[目的]基于机载激光雷达数据建立结构稳定的林分地上生物量预测模型,考虑最小二乘、混合效应和贝叶斯等参数估计方法对最优生物量预测模型选择进行探讨,为生物量建模方法研究、生物量估测提供科学依据,为冬奥核心区实现"双碳"目标和生物量模型计算提供技术支撑.[方法]基于崇礼冬奥核心区2种森林类型(华北落叶松和白桦)62块实测样地及对应的激光雷达数据,通过变量筛选分别建立最小二乘、混合效应和贝叶斯生物量模型,应用确定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)、残差、总体相对误差(TRE)评价模型,采用留一交叉法验证模型精度.[结果]筛选出相关性较高的激光雷达变量共20个,最终进入模型的自变量3个.拟合效果最好的是Logistic混合效应模型(RMSE=22.99 t·hm-2,R2=0.768,TRE=6.08％),分树种建立模型后华北落叶松模型拟合效果提升(RMSE=22.92 t·hm-2,R2=0.795,TRE=7.45％),白桦模型预测精度提高(RMSE=23.34 t·hm-2,R2=0.440,TRE=4.35％).利用训练好的模型预测崇礼冬奥核心区生物量并制图.[结论]基于机载激光雷达和地面实测数据估测林分地上生物量,非线性模型优于线性模型;以龄组为随机效应的非线性混合效应模型预测精度最高;贝叶斯估计受先验条件影响较大,本研究样本量偏少,贝叶斯估计具有进一步探讨的价值.

植物分布-环境因子之间的关系是生态学、生物地理学研究中一个核心问题.采用最大熵物种分布模型,选取气候、土壤和地形3类环境类型中33个因子,对气候、气候-土壤、气候-地形、气候-土壤-地形4种环境组合对华北落叶松在河北省、山西省和内蒙古自治区的分布预测进行建模和检验.利用ArcGIS空间统计,划分华北落叶松分布适宜区,并制作分布适宜性等级图.结果 表明,不同环境类型组合对华北落叶松分布影响的训练集和检验集的AUC值在0.965-0.983之间,均达到极准确的精度水平.在影响华北落叶松分布的主导因子上,气候、气候-土壤两种环境类型组合均为最热月的最高温度、温度的年较差和季节性温度变异,累计贡献率均达到74％以上,而气候-地形、气候-土壤-地形两种环境类型组合中海拔和坡度的影响最大,分别为48.8％和51.8％.在影响华北落叶松适生区(中、高、极高适宜区)面积上,气候、气候-地形两种环境类型组合差异不大,分别为102583km2和100698 km2,而气候-土壤、气候-土壤-地形两种环境类型组合影响下的华北落叶松适生区面积出现显著下降分别为57134 km2和66754 km2.最大熵模型能够很好的预测华北落叶松分布,地形因子能明显改变单一气候因子对华北落叶松分布的预测结果,虽然土壤因子对落叶松分布格局的影响不大,但在适宜性、尤其是中等以上适宜区分布上,其影响作用显著.以上结论可为华北地区的生态修复和落叶松可持续经营提供依据.

以1年生大果榉扦插苗为试验材料,探讨喷施不同浓度多效唑(PP333)与CaCl2对其抗寒性的影响.结果表明,在试验温度范围内,与对照相比,喷施此2种外源物质均可不同程度降低大果榉叶片的相对电导率和M DA含量,延缓光合色素和可溶性蛋白含量的降解;大果榉幼苗冻害级别与相对电导率、M DA含量呈极显著正相关,与光合色素和可溶性蛋白含量呈极显著负相关.隶属函数法对不同处理大果榉抗寒性的评价结果与自然越冬后冻害级别的统计结果相一致,外源物质种类及其使用浓度对大果榉幼苗抗寒性影响的大小依次为20 mmol/L CaCl2>25 mmol/L CaCl2>0.15％PP333>0.1％PP333,20 mmol/L CaCl2提高抗寒效果最优.

该研究以共存于同一暖温带森林的6个外生菌根(ECM)树种为研究对象,测定分析不同根序(1～5级)和功能根系(吸收细根和运输细根)的主要形态和构型属性及ECM侵染率,探究不同外生菌根树种的根属性变异模式及其与菌根真菌侵染程度的关系.结果 表明:(1)随着根序的增加,不同树种根直径和单根长度均增加,而比根长和根分支强度均降低;根属性在同一根序下均存在显著的种间差异,尤其是2个裸子植物(落叶松和油松)的根直径较其他4个被子植物大.(2)同一树种的所有根属性在吸收细根和运输细根之间均有显著差异;吸收细根和运输细根的根直径、比根长和根组织密度在树种间均存在显著差异,而其单根长度和根分支强度在树种间无显著差异.(3)ECM侵染率以落叶松最高,千金榆和白桦最低,且与根尖直径呈显著正相关关系,与根尖比根长呈显著负相关关系.研究发现,基于根序或者功能根系,根属性在种间的变异模式不完全一致,单根长度和根分支强度在两个功能根系中均没有表现出显著的种间差异;吸收细根的比根长和根分支强度的变异系数较大,对环境变化有较敏感的响应;古老树种的根直径相对较粗,对菌根真菌的依赖性更高.

