BACKGROUND:The primary cilium (PC) is a pivotal organelle for neuronal signaling and development, while tau tubulin kinase 2 (TTBK2) is a key initiator of ciliogenesis. However, the role of TTBK2 in spinal neurons during spinal cord injury (SCI) and subsequent neural repair remains unclear. METHODS:We manipulated TTBK2 expression in spinal neurons using adenovirus-mediated overexpression and knockdown in vitro. Transcriptomic profiling (RNA-sequencing) and RT-qPCR were employed to explore the potential regulatory pathways at the molecular level. In vivo, Ttbk2fl/fl-Rosa-CreERT2+/- conditional knockout mice were subjected to a spinal cord hemisection model. Behavioral assays, immunofluorescence, and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) tracing were conducted to assess neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and circuit reorganization. RESULTS:Here, we demonstrated that intact activity of TTBK2 in PC promoted neural survival, axonal regeneration, and neural circuit remodeling. However, loss of TTBK2 impaired PC function and hindered recovery after SCI. CONCLUSIONS:These findings extend the role of PCs beyond neurodevelopment, demonstrating that the TTBK2-PC functions as an endogenous repair mechanism after SCI. Targeting this pathway may provide novel therapeutic strategies for enhancing neural regeneration.

As the most common and lethal cancer of the female gonads, ovarian cancer (OC) has a grave impact on people's health. OC is asymptomatic, insidious in onset, difficult to diagnose and treat, fast-growing, and easy to metastasize and has poor prognosis and high mortality. How to detect OC as early as possible and treat it without side effects has become a challenging medical problem. Herein, the ultrasmall Au-GRHa nanosystem was designed for dual-mode imaging-guided photothermal therapy of OC. The synthesized Au-GRHa nanosystem has ultrasmall size, good biocompatibility, and excellent fluorescence and CT imaging performance, which could detect the OC tumor accurately and intuitively and is expected to provide intraoperative visual navigation for clinical surgery. With its excellent photothermal property, the Au-GRHa nanosystem can be utilized for photothermal therapy of OC, thus providing an alternative to, and reducing the hazards posed by, traditional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In addition, GnRHa endows the AuNDs with excellent ability to target the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor (GnRH-R), which enhances the uptake of AuNDs by OC tumor cells, improving the targeting accuracy and efficacy of photothermal therapy for OC. This work will facilitate the biomedical applications of the Au-GRHa nanosystem and provide good insights into FL/CT imaging-guided photothermal therapy of OC.

The development of a scaffold that mimics the natural composition and function of the cartilage extracellular matrix is essential for effectively repairing articular cartilage damage. In this study, an aldehyde-based methacrylate hyaluronic acid (AHAMA) hydrogel was integrated with a polydopamine (pDA)-modified mollusk shell-derived organic template (OTMS), thus successfully combining natural biomass materials with a hydrogel for cartilage defect repair for the first time. The OTMS/pDA/AHAMA composite scaffold features a natural three-dimensional porous network with a uniform pore size distribution, promoting cell and tissue infiltration. AHAMA hydrogel was attached to the surfaces of OTMS/pDA and cartilage surfaces via Schiff-base reactions and hydrogen bonding, establishing a biocompatible niche that supports cellular growth and differentiation. OTMS, composed primarily of natural chitin, provides biological signals that stimulate cartilage regeneration and offer excellent biocompatibility. The compressive characteristics of the hydrogel were dramatically boosted by the introduction of OTMS into the composite scaffold structure. The OTMS/pDA/AHAMA composite scaffold exhibited excellent biocompatibility in vitro, as evidenced by enhanced chondrocyte adhesion and proliferation, elevated expression of chondrogenic genes, and stable maintenance of the differentiated phenotype, indicating its promise for cartilage repair applications.

