Agricultural socialized services (ASS) play an important role in connecting smallholders with modern agriculture and in strengthening agricultural economic resilience (AER). Using panel data from 30 Chinese provinces for 2011–2022, this study applies two-way fixed-effects, mediation, and threshold models to examine the effect of ASS on AER and the associated mechanisms. The results show that: (1) ASS significantly enhances AER, and this finding remains robust after excluding municipalities and the COVID-19 period; (2) the positive effect of ASS is more pronounced in non-major grain-producing regions than in major grain-producing regions; (3) ASS strengthens AER by reducing agricultural product import dependence and expanding agricultural operation scale; and (4) agricultural industrial restructuring exhibits a threshold effect, with the effect of ASS becoming positive when the restructuring coefficient exceeds 0.0057. Based on these findings, this study recommends improving the agricultural socialized service system, strengthening domestic agricultural supply capacity, diversifying supply channels, promoting land transfer and moderate-scale operations, and aligning service policies with regional industrial restructuring.

China's megacities are currently facing a critical challenge in balancing development, ecological restoration and carbon sequestration capacity guarantee. This study focuses on Beijing as a case, using CASA model to estimate vegetation carbon sequestration (VCS) and utilizing the Theil-Sen Median trend method to assess its spatiotemporal evolution. By integrating the spatial autocorrelation of VCS and urban development vitality with enhancement potential of VCS, this paper determines a VCS zoning framework at the township and street scales. The findings indicate that most regions exhibit a significant increase in VCS. Moreover, VCS in Beijing demonstrates local spatial autocorrelation. Based on the spatial characteristics of VCS and urban development vitality, along with its enhancement potential, Beijing is divided into four zones: priority zones for increasing carbon sequestration, key zones for increasing carbon sequestration, potential zones for increasing carbon sequestration and supplementary zones for increasing carbon sequestration. Accordingly, an optimization strategy is suggested following the idea of "priority zones restoration-key zones planning-potential zones governance-supplementary zones expansion".

With the gradual deterioration of the global environment, manufacturing enterprises must devote considerable financial resources and develop green technological innovation, in order to save energy, reduce pollution and produce more environmentally friendly and reusable products based on the constraints of laws. Firstly, it has analyzed about the impact procedure of green finance and regulations on green technology innovation. Secondly, the problems have explored on the inadequacies in the legal system and the unbalanced growth of green finance and green technological innovation. Finally, some countermeasure suggestions have put forward such as a sound law framework and the balanced growth of green finance and green technological innovation. The research content of this paper will have a certain impact on providing protection of the law system and long-term financial support for the green technology innovation of manufacturing corporations and be at the forefront of reducing environmental pollution and supporting the advancement of a green economy.

To address the contradiction between the development of megacities and ecological restoration, as well as the carbon sequestration capacity guarantee, this study was based on the sustainable development framework and adopted the research approach of "clarifying carbon sequestration characteristics, evaluating carbon sequestration suitability, and comprehensively dividing carbon sequestration areas" to propose carbon sequestration zoning and management measures for Beijing under the sustainable development framework. First, we used the improved Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach （CASA） model and soil microbial respiration equation to quantitatively estimate the net ecosystem productivity （NEP） of vegetation in Beijing from 2001 to 2020. The spatiotemporal distribution pattern and evolution characteristics were analyzed and trend, volatility, and continuity were used as evaluation indicators for carbon sequestration characteristics. Second, from a sustainable perspective, considering the natural, social, and economic conditions of Beijing, the driving factors of NEP in Beijing were analyzed from the perspectives of single-factor detection and interactive detection using geographic detector methods. Finally, the driving factors were used as suitability evaluation indicators for sustainable carbon sequestration. Risk detection was used to assign values to different intervals of the driving factors based on their corresponding NEP mean values. Combined with the NEP carbon sequestration characteristics in Beijing, the sustainable carbon sequestration zones in Beijing were determined. The results showed that： ① On the time scale, the overall trend of NEP change in Beijing from 2001 to 2020 was fluctuating upward, and on the spatial scale, NEP in the northwest was larger than that in the southeast. The overall trend showed a divergent expansion from the center of Beijing, and 79.6% of the regional NEP showed an increasing trend； however, the scope of the region with a sustainable growth or a reversal from a decrease was still relatively small. The region with the least volatility among the carbon sequestration regions included Huairou, Yanqing, and Fangshan Districts. ② The major drivers of spatial variability of NEP in Beijing were, in descending order of explanatory degree, vegetation cover, land use type, elevation, degree of human interference, slope, level of economic activity, population density, GDP, and average temperature. The interaction of the drivers was a two-way enhancement or non-linear enhancement and the characteristics of spatial variability of NEP were affected by the joint action of multiple drivers. ③ Combined with the evaluation of the suitability of sustainable carbon sequestration and the characteristics of the evolution of carbon sequestration, Beijing was divided into five categories： carbon sequestration core areas, carbon sequestration key areas, carbon sequestration priority areas, carbon sequestration potential areas, and carbon sequestration supplemental areas, which accounted for 47.5%, 17.7%, 15.4%, 11.4%, and 8.0% of the municipal area, respectively. The results of this study can provide a basis for the delineation of carbon sequestration areas and the formulation of management measures in Beijing. To realize sustainable development and carbon neutrality, megacities should define carbon sequestration zones by combining the effects of multiple drivers and the evolutionary characteristics of carbon sequestration, to adopt targeted carbon sequestration strategies.

