimes and ice mass balance. While the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its Follow-On (GRACE-FO) missions have revolutionized monitoring of terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSAs) across this hydrologically sensitive region, spatial resolution limitations (3°, equivalent to ~300 km) constrain process-scale analysis, compounded by mission temporal discontinuity (data gaps). In this study, we present a novel downscaling framework integrating temporal gap compensation and spatial refinement to a 0.25° resolution through Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) neural networks, an architecture optimized for univariate time series modeling. Through the assimilation of multi-source hydrological parameters (glacier mass flux, cryosphere–precipitation interactions, and land surface processes), the GRU-based result resolves nonlinear storage dynamics while bridging inter-mission observational gaps. Grid-level implementation preserves mass conservation principles across heterogeneous topographies, successfully reconstructing seasonal-to-interannual TWSA variability and also its long-term trends. Comparative validation against GRACE mascon solutions and process-based hydrological models demonstrates enhanced capacity in resolving sub-basin heterogeneity. This GRU-derived high-resolution TWSA is especially valuable for dissecting local variability in areas such as the Brahmaputra Basin, where complex water cycling can affect downstream water security. Our study provides transferable methodologies for mountainous hydrogeodesy analysis under evolving climate regimes. Future enhancements through physics-informed deep learning and next-generation climatology–hydrology–gravimetry synergy (e.g., observations and models) could further constrain uncertainties in extreme elevation zones, advancing the predictive understanding of Asia’s water tower sustainability.

The lithospheric magnetic field is an important component of the geomagnetic field, and the oceanic lithosphere exhibits distinct characteristics. Because of its formation mechanisms, evolutionary history, and geomagnetic field polarity reversals, the oceanic lithosphere has significant remanent magnetization, which causes magnetic anomaly stripes parallel to the mid-ocean ridges. However, it is difficult to construct a high-resolution lithospheric magnetic field model in oceanic regions with relatively sparse data or no data. Using forward calculated lithospheric magnetic field data based on an oceanic remanent magnetization (ORM) model with physical and geological foundations as a supplement is a feasible approach. We first collect the latest available oceanic crust age grid, plate motion model, geomagnetic polarity timescale, and oceanic lithosphere thermal structure. Combining the assumptions that the paleo geomagnetic field is a geocentric axial dipole field and that the normal oceanic crust moves only in the horizontal direction, we construct a vertically integrated ORM model of the normal oceanic crust with a known age, including the intensity, inclination, and declination. Both the ORM model and the global induced magnetization (GIM) model are then scaled from two aspects between their forward calculated results and the lithospheric magnetic field model LCS-1. One aspect is the difference in their spherical harmonic power spectra, and the other is the misfit between the grid data over the oceans. We last compare the forward calculated lithospheric magnetic anomaly from the scaled ORM and GIM models with the Macau Science Satellite-1 (MSS-1) observed data. The comparison results show that the magnetic anomalies over the normal oceanic crust regions at satellite altitude are mainly contributed by the high-intensity remanent magnetization corresponding to the Cretaceous magnetic quiet period. In these regions, the predicted and observed anomalies show good consistency in spatial distribution, whereas their amplitude differences vary across regions. This result suggests that regional ORM construction should be attempted in future work to address these amplitude discrepancies.

The scaling factor method is commonly used to restore near-true time-variable gravity from gravity recovery and climate experiment/follow-on (GRACE/GRACE-FO). This study presents a novel method for computing frequency-dependent scaling factors (FDSFs) using spherical harmonic decomposition of GRACE/GRACE-FO Level-2 data at full frequency. Two applications based on a global hydrological model (land excluding Greenland and Antarctica) and a combined model (Greenland) demonstrate that FDSFs reduce the theoretical recovery residuals versus using a single scaling factor by similar to 11.0% across short-term, seasonal, inter-annual, and long-term scales. Given the ability to capture more model details, the FDSFs improved the estimates at the basin scale and in glacier regions such as High Mountain Asia. In Greenland, the FDSF-scaled results revealed an enhanced amplitude with an averaged relative increase of 38% and improved resolution to 0.5 degrees below 1500 m, compared with the GRACE Level-3 mascon solution. Our results also imply that using FDSFs would cause uncertainties, particularly in scaled short-term mass change, which could be attributed to the large discrepancy between the hydrological model and GRACE/GRACE-FO. Our study provides insights into estimating mass changes using a downscaled GRACE/GRACE-FO solution and suggests that users select FDSFs for regions of interest based on a reliable model.

Dabie-type porphyry Mo deposits were proposed as a new type of porphyry Mo deposits, and had unique geological characteristics. It is still poorly understood about the magmatic processes that led to the Dabie-type Mo mineralization. Here, we present zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic, whole-rock and biotite elemental, and whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopic analyses on the Lingshan granitic batholith in the Dabie Orogen. It consists of three units (I to III) that were emplaced before, genetically accompanied with, and after the Mo mineralization. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating yielded crystallization ages of 128.2 ± 1.0 Ma (MSWD = 1.14) for Unit I and ages of 127.8 ± 1.2 Ma (MSWD = 0.28) and 126.6 ± 1.8 Ma (MSWD = 1.6) for Unit II, indicating that they were emplaced during 130 to 125 Ma. The granites have high SiO2 contents (75.84 wt.