Introduction:Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) are promising candidates for the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI). However, their low mobility and survival limit their clinical applicability. This study aimed to enhance the therapeutic potential of UCMSCs by preincubating them with escin, a natural medicine derived from the dried mature seeds of Aesculus wilsonii. Methods:We characterized the functional properties of UCMSCs before and after escin preconditioning in vitro. Additionally, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to analyze the transcriptomic differences between untreated and escin-pretreated UCMSCs (E-UCMSCs), followed by Western blot (WB) validation of the differentially expressed genes. In vivo, an MI model was established in rats, which involved permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by intravenous administration of UCMSCs and E-UCMSCs through the tail vein. The therapeutic efficacy of UCMSCs and E-UCMSCs was assessed by cardiac function measurements and Masson's trichrome staining to quantify fibrosis. Results:No significant differences were observed in the basic characteristics of the UCMSCs before and after escin pretreatment. RNA-seq results demonstrated higher expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) and GATA-binding protein 4 (GATA4) in E-UCMSCs than in UCMSCs. Furthermore, WB results confirmed this phenomenon. Most importantly, E-UCMSCs significantly restored myocardial contractile function and reduced infarct size in MI rats. Conclusions:The current study demonstrates that escin upregulated ICAM1 and GATA4 gene expression in UCMSCs, thereby enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of UCMSCs in rats with MI. Therefore, pretreatment of UCMSCs with escin is a promising approach for the treatment of MI.

Radioresistance in tumors, driven by the insufficiency and rapid depletion of reactive oxygen species (ROS), limits the efficacy of radiotherapy (RT). This study introduces an Ir@Au nanozyme that enhances tumor radiosensitivity by disrupting energy homeostasis and inducing ferroptosis in tumor cells. The Ir@Au nanozyme mimics glucose oxidase to block the tumor's energy supply, continuously produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and lowers the pH to optimize Fenton reactions. Acting as a peroxidase (POD), it generates additional ROS for chemodynamic therapy (CDT), depletes glutathione (GSH), and perturbs the tumor's antioxidant defenses. Upon exposure to ionizing radiation, the nanozyme absorbs photons and emits electrons, interacting with water to amplify ROS production. This ROS accumulation, combined with radiation, enhances DNA damage and lipid peroxidation, reversing radioresistance and promoting ferroptosis. Additionally, Ir@Au serves as a contrast agent for computed tomography, enabling precise RT through the delineation of tumor boundaries. In summary, the Ir@Au nanozyme effectively disrupts tumor energy homeostasis, initiating ROS-based cascades that inhibit tumor growth. It thus offers a promising strategy for overcoming radioresistance during cancer therapy.

The Primary cilium, a non-motile organelle, was long underestimated but has recently been recognized as a pivotal signaling platform in nervous system development. This review summarizes the structural features, biogenesis, and dynamic regulation of primary cilia, and systematically examines their roles in neural stem cells fate determination, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, axon guidance, and synaptogenesis. By integrating multiple developmental signaling pathways, including Sonic hedgehog, Wnt, Notch, and mTOR, primary cilia orchestrate the precise spatiotemporal patterning of the nervous system. Dysfunction of primary cilia is closely linked to a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders, ranging from classical ciliopathies such as Meckel-Gruber syndrome, Joubert syndrome, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome, to complex conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, all of which can be traced to ciliary signaling imbalances. This paper introduces the concept of the continuous spectrum of Ciliogenesis, in which phenotypes from severe structural malformations to subtle functional abnormalities can be attributed to defects in specific ciliary modules. Future interventions, including organoid models, super-resolution imaging, and cilia-targeted therapeutic strategies, hold promise for advancing pathological insights and developing novel treatments for neurodevelopmental disorders.

The secondary inflammatory response and disruption of electrical signaling following spinal cord injury (SCI) present significant challenges to neurological recovery. Modulating the inflammatory microenvironment and reconstructing the spinal cord’s electrophysiological network are essential for effective SCI repair. To address these challenges, we designed a biomimetic 3D soft scaffold composed of phenylboronic acid-modified sodium alginate(Alg-PBA), dopamine-modified methacrylated gelatin(GelMA-DA), and Zn@EGCG modified MXene. This scaffold demonstrated excellent injectability, with an elastic modulus and electrical conductivity that closely matched those of native spinal cord tissue. The release of Zn@EGCG from the scaffold effectively suppressed inflammatory factors, promoted macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype, supported tissue regeneration, and reduced neuronal apoptosis. Simultaneously, under electrical stimulation (ES), the 3D soft scaffold generated stable electrical signals, which enhanced the differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells into neurons, thereby facilitating neural circuit reconstruction and functional motor recovery in rats with complete spinal cord transection. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that this therapeutic effect was linked to the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Overall, this study presents a multifunctional biomimetic 3D soft scaffold that modulates immune responses and promotes neuronal differentiation, offering a promising strategy for SCI repair.

