为了提高马匹人工授精受胎率及迅速扩大良种马数量,试验于2017-2019年对北京市2个马场健康无繁殖疾病且发情周期正常的139匹马,按年度分3个批次通过月份、输精部位及输精次数对马匹情期人工授精受胎率的影响进行对比分析.结果 表明:在繁殖季节,3,4,5月份平均情期受胎率较高,分别为64.45％、68.45％和64.68％,与7,8月份(平均情期受胎率为52.38％和47.62％)相比差异显著(P＜0.05);6月份(平均情期受胎率为58.93％)较3,4,5月份有下降趋势,但也还比较理想;子宫体深部输精平均情期受胎率(65.72％)显著高于子宫颈输精(56.13％,P＜0.05);输精次数为1,2,3次的平均情期受胎率分别为59.73％、64.08％和51.85％,各组间无显著性差异(P＞0.05),但输精2次效果最好.说明北京地区马匹人工授精最佳时间是在3,4,5,6月份,饲养条件允许可以采取子宫体深部输精,最好进行2次输精.

为研究北京市规模猪场温室气体排放情况,探索生猪养殖企业温室气体排放估算方法,以北京市24家规模猪场的生产基础数据,估算规模猪场温室气体排放量.结果 表明,猪场温室气体平均排放量为230.41 kg CO2e/头育肥猪,肠道发酵排放、粪便管理过程排放和能源消耗过程排放量分别为17.06 kg CO2e/头育肥猪、113.62 kg CO2e/头育肥猪和99.73 kg CO2/头育肥猪,CH4、N2O和CO2排放分别占12.68％、44.04％和43.28％.不考虑能源消耗排放因素,温室气体排放共130.68 kg CO2e/头育肥猪,肠道发酵排放和粪便管理过程排放分别占13.05％和86.95％,粪便管理过程温室气体排放为生猪养殖过程关键排放源.

随着我国畜牧业的快速发展,畜禽粪污量不断增大,随之而来的臭气严重影响畜禽与养殖人员的身体健康,同时带来空气污染,因此养殖场臭气控制技术的研究对于动物健康、产品安全、空气改善具有重要意义.

With the increasing demand of meat products, animal husbandry industry had been rapidly developed in China in the past decade, especially the intensive livestock farms, increased from 16% to 52% in the total amount, from the year 1999 to 2015. Large amount of animal manures have been produced at the same time, which would be serious pollutant sources to the soil and water if they were discharged without any appropriate treatment. However, there is no suitable technology to deal with these wastes to realize recycling of nutrients, e.g. nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in feces livestock farms, which must lead to serious environmental pollution. Because of the increasing amount of feces and shortage of treatment methods, it is meaningful to assess their potential impacts and the influencing factors in the intensive livestock farms, together with the research of treatment methods. Based on the questionnaire inquiry and samples collection, this study collected 41 questionnaires and 218 examples from 19 scale pig farms and 22 scale cattle farms in different districts of Beijing suburb. Then the concentrations of N and P in 86 wastewater samples and 132 manure samples were analyzed. And taking one of the pig farms as an example, the main influencing factors that changed the nutrients content were analyzed. The results indicated that, in the livestock farms investigated in this study, the average contents of the total N (TN) in manures from pig livestock farms and cattle livestock farms were 29.1 and 17.8 g/kg, respectively; the total P (TP) were 15.1 and 6.8 g/kg, respectively. It also suggested that more variation of TN and TP contents were observed in pig manure than that in cattle manure. The average contents of TN in wastewater of pig livestock farms and cattle livestock farms were 892 and 540 mg/L, and the TP were 82.4 and 53.3 mg/L, respectively. That was similar with the manure nutrient content, more variation of TN and TP contents were observed in wastewater from pig livestock farm. The TN and TP contents in pig manure in the large-scale pig farm were mainly attributed to the feed formula. TN and TP contents of manures had less effect on TN and TP contents of wastewater under the current methods of feeding and disposal of manure due to the fodder and water usage. For the solid manure selected in pig farms, content of TN and TP were more influenced by their feed formulas, rather than other factors. While for the wastewater in pig farms, the content of TN and TP were more influenced by their manure management process and feed formulas rather than solid manure even though most of N and P in the wastewater come from solid manure. The seasonal variation of N and P in wastewater were observed in the large-scale pig farms with more than ten thousand pigs and the proportion of inorganic P was increased with the time of wastewater storage. Results of this study provide reference for not only land use of manures and wastewater, but also decision-making on regional gross control of animal feeding and distribution of livestock farming.

