1 养猪业在节能减排上面临困难 1.1 养猪业今年普遍性问题 北京全市已建成十余家标准化、规模化、高级别生物安全生猪规模养殖场,但是目前养猪场非洲猪瘟病毒威胁还未解除.

The quality evaluation of pig frozen semen is the precondition to constantly improve the cryopreservation technology, and is an important content in the studying of frozen semen. This paper describes six areas of semen evaluation, including routine semen analysis, plasma membrane integrity, motility parameters, chromatin, capacitation and reproductive efficiency, which are applicable to the laboratory evaluation and reproductive application evaluation of pig frozen semen.

研究的目的是验证猪常规人工授精中倒骑式按摩法输精方法的效果,分析配种后受胎率与产仔数.在断奶发情的实验母猪发情鉴定表现定立表现时,采用倒骑式按摩法输精技术,实施子宫颈人工授精.按摩母猪乳房时间为30～60 s.输精完成后继续倒骑60 s.试验组与对照组相比,母猪发情表现主要集中在72 h到96 h之间,母猪断奶处理120 h内发情的母猪情况水平一致;试验组受胎率提高8.56个百分点,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);两组的窝产仔数、初生重差异不显著(P>0.05);实验组的窝平均活仔数提高1.2头,断奶重提高3.55％,与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01).试验表明,倒骑式按摩法人工输精技术能够获得较高的受胎率与活仔数,仔猪增重较好.

利用计算机辅助精子分析系统(CASA)结合顶体完整率(NAR)的检查,研究了长白猪0.5 mL细管冻精4种解冻程序后精液的质量,综合评价不同解冻方法.结果表明:1)精子冷冻-解冻后在曲线速度(VCL)、直线速度(VSL)、平均路径速度(VAP)、直线性(LIN)、前向性(STR)、鞭打频率(BCF)以及A+B类精子比例的检测性状上降低,差异极显著(P<0.01);精子头侧摆幅度(ALH)也显著减小(P<0.05),活率(Motile rate)变化差异不显著(P>0.05);2)四组解冻程序中,38℃20 s解冻组的活率(Motile rate,MR)、VSL、VCL、STR、A+B精子比例指标均极显著(P<0.01)优于42℃20 s、50℃15 s、62℃5 s解冻组,VAP、LIN与NAR差异不显著(P>0.05);3)Topsis综合评价的结果表明38℃20 s组在孵育2 h、4 h、6 h之后检测性状优于其他解冻组.由此推论,虽然解冻后精子在运动参数发生较大变化,但是38℃20 s的解冻效果优于其他解冻条件.

试验针对夏季北方地区正常生产的哺乳母猪舍、保育猪舍、育肥猪舍的氨气浓度,检验纳米光催化环境改良剂干粉的处理效果.结果表明,处理20 min后猪舍平均氨气浓度快速降至1.11 mg/L～1.61 mg/L之间.哺乳母猪舍处理后72 h内保持较好的使用效果,96 h恢复至处理前氨气的浓度水平.保育猪舍与育肥猪舍再处理后96 h仍然保持较好的处理效果.

With the increasing demand of meat products, animal husbandry industry had been rapidly developed in China in the past decade, especially the intensive livestock farms, increased from 16% to 52% in the total amount, from the year 1999 to 2015. Large amount of animal manures have been produced at the same time, which would be serious pollutant sources to the soil and water if they were discharged without any appropriate treatment. However, there is no suitable technology to deal with these wastes to realize recycling of nutrients, e.g. nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in feces livestock farms, which must lead to serious environmental pollution. Because of the increasing amount of feces and shortage of treatment methods, it is meaningful to assess their potential impacts and the influencing factors in the intensive livestock farms, together with the research of treatment methods. Based on the questionnaire inquiry and samples collection, this study collected 41 questionnaires and 218 examples from 19 scale pig farms and 22 scale cattle farms in different districts of Beijing suburb. Then the concentrations of N and P in 86 wastewater samples and 132 manure samples were analyzed. And taking one of the pig farms as an example, the main influencing factors that changed the nutrients content were analyzed. The results indicated that, in the livestock farms investigated in this study, the average contents of the total N (TN) in manures from pig livestock farms and cattle livestock farms were 29.1 and 17.8 g/kg, respectively; the total P (TP) were 15.1 and 6.8 g/kg, respectively. It also suggested that more variation of TN and TP contents were observed in pig manure than that in cattle manure. The average contents of TN in wastewater of pig livestock farms and cattle livestock farms were 892 and 540 mg/L, and the TP were 82.4 and 53.3 mg/L, respectively. That was similar with the manure nutrient content, more variation of TN and TP contents were observed in wastewater from pig livestock farm. The TN and TP contents in pig manure in the large-scale pig farm were mainly attributed to the feed formula. TN and TP contents of manures had less effect on TN and TP contents of wastewater under the current methods of feeding and disposal of manure due to the fodder and water usage. For the solid manure selected in pig farms, content of TN and TP were more influenced by their feed formulas, rather than other factors. While for the wastewater in pig farms, the content of TN and TP were more influenced by their manure management process and feed formulas rather than solid manure even though most of N and P in the wastewater come from solid manure. The seasonal variation of N and P in wastewater were observed in the large-scale pig farms with more than ten thousand pigs and the proportion of inorganic P was increased with the time of wastewater storage. Results of this study provide reference for not only land use of manures and wastewater, but also decision-making on regional gross control of animal feeding and distribution of livestock farming.