A dual-mode detection platform utilizing colorimetric and Raman was developed based on the exponential amplification reaction (EXPAR) strategy and a “core-satellite” structure constructed by bimetallic nanozymes to detect chloramphenicol (CAP). Initially, DNA-gated metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) incorporating cascaded amplification were used to be nanocarriers for the colorimetric and Raman reporter molecules (3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbiphenyl; TMB). Subsequently, assembled DNA served as gatekeepers to create a stimulus-responsive DNA-gated MOF (TMB@DNA/MOF). Upon the introduction of the target, the efficient and isothermal EXPAR was initiated, producing numerous amplicons that facilitated the unlocking of pores and subsequent release of TMB. This process amplified the release signal, enhancing the selectivity and sensitivity of the biosensor. Moreover, through base complementary pairing, TMB@DNA/MOF and magnetic bimetallic nanozymes Fe3O4@MOF-gold nanostars (GNS) formed a stable “core-satellite” structure. The addition of H2O2 led to the oxidation of released TMB to oxTMB, resulting in a color change and generation of Raman signals. The biosensor exhibited excellent detection performance for CAP, with a colorimetric detection range of 1.00 × 10−4 2.50 × 10−7 M and a detection limit of 2.07 × 10−7 M, while the SERS detection range was 1.00 × 10−6 1.00 × 10−11 M with a detection limit of 9.74 × 10−12 M. Overall, this biosensor provided an effective method for detecting antibiotics in complex samples.

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a devastating condition of the central nervous system, affecting a significant number of individuals globally. It leads to irreversible motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunctions, placing a substantial burden on both patients and society. As a result, there is an urgent need for more effective therapeutic strategies. In recent years, the field of neurotissue engineering has made remarkable progress, offering new avenues for spinal cord injury repair. Among these advancements, conductive hydrogels have gained considerable attention due to their ability to mimic the electrical signaling properties of the spinal cord. These hydrogels not only replicate the complex electrical environment of the spinal cord but also enable non-invasive modulation of electrical signals, which can influence neuronal cell behavior. Additionally, conductive hydrogels provide essential mechanical support and serve as carriers for various drugs, bioactive factors, and cells, which can restore the disrupted microenvironment and promote axonal regeneration, remyelination, and functional recovery after SCI. This paper thoroughly investigates the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying SCI, systematically analyzes the different types of conductive materials used in hydrogels, and evaluates their combinations and functions. Furthermore, it discusses the technical challenges, bottlenecks, and future directions for the development of functional biomaterials aimed at effective SCI repair, offering insights for the creation of innovative therapeutic strategies.

Most reported sensor arrays for teas were based on the sensing of phenolic hydroxyl group on tea polyphenols. In this work, a novel sensor array was developed based on the simultaneous sensing of phenols and ketones, for the enhanced discrimination of tea polyphenols with/without ketone, and then for the efficient discrimination of raw Pu-erh teas from different origins and the counterfeit, combined with machine learning. This sensor array is consisting of four channels. Channel A is carbon dots, room-temperature carbon nanoparticles (RT-CNPs), whose fluorescence can be quenched by ketone; Channel B is the chromogenic agent, 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), which can combine with ketone to undergo absorption spectral changes. Tea polyphenols without ketone have little effect on Channel A and Channel B. Channel C (RT-CNPs + nanozyme) and Channel D (DNPH + nanozyme) are the addition of nanozyme with polyphenol oxidase activity to Channel A and Channel B. The nanozyme can catalyze the oxidation of phenols to the quinones, which means Channel C and D can react to tea polyphenols with phenols or ketones. Based on the different quenching efficiency of various tea polyphenols on the carbon dots, differences in the color due to the ketone combination with DNPH, and differences in the degrees of tea polyphenol's oxidation by the nanozyme, the proposed four-channel sensor array achieved the enhanced discrimination of tea polyphenols. This sensing technology which can simultaneously recognize phenols and ketones, has an excellent applicating prospects in the recognition and distinguish of tea and its derivatives (such as tea drinks), with oxidation and transformation of tea polyphenols.

The diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) can be complex, necessitating a comprehensive assessment of medical history, clinical symptoms, and radiological evidence. This multidimensional approach can exacerbate the clinical burden and increase the likelihood of diagnostic inaccuracies, which may result in delayed or overlooked cases. Consequently, supplementary diagnostic techniques for AS have become a focal point in clinical research. This study introduces an enhanced optimization algorithm, SCJAYA, which incorporates salp swarm foraging behavior with cooperative predation strategies into the JAYA algorithm framework, noted for its robust optimization capabilities that emulate the evolutionary dynamics of biological organisms. The integration of salp swarm behavior is aimed at accelerating the convergence speed and enhancing the quality of solutions of the classical JAYA algorithm while the cooperative predation strategy is incorporated to mitigate the risk of convergence on local optima. SCJAYA has been evaluated across 30 benchmark functions from the CEC2014 suite against 9 conventional meta-heuristic algorithms as well as 9 state-of-the-art meta-heuristic counterparts. The comparative analyses indicate that SCJAYA surpasses these algorithms in terms of convergence speed and solution precision. Furthermore, we proposed the bSCJAYA-FKNN classifier: an advanced model applying the binary version of SCJAYA for feature selection, with the aim of improving the accuracy in diagnosing and prognosticating AS. The efficacy of the bSCJAYA-FKNN model was substantiated through validation on 11 UCI public datasets in addition to an AS-specific dataset. The model exhibited superior performance metrics—achieving an accuracy rate, specificity, Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), F-measure, and computational time of 99.23%, 99.52%, 0.9906, 99.41%, and 7.2800 seconds, respectively. These results not only underscore its profound capability in classification but also its substantial promise for the efficient diagnosis and prognosis of AS.

A novel sensor array was developed based on the enzyme/nanozyme hybridization for the identification of tea polyphenols (TPs) and Chinese teas. The enzyme/nanozyme with polyphenol oxidase activity can catalyze the reaction between TPs and 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) to produce differences in color, and the sensor array was thus constructed to accurately identify TPs mixed in different species, concentrations, or ratios. In addition, a machine learning based dual output model was further used to effectively predict the classes and concentrations of unknown samples. Therefore, the qualitative and quantitative detection of TPs can be realized continuously and quickly. Furthermore, the sensor array combining the machine learning based dual output model was also utilized for the identification of Chinese teas. The method can distinguish the six teas series in China, and then precisely differentiate the more specific tea varieties. This study provides an efficient and facile strategy for the identification of teas and tea products.

Large skin wounds are one of the most important health problems in the world. Skin wound repair and tissue regeneration are complex processes involving many physiological signals, and effective wound healing remains an enormous clinical challenge. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a strategy to rapidly kill bacteria, promote cell proliferation and accelerate wound healing. At present, electrical stimulation (ES) is often used in the clinical treatment of skin wounds and can simulate the endogenous biological current of the body and accelerate the repair process of skin wounds. However, a single ES strategy has difficulty covering the entire wound area, which may lead to unsatisfactory therapeutic effects. To overcome this deficiency, it is essential to develop a collaborative treatment strategy that combines ES with other treatments. In this study, gold nanoparticles and antibacterial peptides (Os) were loaded on the surface of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) material through the reducibility and adhesion of polydopamine (PDA) and improved the electrical activity, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and biocompatibility properties of the polymer material. At the same time, this composite membrane material (Os/Au-PDA@PLGA) combined with ES was used in wound therapy to improve the wound healing rate. The results show that the new wound repair material has good biocompatibility and can effectively promote cell proliferation and migration. Through the combined application of gold nanoparticles and antibacterial peptides Os, the polymer materials have more efficient bactericidal and antioxidant effects. The antibacterial experiment results showed that gold nanoparticles could further enhance the antibacterial activity of antibacterial peptides. Furthermore, the Os/Au-PDA@PLGA composite membrane has good hydrophilicity and electrical activity, which can provide a more favorable cell microenvironment for wound healing. In vivo studies using a full-thickness skin defect model in rats showed that the Os/Au-PDA@PLGA composite membrane had a better therapeutic effect than the pure PLGA material. More importantly, the combination of the Os/Au-PDA@PLGA composite with ES significantly accelerated the rate of vascularization and collagen deposition and promoted wound healing compared with non-ES controls. Therefore, the combination of the Au/Os-PDA@PLGA composite membrane with ES may provide a new strategy for the effective treatment of skin wounds.