以太原市绿化达标的40个居住区为研究对象,将居住区绿地分为公共绿地、宅旁绿地、道路绿地和配套公建绿地4类,对居住区内植物种类、植物配置、植物空间效果进行调查,总结归纳了植物组成与主要节点植物空间特征;采用层次分析法(AHP)构建太原市居住区植物配置适宜性与景观效果评价体系,并对45种植物配置模式进行评价.结果表明:太原市居住区绿地适用植物共有356种,绿地植物景观节点类型10类,绿地植物配置综合评价总体得分值较高,结合综合评价结果得出10种典型植物配置模式.

以‘壶瓶枣’(Ziziphus jujuba‘Huping Zao’)为研究材料,研究不同时期(幼果期、膨大期及成熟期)叶面喷施CaCl2对果皮与果肉细胞壁降解酶活性、细胞壁成分原果胶与纤维素、裂果率、显微结构的影响,为明确钙与‘壶瓶枣’裂果的关系及其潜在生理机制,有效降低枣裂果提供理论及技术支撑.结果 表明:不同时期喷CaCl2处理,均显著降低了裂果率,显著降低了果皮和果肉果胶酶与纤维素酶的活性;显著提高了果皮和果肉原果胶与纤维素含量;裂果率与果皮和果肉中果胶酶活性、纤维素酶活性呈极显著正相关,与原果胶含量和纤维素含量呈极显著负相关.CaCl2处理后,枣果角质层保持完整,不发生龟裂;枣果表皮厚度和角质层厚度显著增加;表皮细胞小于对照且排列紧实,果肉细胞排列规整,果肉空腔数减少.幼果期和膨大期喷钙可作为减少‘壶瓶枣’裂果的重要措施.

以大果榉(Zelkova sinica Schneid)1～2年生沙藏枝条为试验材料,研究6种不同基质处理对大果榉扦插生根的影响,并对大果榉的生根过程进行了分析.结果表明,大果榉生根类型是皮质生根和愈伤组织生根混合型;不同基质对大果榉扦插苗各生根指标的影响均达到显著水平,分层基质生根率极显著高于混合基质,但各分层基质之间差异不显著,其中,以草炭与珍珠岩1∶1(体积比)分层处理的基质成活率最高,为89.17％,其次为粗砂、草炭与珍珠岩5∶3∶2(体积比)分层的基质,成活率为88.33％.

[Objective] The suitable method of leaf protein extraction for early spring plant was screened out from four different ways .The variation of protein content and composition at different leaf stagesin three rosaceous species were determined and analyzed . .The results provided the theoretical basis for the corresponding proteomics research in the later stage .[Methods] Four kinds of protein extraction methods ,known as phenolic extraction ,modified phenolic method ,modified Tris-HCl method ,and TCA-acetone extraction method were employed .The protein content and com-position of three early spring plant leaves were determined by (G-250) staining and SDS-PAGE .[Results] Study indi-cated that TCA-acetone extraction method produced better protein profile and higher quality of gel electrophoresis pat -tern compared to other extraction methods .During April to early June ,the protein content in the leaves at five differ-ent growth stages showed "first increase ,then decrease" trend" ,and in different growth stages Sorbaria kirilowii leaf protein content was significantly lower than Cerasus serrulata ,lannesiana ,and Malus micromalus .SDS-PAGE elec-trophoresis showed that three early spring plant leaves were rich in various protein components .From April to May , the protein expression of Cerasus serrulata lannesiana and Malus micromalus leaves were relatively higher and the bands were clearer .The protein bands of Sorbaria kirilowii leaves and the protein types that were changed during flow -ering stage from June to July were relatively fewer than other species .[Conclusion] The TCA-acetone extraction meth-od was the optimal protein extraction method for three kinds of rosaceous plants .In early spring ,protein content of ro-saceous plants was closely affected by the flowering time ,and the protein content before flowering was constantly in -creased and reached the peak at full-blooming stage .The protein content of early flowering species ,such as Cerasus serru-lata lannesiana and Malus micromalus ,was greater than that of late flowering species ,such as Sorbaria kirilowii .