促排卵素3号(LRH-A3)能促进排卵及有利于早期胚胎的存活.该试验采用LRH-A3处理断奶后的经产母猪,解决母猪产后乏情的问题.研究发现,母猪配种时肌肉注射LRH-A3受孕率比对照组提高22.2％,发情后肌肉注射LRH-A3后6～8 h配种比对照组提高27.78％,在窝产仔数方面,两种方法分别比对照组提高8.3％和8.6％,两种处理法显著优于未处理组.试验表明,配种时肌肉注射LRH-A3能够提高经产母猪受孕率与产仔数.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of OPTIXcell without yolk and Optidyl with yolk on the frozen semen quality of Hu-sheep,White dorper sheep,Black dorper sheep and Australian white sheep sperm by using computer assisted sperm analyzer and Giemsa stain method.Choose 5 kinds of male sheep from Hu-sheep,White dorper sheep,Black dorper sheep and Australian white sheep,collect semen through the method of artificial vagina.The results showed that to compare the effect of two diluents on the same variety sheep semen,the MR,VSL,VAP,LIN,STR and BCF parameter of White dorper sheep and Australian white sheep semen diluted by Optidyl were better than that of OPTIXcell,and the MR,VCL,VAP and ALH parameters of Hu-sheep semen diluted by Optidyl were higher than that of OPTIXcell,but the MR,VSL,VCL,ALH and BCF of Black dorper sheep semen diluted by OPTIXcel were better that of Optidyl.The rates of sperm deformity in all four sheep varieties semen diluted by Optidyl were lower than that of OPTIXcell.In conclusion,Optidyl was suitable for the semen of Hu-sheep,White duper sheep and Australian white sheep,while OPTIXcell was suitable for the semen of Black dorper sheep.

公猪站也称猪人工授精站,是饲养人工授精用公猪并采集其精液,进行精液处理、分装、保存、销售与提供技术服务的地方.公猪站是开展猪人工授精技术、提高良种化水平的重要基础. 1 公猪站建立的定位分析 1.1 公猪站的社会化,为猪人工授精技术推广铺平道路 “十一五”以来,在党和政府惠农政策的支持下,各地公猪站建设水平得到大幅度提升,公猪站总体朝着办站方针明确、猪群健康安全、设施设备完善、精液品质上乘、服务体系健全的方向发展.各省市的公猪站比较多,京津冀2016年数据来看,社会化的公猪站北京有3家,天津就有11家,河北省达到32家.养猪大省就更多了,湖南省岳阳县2011年就有64家供精单位.

肉驴是草食家畜,食量小、适应性强、得病少、耐粗饲、耐粗放管理,养殖成本低,饲料来源广泛.素有“天上龙肉,地下驴肉”美誉的驴肉,具有瘦肉多、脂肪少,不饱和脂肪酸含量高等特点.驴,浑身是宝.驴皮是制备阿胶的重要材料,是我国传统的中药材;驴的头、乳、蹄、毛、鞭等皆属药材;生产生物制剂、食品添加剂及工业用品更是离不开驴的骨头、脏器乃至血液.

在我国环境压力日益增大、资源日益短缺、食品安全问题日益严峻的情况下，低碳养殖这一以可持续发展为理念，通过多种手段，尽可能减少养殖过程中高碳能源消耗、减少温室气体排放、减少污染的科学生产模式，正逐渐成为未来养殖业发展的主流方向。该文从低碳养殖的必要性入手，探讨了近年来我国低碳养殖在环境、经济等方面的获得的效益及存在问题，对解决方法与我国低碳养殖的未来发展方向提出了建议。

随着人们对牛肉消费需求从数量满足到追求高质的转变,雪花牛肉以其特有的感观、质量和口味深受大众喜爱.从长远来看,生产高档雪花牛肉具有广阔的市场前景和显著的经济效益,有利于提高肉牛业生产水平.然而,与生产普通牛肉的牛相比,生产雪花牛肉的牛的饲养管理有着更为严格的标准和要求.本文从"雪花牛"的品种选择、科学饲喂、日常管理三个方面入手,探讨生产高质雪花牛肉的科学方法和有效手段.