Under the background of “dual carbon”, the coupled power generation of agricultural and forestry biomass (AFB) and coal, as a new path of coal-power transformation, is key to achieving energy conservation and reducing emissions in the power sector. Timely and effective government subsidies as well as regulation policies will play important roles in the development of the coupled power generation industry. Previous studies usually assumed government policy as singular and static, rarely considering the dynamic changes in government policies. In this study, evolutionary game theory and systematic dynamics research methods were combined. The game relationship and the dynamic evolution process of the behavioral strategies of both sides are analyzed through the construction of a mixed-strategies game model of the government and power plants. A system dynamics model is built for simulations based on the results of the dynamic game evolution, and the influence paths of key factors on the behavioral strategies of the government and power plants were further demonstrated. The results indicated the following: (1) The behavioral strategies of the government and power plants were not stable for a long period of time, but fluctuated during their mutual influence. The dynamic policies and measures formulated by the government according to changes in the behavioral strategies of power plants will promote industrial development more effectively. (2) Increasing subsidization and the strengthening of supervision caused by government policy can increase the enthusiasm of power plants to choose the coupled power generation of AFB and coal. (3) If the government improves the benefits or reduces the transformation costs caused by coupled power generation the industry will be fundamentally improved. The results clearly show the interactions as well as adjustment processes of the behavioral strategies of power plants and the government in the coupled power generation industry of AFB and coal, and the specific effects of key factors on the behavioral strategies of power plants and the government were investigated. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the government to formulate reasonable industrial policies and measures for the coupled power generation of AFB and coal, in addition to being a valuable reference for other countries to develop a coupled power generation industry.

构建以国家公园为重点的现代化生态体系是我国在新历史发展方位中作出的科学决策,对自然资源、气候环境、生物多样性、生态保护等都具有积极作用.国家公园体系建设关系到合理的生态布局结构、国土资源保护与多元化的管理方式,因此需要相关主体贯彻落实人与自然和谐共生的绿色发展理念,在正确理念的指导下,打造出高层次、高标准、高水平的现代化国家公园.

In an increasingly digital age, studying how the digital economy affects carbon emissions is important for China’s dual carbon goals. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces and regions in China from 2012 to 2020, the impact of the digital economy on carbon emissions in China and the mechanism of its effect are empirically analyzed. This study reveals that the digital economy has an inverted U-shaped impact on China’s carbon emissions. Initially, it promotes carbon emissions but later inhibits them. The carbon emission reduction effect is more significant after the digital economy reaches the inflection point of the inverted U-shape in the more economically developed regions. Energy structure and energy use efficiency are the two key factors through which the digital economy affects China’s carbon emissions. Among them, the digital economy shows an inverted U-shaped effect on energy structure, which is first positive and then negative, and a positive U-shaped effect on energy use efficiency, which is first negative and then positive. Based on the above findings, this paper suggests that: First, to achieve peak carbon and carbon neutrality, the digital economy needs to be strengthened and the foundations of the digital economy need to be consolidated. Second, the digital transformation of the energy sector should be accelerated, and digitalization should lead to the low-carbon energy transformation. Finally, in the process of developing the digital economy, attention should be paid to the rebound in energy consumption caused by a large number of basic digital facilities, and the low-carbon integration of the digital economy and traditional industries is of great significance in reducing carbon emissions.