The line survey method and the quadrat survey method are applied to investigate the flora of Wenyuhe National Wetland Park in Shanxi. The flora of seed plants in the wetland park was analyzed. TWINSPAN classification of plant communities and DCA ordination of quadrats and species were carried out. The results showed that this area contained 68 families, 206 genera and 337 species of seed plants, including 5 families, 5 genera, 7 species of Pteridophyta, 1 families, 3 genera, 4 species of gymnosperm, and 62 families, 198 genera and 326 species in Angiosperms. This area contained 42 families, 85 genera and 109 species of wetland plants, including 1 families, 1 genera, 3 species of Pteridophyta, and 41 families, 103 genera, 135 species in Angiosperms. About the flora distribution, no matter the level of families and genera, it reflected the typical temperate nature. The flora of Shanxi Wenyuhe National Wetland Park could be divided into 9 communities by TWINSPAN, of which 6 were wetland communities composed of wetland herbaceous plants. The first axis of the DCA rankingmap was soil water content, and the ecological factor reflected by the second axis was not clear.

The application status of vertical greening plants in Taiyuan residential area were analyzed by the method of representative residential typical investigation.The applicability evaluation system was built by the Analytic Hierarchy Process which was used to the applicability evaluation for the preliminary se-lected 378 species, among which 183 species plants(24 arbor species,55 shrub species,61 herb spe-cies,43 vine species)were suitable for the vertical greening in Taiyuan residential area.The results showed that the existing vertical greening in Taiyuan was insufficient on construction, monotonous on style,and limited on species of applied plants.The applicability evaluation system of of vertical greening plants in this paper was scientific,operable and representative,and the evaluation results of tree species were practical.

林地可燃物火行为的研究是林火管理、林火预报、火灾扑救的理论基础,森林可燃物类型及特性对可燃物的火行为具有非常重要的影响.通过室内点烧试验,分析油松辽东栎凋落叶可燃物载量对火行为的影响.结果表明:载量对蔓延速度有显著影响,载量越大,蔓延速度越快;可燃物载量对蔓延速度、火线强度、火面强度、火焰高度都有显著影响,均呈正相关,对火线强度、火面强度、火焰高度有极显著影响.降低地表可燃物载量能够有效降低发生地表火的潜在危险性.

大果榉具有树形优美、木材坚实、抗性强等特点,集观赏价值、药用价值、实用价值、生态价值于一身.介绍了大果榉的生物学特性及分布,综述了榉属植物生物学特性、抗性、良种选育以及繁殖与栽培技术方面的研究.在此基础上,对大果榉今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为今后大果榉的开发利用研究提供理论参考依据.

In this study, a survey was carried out on the green plants in Taiyuan city. The plant selection line was investigated in each district of the city, and the plant species in other key areas of the city were investigated. On the basis of statistical analysis, the characteristics of the flora were analyzed. The results show that there are 117 families, 608 genera and 1 641 species of seed plants in Taiyuan, including 5 families, 11 genera and 26 species of gymnosperms, and 112 families, 597 genera and 1 615 species of angiosperms. Large genus of large family, plays an important role in the flora, in the community of ten are dominant species. The basic characteristics of the flora of Taiyuan seed plant are: the species are rich, floristic elements are complex, and the northern temperate composition is the absolute advantage. It includes the distribution type of 15 seed plants. The temperate zone belongs to 405 genera, accounting for 74.6％ of the total number. The tropical distribution belongs to 121 genera, accounting for 22.3％ of the total number. It has obvious transitional characteristics. The origin of the flora is ancient, containing a lot of primitive groups and 297 genera, accounting for 48.9％ of the total number of genera and 13 genera of mono genus. The endemism of the flora is not high, and the endemism of the species is slightly higher. There are 17 species of Chinese endemic genera, accounting for 3.1％ of the total number of genera, accounting for 6.6％ of the total genera of Chinese endemic genera. It contains 31 endemic Shanxi species, accounting for 30.1％ of the total number of Shanxi endemic species. There are 21 kinds of national rare and endangered plants in Taiyuan. There are 38 species of rare and endangered plants in Shanxi, which contains physiological and ecological types with special resistance. They should be protected in ecological construction and vegetation restoration.

笔者以壶瓶枣(Zizyphus jujuba cv.Huping)为试材,研究喷施不同次数的EDTA壶瓶枣叶片气孔的特性与差异.结果表明:随着喷施次数的增多,叶片气孔密度逐渐降低;叶片气孔大小和开度先缓慢降低而后急剧降低,与对照相比,喷施6次后显著降低;叶片气孔密度、大小和开度与裂果率均呈负相关关系,且喷施6次EDTA后裂果率达到最低.