The massive death of nerve cells and the inflammatory microenvironment resulting from the release of reactive oxygen species after spinal cord injury (SCI) hinders the subsequent reconstruction of motor function. Owing to complex pathological changes, combination therapy is a potential new way to treat SCI. In this study, a novel multifunctional hydrogel containing an MXene-Au complex was constructed, and neural stem cells (NSCs) loaded in the hydrogel were combined with electrical stimulation to promote the recovery of motor function after SCI in rats. The constructed MAu-GelMA hydrogel had good reactive oxygen species-scavenging ability, electrical conductivity, and antibacterial ability. Simultaneously, electrical stimulation promoted the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs into nerve cells and promoted the establishment of synaptic connections between neu-rons. In the rat SCI model, combined treatment using MAu-GelMA hydrogel carrying NSCs and electrical stim-ulation reduced the formation of cavities and glial scars, enhanced neuronal differentiation and myelin regeneration of NSCs in the injured area, and promoted the recovery of motor function after SCI. In conclusion, in this study, we constructed a novel multifunctional hydrogel capable of carrying NSCs, which upon combining with electrical stimulation during treatment, effectively promoted the recovery of motor function in rats with SCI, thereby providing a new combination therapy strategy for SCI.

Spinal cord injury repair has remained a challenging issue in the medical field, and in recent years neural stem cell-based therapies have shown great potential. However, the survival and controlled differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) remain a problem, since the majority of materials can't provide a suitable microenvironment for NSCs. In this work, we design and develop a conductive hydrogel mimicking spinal cord tissue as a biomimetic 3D biomaterial soft scaffold to improve the survival microenvironment and regulate the differentiation direction of NSCs. Significantly, the designed hydrogel matches the spinal cord tissue in aspects of mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and pore structure. Moreover, the hydrogel possesses injectability, self-healing and haemostatic properties. Combining hydrogel with electrical stimulation (ES) induces loaded NSCs to be more inclined toward neuronal differentiation, axonal growth, and myelin regeneration, while reducing astrocyte development. This treatment strategy will ultimately achieve spinal cord injury repair and motor function restoration while avoiding glial scar deposition. This mimicking spinal cord 3D soft scaffolds combined with ES provide a promising therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury repair.

Radiodermatitis is an inevitable side effect of radiotherapy in cancer treatment and there is currently no consensus on effective drugs for treating the condition. Vitamin B-12 is known to be effective for repairing and regenerating damaged skin. However, there are few studies on the use of Vitamin B-12 for treating radiodermatitis. This study explored the therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of action of Vitamin B-12 ointment on radiodermatitis. A porcine model of grade IV radiodermatitis was established. The ointment was applied for 12 weeks after which histological staining, transmission electron microscopy, RT-qPCR, western blotting, and gene sequencing were performed for the evaluation of specific indicators in skin samples. After 12 weeks of observation, the Vitamin B-12 treatment was found to have significantly alleviated radiodermatitis. The treatment also significantly reduced the expression levels of NF-kappa B, COX-2, IL-6, and TGF-beta in the skin samples. The pathways involved in the effects of the treatment were identified by analysing gene expression. In conclusion, Vitamin B-12 ointment was found to be highly effective for treating radiodermatitis, with strong anti-radiation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrosis effects. It is thus a promising drug candidate for the treatment of severe radiodermatitis.