Landscaping is an important component of low-carbon urban construction. In this paper,adopting the method of Differences-in-Differences, 141 prefecture-level cities in China are taken as samples to evaluate the influence of low-carbon city’s pilot policies on the investment of landscaping construction, and to give a further analysis of the regional differences. The results show that, taking the demand of carbon sink and the low-carbon trend of landscaping construction as the orientation, the lowcarbon city’s implementation of pilot policy not only significantly increases the scale of investment in urban landscaping construction, but also has different influences on increasing investment in landscaping construction in various regions and cities. In terms of regional differences, under the influence of the policy, the investment in landscaping in the eastern and southern pilot cities increases remarkably compared with that in the non-pilot cities. From the perspective of city scale, the investment in landscaping construction has a significant increase in large and small cities, while it is not the case in medium-sized cities. Finally, some suggestions are put forward. According to the experience of low-carbon city pilot policies, local governments should be guided actively to make a series of policies on the perfect roadsupporting green mechanism, and on the low-carbon investment system of landscaping in accordance with local conditions.

The natural forest protection and restoration (NFPR) system is imperfect due to contradictions between the objectives of natural forest protection and the reality of situations, outdated cultivation concepts, conflicting interests among participating parties, and the lack of regulation guarantees and assessment criteria. These problems are not only common in China but also in international forest protection. As the NFPR system is more focused on the protection of natural forests, the level of natural forest restoration in China has been poor, with low natural forest quality and forest productivity. At the same time, the value of natural forest ecosystem services does not match the demand of farmers, forest management, and other multiple participating parties. As a result, except for the government, other multiple parties lack the intrinsic motivation to participate in NFPR, ultimately forming a sustainable management dilemma. Under the institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework, the objective of this research was to explore the influencing factors and outcomes of the participation of multiple parties in NFPR and to construct a multiple parties' participation mechanism for solving this dilemma. This research found that among external variables, multiple parties' characteristics, biophysical conditions, attributes of community, and rules-in-use jointly influence and constitute the driving mechanism of multiple parties' participation in NFPR. The rules-in-use directly impact the participation action scenario and regulate the other three external variables. Various factors and mechanisms in NFPR interact in the action space and produce outcomes that create positive incentives for each external variable, thus promoting the whole mechanism to achieve a virtuous cycle of sustainable management. This study provides a theoretical contribution to understanding the behavior of multiple parties participating in NFPR.

Forestry carbon sinks are an important measure for enabling China to cope with global climate change and realize its "double carbon" goal. Carbon sink afforestation projects (CSAPs) are a type of forestry carbon sink projects, and the question of whether China's forest products with an export orientation can adapt to the requirements of high-quality development is important for balancing the relationship between emissions reduction and development. We use the micro-data of forest product export enterprises provided by the China Customs Database and construct a difference-in-difference (DID) model to investigate the impact of CSAPs on China's forest product export and its heterogeneity. The results show that CSAPs significantly increase the export scale of China's forest products. CSAPs lead to significant heterogeneity regarding the forest product export scale in relation to regions, production factor intensity, trade pattern, enterprise ownership, and export destination countries. We further find that although the implementation of CSAPs significantly reduces the export types of forest products, it significantly promotes an increase in the export price and the expansion of the export quantity of forest products, and it optimizes the export structure of forest products to some extent. The "Belt and Road" initiative (BRI) has played a significant positive role in regulating the expansion of the forest product export scale with CSAPs. The implementation of CSAPs reduces the risk of termination of trade relations among forest product export enterprises and extends the export duration. The conclusions provide implications for policy makers and managers of forest product enterprises.