1??猪场温室气体的排放源<br>　　猪养殖生产过中主要排放甲烷（CH4）、一氧化二氮（N2O亦称氧化亚氮）和二氧化碳（CO2）等3种温室气体。甲烷主要来自肠道发酵和粪便管理过程中的排放，氧化亚氮排放主要来自粪肥，二氧化碳主要来自猪舍通风供暖和设备运转的能源消耗。

“母猪的健康水平是养猪成败的关键，而导致母猪不健康的罪魁祸首是母猪便秘。因此，围绕如何避免和防止母猪便秘成为提高母猪健康水平的核心内容。”--山西临猗县丰淋生猪养殖专业合作社致富带头人薛守勤如是说。

为了寻找北京市猪场节能减排的最佳途径,对北京市规模化猪场的供暖猪舍建筑围护结构保温性能进行了调查,并对常见的4种建筑类型按照北京市节能建筑标准进行了节能改造,研究改造猪舍的节能减排潜力.结果表明,对于建筑尺寸一定的猪舍,不同围护结构建筑材料组成的猪舍其单位面积采暖期耗煤量不同,供暖猪舍舍内冬季温度为20℃,供暖期为125 d的情况下,长宽比为1∶13的4种既有猪舍一个采暖期耗煤量范围为42～134 kgce/m2,节能猪舍一个采暖期耗煤量为22 kgce/m2；长宽比为1∶5的4种猪舍一个采暖期耗煤量范围为28.6～91kgce/m2,节能猪舍一个采暖期耗煤量为15.0 kgce/m2.猪舍经过节能改造后,节能比例为48％～84％.如果对北京市哺乳猪舍和保育猪舍均进行节能改造,北京市年出栏数在1000头以上的猪场合计节约标准煤至少4 515 t/采暖季,CO2减排量至少为10 836t/采暖季.

With the increasing of GMO( genetically modified organisms),the safety of GMO has attracted more and more worldwide attention. Governments of all countries give more priority to management genetically modified organisms and products. As a first step of GMO safety assessment,accurate detection of GMO is particularly important. This paper reviews the principle,key technology,its use in detecting transgenic plants and products of double antibody and sandwich ELISA method,and analyzes the application prospect in transgenic animals.

在北京8家规模猪场选取60头育肥猪分别喂食普通饲料和低蛋白日粮,测量两种饲养条件下育肥猪的死淘率、日增重、采食量、饲料转化率、粪氮等各项指标,分析低蛋白日粮对育肥猪温室气体排放量和减排量的影响.结果表明,采用低蛋白日粮喂养猪比用普通饲料喂养饲料利用效率提高7.51％,猪粪便中氮和碳的含量分别减少27.9％和1.84％(P＜0.05),可实现温室气体减排量(0.82±0.40)kgCO2 e/kg增重,其主要减排途径为减少了粪便管理过程中氧化亚氮的排放(P＜0.05).可见,低蛋白日粮可提高育肥猪对营养物质的利用率,减少猪粪便中NH3、N含量,温室气体减排量0.82 kgCO2 e/kg增重.

“仅有分配机制还是不够的,完善配套的基础设施和管理运营机制才是至关重要的”.——山西临猗县丰淋生猪养殖专业合作社暨丰淋牧业有限公司总经理薛楠如是说. 岁末年初,笔者与生猪产业技术体系北京市创新团队一起考察了山西临猗县丰淋生猪养殖专业合作社,收集整理了他们的成功经验,现将该合作社管理运营模式介绍给大家,希望能够为行业的从业者和管理者提供些许的启迪.

Early and accurate diagnosis of pregnancy is important for effective management of an economical pig farm. Besides the currently available methods used in early diagnosis of sows, circulating nucleic acids in peripheral blood may contain some early pregnancy-specific molecular markers. For the first time, microarray analysis of peripheral blood from pregnant sows versus non-pregnant sows identified 127 up-regulated and 56 down-regulated genes at day 14 post-insemination. Gene Ontology annotation grouped the total differently expressed genes into 3 significantly enriched terms, cell surface receptor linked signal transduction, G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway and regulation of vesicle-mediated transport. Signaling pathway analysis revealed the only one significantly changed pathway was arachidonic acid metabolism. Of the differently expressed genes, nine (including LPAR3, RXFP4, GALP, CBR1, CBR2, GPX6, USP18, LHB and NR5A1) were found to exert function related to early pregnancy processes. This study provides a clue that differentially abundant RNAs in maternal peripheral blood can help to identify the molecular markers of early pregnancy in pigs.