蔓延速度是反映林火行为的重要指标之一,森林可燃物的混合比例、载量和地形坡度等对林火蔓延速度都具有非常重要的影响.通过室内点烧试验,分析可燃物混合比例、载量及坡度对油松、辽东栎凋落可燃物火烧蔓延速度的影响.结果表明;(1)可燃物火烧蔓延速度的变化范围在0.17～2.85 m·min-1之间.(2)载量对蔓延速度有极显著影响,载量越大,蔓延速度越快;(3)坡度对火蔓延速度有显著影响,并呈显著正相关关系;(4)可燃物的针阔混合比例对火蔓延速度无显著影响,随着可燃物中针叶比例的增大,可燃点烧蔓延速度有加快的趋势.

The paper set six processing,the proportion of broadleaves's biomass of total biomass in different groups were 0％ (group 1),20％(group 2),40％(group 3),60％(group 4),80％(group 5),100％(group 6).Based on the indoor drying test,the water loss characteristics of mixed leaf litter of Pinus tabuliformis Carrière and Quercus wutaishansea Mary were studied.The result showed that with the improvement of broadleaf proportion in mixture,each group 24 hours's water-holdup showed an increasing trend.In the drying process,the water-losing rate of each group showed an upward trend with the increase of time,the water-losing speed increased first and then decreased with the increase of time,with the increase of the proportion of broadleaf,the water-losing rate and wate-losing speed increased overall among groups.When groups reached with the same moisture content,with the higher proportion of broadleaf,the time taken for them remarkable growth,there was time lag phenomenon,until achieving a steady state,gap between groups of equilibrium moisture content was not big,but it still showed the trend of increasing with the increase of the proportion of broadleaf.Comprehensive comparison,with the increase of mixture proportion of broadleaf,its potential fire hazard is in a downward trend.

Objective]To explore the adaptability of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge seeds to saline-alkali habitat.[Meth-od]We exposed Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge seeds to different concentration of salt and alkali solution (calculated as salt concentration,three gradients of 0.2%,0.5% and 0.8%),and analyzed the water absorption and germination characteristics of the seeds.[Results]Results showed that,during their germination,the water absorption rate within 0-6 hours was fastest,relatively stable within 12-42 hours,and slower for 54-1 14 hours.However,the water absorp-tion rate under salt and severe salt-alkali mixture stress was significantly restrained,while the water absorption rate under the other conditions was greater than that of control.The seed germination rate under mild salt and alkali stress was higher than that of control,whereas the germination rate under the other stress conditions was reduced significant-ly,reaching a minimum under the concentration of 0.8% (NaCl∶Na2 SO4 =9∶1),only 14.63% of control (very signifi-cant difference,P <0.01).Mild salt and alkali stress promoted X anthoceras sorbifolia Bunge seeds germination,and high concentration of stress and salt-alkali mixture stress markedly inhibited seeds germination.[Conclusion]This study will lay the foundation for using exogenous measures to improve seed water absorbing ability and promote seed germination and seedling emergence.

This paper regarded the different cracking fruit of the nine varieties of jujube as research material, determination of the related morphological indexes, which included soluble solids content, fruit hardness, fruit quality, fruit shape and fruit shape index, and carried out an analysis on fruit traits and cracking in different varieties of jujube. The results showed that the soluble solids content of the more easily and easily crack varieties of jujube were significantly higher than that of crack resistance varieties. The fruit hardness value of crack resistance varieties was higher than that of the easily crack varieties. The fruit shape, fruit shape index and fruit quality of the varieties of jujube fruit were no significant correlation with fruit cracking.

笔者以裂果性不同的9个枣品种为研究对象,分别对枣果实中可溶性糖、还原糖、总糖、可溶性蛋白质含量等指标进行测定,分析了不同品种枣果中糖和可溶性蛋白质含量与裂果的相关性.结果表明:抗裂品种可溶性蛋白质含量均显著高于极易裂品种与易裂品种,极易裂品种可溶性糖含量均显著高于易裂品种与抗裂品种可溶性糖的平均含量,极易裂品种与易裂品种还原糖和总糖含量显著高于抗裂品种.

野外课程综合实习是高等农林院校生态学专业本科学习的必修环节,是培养创新性理论联系实际的综合性应用型人才的重要途径.该文以山西农业大学林学院生态学专业2012年专业综合实习为例,主要从实习安排、组织、准备、管理及存在的问题与解决措施等方面进行探讨,为完善该专业野外课程综合实习提供理论指导.