⑴ Background——Green credit is the main part of China’s green finance system.The interaction between green credit and technology innovation is an important driving force for the transformation and upgrading of the forestry industry structure, and also an important means to realize the high-quality development of modern forestry.To discuss the specific effects of green credit and technology innovation on China’s forestry industry structure can provide a theoretical basis for the high-quality development of modern forestry.⑵ Methods——This paper proposes the research hypotheses by analyzing the potential impact mechanism of green credit（hpc） and forestry technology innovation（tepscore） on the forestry industry structure（nfishc）.Based on the panel data of 28 provinces（municipalities and autonomous regions） from 2008 to 2019,the static FGLS fixed effects model of C-D production function is used to explore the interaction effects of green credit and technology innovation on the forestry industry structure.Meanwhile, in order to solve the possible endogeneity problem of the model and analyze the influence of interaction terms on the interrelation between green credit and technology innovation, the lagged terms of the explained variables are added and the dynamic system GMM model is used to estimate the interaction of green credit and technology innovation on the forestry industry structure.⑶ Results——Firstly, green credit and forestry technology innovation both play a significant role in promoting the forestry industry structure.Among them, every 1% increase in the level of green credit will increase the forestry industry structure by 0.126%,every 1% increase in the level of forestry technology innovation will increase the forestry industry structure by 0.114%.Secondly, the interaction between green credit and forestry technology innovation can indeed enhance their effects of promoting the optimization of forestry industry structure, what’s more, green credit and forestry technology innovation are threshold variables to each other and both of them have a single threshold effect on forestry industry structure.In particular, when the proportion of high energy-consuming interest expenditure is less than 3.914,there will be a certain scale effect and agglomeration effect.Every 1% increase in the level of forestry technology innovation, the forestry industry structure will significantly increase by 0.249%.However, when the effect of interaction terms on green credit and forestry technology innovation is further examined, it is found that the development of green credit is not conducive to forestry technology innovation and forestry technology innovation also has a significant negative impact on green credit.Finally, the analysis of the effect of control variables on the forestry industry structure shows that in the process of forestry production, only increasing labor input（fen） has a little effect on the forestry industry, and the effect is not significant.Excessive financial intervention（finf） is not conducive to the transformation of forestry structure.Urbanization level（urban）,opening degree（op） and forest coverage rate（fcr） may not only promote the consumption and trade of the forest products, but also adversely affect the forestry industry economy.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——First, constantly optimize the investment environment of green credit and give full play to the role of financial regulatory departments in guiding and encouraging banks to develop green credit.Banks should actively implement green credit policies, taking credit scale, structures and efficiency into accounts to lead the development of forestry green enterprises.Second, based on the development status of forestry enterprises, continue to increase the cultivation of the innovative subjects, improve the level of human capital in forestry, promote the upgrading of forestry industry structure.Third, increase the investment in forestry research and development and education of forestry talents, improve the conversion rate of forestry technology patents, and pay attention to the deep integration of forestry technology innovation and forestry green credit to realize the high-quality development of forestry economy.

利用2011-2018年我国30个省级行政区的面板数据,通过基准回归模型、中介效应模型、门槛效应模型及空间杜宾模型考察了数字金融对我国绿色发展水平的影响.结果表明:①在全国层面和分区域层面上数字金融均可以提高我国绿色发展水平;②数字金融通过提高创新效率、扩大技术溢出和促进产业结构升级的中介机制提高我国绿色发展水平;③数字金融对我国绿色发展水平存在着单门槛效应;④数字金融对我国绿色发展水平存在着空间溢出效应,数字金融可以显著提高本地绿色发展水平但不利于邻近地区绿色发展水平的提高.

近年来,我国持续推动绿色发展,不断促进经济发展与生态文明建设的统一,提出了诸多重要部署以打好生态环境治理攻坚战,这要求我国充分发挥制度优势,在构建污染防治行政机制的同时,也要重视生态产品价值实现机制的创新构建,促进生态补偿制度的多元化与市场化,从而让生态产品投资行为获得足够回报,深刻践行"两山"理念.本文将结合《生态产品价值实现:路径、机制与模式》一书,简述生态产品价值实现的理论基础,同时探讨其价值实现的路径与策略,以期对我国生态文明体制形成更为深刻的了解.

基于PVAR模型,以我国30个省(市、自治区)2010-2018年数据为例,从全国和东中西区域层面分析科技创新、产业结构升级与碳排放效率的动态关系.结果 表明:(1)从全国层面看,科技创新、产业结构升级与碳排放效率自身具有较强的协调性且相互间能够产生正向的促进作用.(2)从区域内部来看,自东向西,科技创新、产业结构升级与碳排放效率的协调程度逐步递减.东部地区基本实现了三个变量的协调发展,中部地区产业结构升级与碳排放效率尚未形成双向互动关系,碳排放效率对产业结构升级提升的推动力不足;西部地区科技创新水平偏低,产业结构不合理、碳排放效率较低,三者均未形成良性互动.

Forest area plays a fundamental role in air and water quality and directly impacts agricultural productivity. This research aims to examine the impact of government stability and investment profiles on forest cover in countries within the ASEAN region. Specifically, the research includes Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. In the research development, we examine the role which protected natural areas play in the conservation of forests. We employ second-generation cointegration methods of cross-section dependence and slope heterogeneity. The results suggest that forest cover has been significantly reduced in this region, while government stability and the investment profile have a volatile behavior. The second-generation cointegration test results suggest there is no long-term relationship between the three series. Likewise, the short- and long-term elasticities highlight the importance of environmental protection policies to conserve forests.