Accurate pesticide identification is of great importance for regulating food safety. However, the discrimination between organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) and carbamate pesticides (CPs) is still a challenge for existing analytical methods based on cholinesterase inhibition. It mainly because of the similar inhibitory effect of OPs and CPs on cholinesterase. Herein, we found that OPs and CPs differentially affected nanozymes with laccase-like activity, which would be interfered by OPs in different degrees rather than CPs. Thus, we fabricated a nanozyme sensor array and successfully achieved the OPs identification and similar individual discrimination, ignoring the interference from CPs or other potential interferents (antibiotics, ions, other pesticides). On the basis of nanozyme sensor array, a portable method using smartphone was constructed and utilized to determine OPs in fruits and vegetables. This work would contribute to the development of portable sensors and the highly selective identification and discrimination of OPs in complex samples.

BACKGROUND:Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious injury with high mortality and disability rates, and there is no effective treatment at present. It has been reported that some treatments, such as drug intervention and stem cell transplantation have positive effects in promoting neurological recovery. Although those treatments are effective for nerve regeneration, many drawbacks, such as low stem cell survival rates and side effects caused by systemic medication, have limited their development. In recent years, injectable hydrogel materials have been widely used in tissue engineering due to their good biocompatibility, biodegradability, controllable properties, and low invasiveness. The treatment strategy of injectable hydrogels combined with stem cells or drugs has made some progress in SCI repair, showing the potential to overcome the drawbacks of traditional drugs and stem cell therapy.METHODS:In this study, a novel injectable electroactive hydrogel (NGP) based on sodium hyaluronate oxide (SAO) and polyaniline-grafted gelatine (NH2-Gel-PANI) was developed as a material in which to load neural stem cells (NSCs) and donepezil (DPL) to facilitate nerve regeneration after SCI. To evaluate the potential of the prepared NGP hydrogel in SCI repair applications, the surface morphology, self-repairing properties, electrical conductivity and cytocompatibility of the resulting hydrogel were analysed. Meanwhile, we evaluated the neural repair ability of NGP hydrogels loaded with DPL and NSCs using a rat model of spinal cord injury.RESULTS:The NGP hydrogel has a suitable pore size, good biocompatibility, excellent conductivity, and injectable and self-repairing properties, and its degradation rate matches the repair cycle of spinal cord injury. In addition, DPL could be released continuously and slowly from the NGP hydrogel; thus, the NGP hydrogel could serve as an excellent carrier for drugs and cells. The results of in vitro cell experiments showed that the NGP hydrogel had good cytocompatibility and could significantly promote the neuronal differentiation and axon growth of NSCs, and loading the hydrogel with DPL could significantly enhance this effect. More importantly, the NGP hydrogel loaded with DPL showed a significant inhibitory effect on astrocytic differentiation of NSCs in vitro. Animal experiments showed that the combination of NGP hydrogel, DPL, and NSCs had the best therapeutic effect on the recovery of motor function and nerve conduction function in rats. NGP hydrogel loaded with NSCs and DPL not only significantly increased the myelin sheath area, number of new neurons and axon area but also minimized the area of the cystic cavity and glial scar and promoted neural circuit reconstruction.CONCLUSIONS:The DPL- and NSC-laden electroactive hydrogel developed in this study is an ideal biomaterial for the treatment of traumatic spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment represents a major challenge in clinical practice. In recent years, the rapid development of neural tissue engineering technology has provided a new therapeutic approach for spinal cord injury repair. Implanting functionalized electroconductive hydrogels (ECH) in the injury area has been shown to promote axonal regeneration and facilitate the generation of neuronal circuits by reshaping the microenvironment of SCI. ECH not only facilitate intercellular electrical signaling but, when combined with electrical stimulation, enable the transmission of electrical signals to electroactive tissue and activate bioelectric signaling pathways, thereby promoting neural tissue repair. Therefore, the implantation of ECH into damaged tissues can effectively restore physiological functions related to electrical conduction. This article focuses on the dynamic pathophysiological changes in the SCI microenvironment and discusses the mechanisms of electrical stimulation/signal in the process of SCI repair. By examining electrical activity during nerve repair, we provide insights into the mechanisms behind electrical stimulation and signaling during SCI repair. We classify conductive biomaterials, and offer an overview of the current applications and research progress of conductive hydrogels in spinal cord repair and regeneration, aiming to provide a reference for future explorations and developments in spinal cord regeneration strategies.