Agroforestry (AF), a traditional land management system in Pakistan that provides great potential both to boost agriculture and reduce wood shortages.Previous work has identified many complex factors of AF covering socio-economic, and environmental impacts.Comparatively few have addressed the perception of the impact of AF.This study investigates the farmer perception of ecological impact derived from AF and the factors that influence their perception.The questionnaire was completed by 200 farmers in Northern irrigated plain in Pakistan, and the resulting descriptive statistics and a probit regression analysis were used to analyze the data.The results show that majority of farmers were believed AF increases the greenery, understory regeneration, water retention, and soil fertility of the farmland.In addition, the analysis shows that farmers' perceptions of AF were positively correlated with the native trees selected for cultivation.However, farmers who practice agrosilvopastoral system had less knowledge and perception of the ecological benefits of AF.Moreover, the study found, even though farmers plant exotic species they perceived that it had a negative impact on the water level and soil fertility.On the other hand, lack of technical knowledge also affected their perceived status.Therefore, designing and implementing informal education programs that collaborate with AF farmers and officials is suggested.

Purpose This study aims to examine the transmission mechanism of factors on the characteristic fluctuation of Vietnamese coffee bean export price (PVN). Design/methodology/approach Applying Markov switching–vector autoregressive model. Findings Significantly, the empirical results showed that the transmission of independent variables on PVN is non-linear, and the fluctuation of PVN is affected by many factors, especially PVN in the previous period. In addition, the effect of Robusta coffee price was the greatest with coefficient is 0.28785, and the correlation between PVN and it was also the highest in both regimes with coefficients are 0.5317 and 0.3959, respectively. Originality/value These obtained results are in accordance with reality, as Vietnam is the largest exporter of Robusta coffee in the world.

本文采用空间杜宾模型探究了数字普惠金融与我国区域经济增长之间的关系.结果表明:在三种空间权重矩阵下,我国区域经济增长与数字普惠金融呈现显著的空间正相关性;数字普惠金融对本地经济增长有正向的直接效应,对周边地区有负向的空间溢出效应;教育水平、财政科技投入和产业发展均可促进本地经济增长,但财政科技投入不存在空间溢出效应;政府行为水平对本地经济增长产生了反向的直接效应.

Although the economy of a county that is linked to surrounding towns and rural areas constitutes a multiple basic economic unit within China's national economy, it usually exhibits independent characteristics and functions. Consequently, a county's economy plays a critical role in the overall economic development of a country's national economy. We created an evaluation index system based on entropy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of county economy across the entire Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. We found serious imbalances in the development of these counties, with county economies within Beijing and Tianjin being more advanced than those in Hebei Province. Furthermore, there were marked differences between county economies within prefecture-level cities of Hebei Province. The developmental level of counties in cities like Langfang, Tangshan and Chengde was relatively high. Conversely, the level of development of counties in Hengshui, Baoding, Xingtai and Handan was lower. Moreover, there were imbalances among cities in relation to county economic development, especially in Langfang, with smaller differences being found in Hengshui and Qinhuangdao. We analysed and identified the factors influencing differences between counties before providing recommendations.

The concept of sustainable livelihood garnered a prominent status in humanitarian and international development organizations that aim to calculate and build a livelihood for agroforestry farmers. However, it is difficult to measure and analyze as well as visualize the data of livelihood improvement from agroforestry (AF). This paper comparatively assessed 400 smallholder farmers’ livelihood through AF and conventional farming (CF) systems in the Northern Irrigated Plain of Pakistan. The findings showed that AF has a mixed impact on farmers’ livelihood capital, including human, physical, natural, financial and social capital. Specifically, AF significantly improved financial capital in terms of timber, non-timber and fuel wood income. Furthermore, the physical capital (buffalo plough, generators and sprinklers), natural capital (the extent of cultivated land and land ownership; the number of households (HHs) growing vegetables, fruit crops and medicinal crops) and social capital (the number of social groups that HHs involved and number of HHs sharing crop seeds) of AF farmer HHs were significantly improved compared to those of CF farmers. However, the results show that financial capital gain through crop income, HHs owning high-value vehicles (tractors) and farmers trust and collective activities were significantly higher in CF farmers than AF ones. Therefore, to enhance the contribution of AF to rural livelihood, advanced extension services and government involvement on research planning and implementing are needed.