Global warming is mainly caused by emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4and N2O to the atmosphere. Agriculture plays an important role in the increasing of global greenhouse gases emission with large numbers of livestock and poultry industries. This study focuses on investigating the emission dynamics of CO2, CH4and N2O in covered storage process of manure slurry. The experiment was carried out during summer, in a dairy farm in Beijing, with a population of 3 400 cows. On this farm, dairy manure is cleaned by scrapers, and later solid-liquid separated. After separation, the liquid part is directly fed into the covered storage lagoon for anaerobic fermentation, while the solid part is used to produce organic fertilizer. A storage tank was built in the dairy processing area of the dairy farm with a floating film and a base membrane to prevent leaching and pollution of groundwater. The cover film kept floating on the surface and served to reduce on the smell nuisance and ammonia loss. After a certain storage period and stabilization in the covered storage tank, the digested sludge could be used onto the farm as fertilizer. The storage tank was 200 m in length, 25 m in width and 3 m in depth. There were 14 ventilation holes (5 cm inner diameter) on both sides along the length and width of the tank. Based on the enclosed condition, the amount of exhausted gas from this storage tank could be calculated. The test was conducted for 7 days from July 28thto August 3rd. The emitted gases were collected every 3 hours for the further composition analysis. Similarly, at every 3 h, slurry samples were also collected and analyzed for pH value, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand(COD)and ammonium. The environmental condition was also recorded by parameters of humidity, pressure and air temperature. Results showed that, under this covered storage tank, the emitted concentration of CO2, CH4and N2O were (634.01 ± 81.54) g/m3, (215.33 ± 18.59) g/m3and (0.19 ± 0.07) mg/m3, respectively. The emission were (4.18 ± 0.53) g/(m2∑h), (1.42 ± 0.12) g/(m2∑h) and (0.0013±0.0005) mg/(m2·h), respectively. The CO2equivalent of emitted CH4and N2O were 35.50 and 0.0004 g/(m2·h), respectively. The contribution rates of emitted CO2, CH4and N2O were 10.53%, 89.46% and 0, respectively. During this experiment, the emission of the CO2and CH4showed clearly positive correlation tendency with temperature, however, the relationships were not significant (P>0.05). It may due to the test period of the experiment was only during the summer, the seasonal change with a bigger temperature range may cause the more clear positive correlations, which need to be studied in future. With a low emission of N2O under anaerobic condition, the emission of CH4plays the main role and should be well controlled. Thus, the appropriate method to effectively utilize the CH4produced from the covered storage tank in the dairy factory has become the key issue for the environmental protection and renewable energy utilization.

全球气候变化是当今国际社会普遍关注的全球性问题,主要原因是由于人类活动向大气中排放大量二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)等温室气体引起的,解决气候变化的根本措施就是减少人为温室气体排放.自工业革命以来,大气中的温室气体如CO2、CH4和N2O的浓度分别增加了40％、150％和20％,并分别达到了历史最高浓度水平:391 mL/m3,1 803μL/m3和324 μ L/m3[1].在中国,农业源排放的CH4和N2O的量分别占全国人为温室气体排放量的50.15％和92.47％[2],其中畜禽养殖业中CO2、CH4和N2O排放量分别占9％、37％和65％[3].因此,有效减少畜禽养殖业中温室气体排放是治理环境减缓全球气候变化的重要环节之一.中国畜牧养殖生产基数大,而养猪业又是畜牧养殖业的主要产业,文内分析探讨规模化猪场低碳发展在猪舍设计、猪群饲喂及粪污处理过程中的路径选择.

为有效利用藏猪遗传资源,研究将高原藏猪引入北京平原地区,在“放牧自由觅食+定点人工补饲”的饲养模式下研究北方低海拔地区藏猪生长适应性.结果表明:藏猪在北京地区繁殖的第一批后代成功存活,其9月龄体重平均为(26.45±5.86) kg,体长(68.79±5.85) cm,体高(45.67±3.70)cm,胸围(72.18±7.29)cm,背膘厚(23.89±6.18)mm,高于西藏地区10月龄藏猪和广州地区引进的藏猪;藏母猪体重高于藏公猪,但体长、体高、胸围均低于藏公猪;北京地区藏猪成年后的体重和体长分别达到(60.53±12.06)kg和(93.05±7.39) cm,屠宰率(74.16％)介于外地舍饲和外地放牧模式之间,腿臀率(28.36％)、眼肌面积[(21.59±4.21)cm2]、油脂率(5.30％)优于外地舍饲和外地放牧模式.说明藏猪引入北京地区后其后代能够适应北方低海拔地区的环境条件,并取得较好的生产性能.

The body temperature of cattle varies regularly with both the reproductive cycle and disease status. Establishing an automatic method for monitoring body temperature may facilitate better management of reproduction and disease control in cattle. Here, we developed an Automatic Measurement System for Cattle's Surface Temperature (AMSCST) to measure the temperature of metatarsus by attaching a special shell designed to fit the anatomy of cattle's hind leg. Using AMSCST, the surface temperature (ST) on the metatarsus of the hind leg was successively measured during 24 hours a day with an interval of one hour in three tested seasons. Based on ST and rectal temperature (RT) detected by AMSCST and mercury thermometer, respectively, a linear mixed model was established, regarding both the time point and seasonal factors as the fixed effects. Unary linear correlation and Bland-Altman analysis results indicated that the temperatures measured by AMSCST were closely correlated to those measured by mercury thermometer (R2 = 0.998), suggesting that the AMSCST is an accurate and reliable way to detect cattle's body temperature. Statistical analysis showed that the differences of STs among the three seasons, or among the different time points were significant (P<0.05), and the differences of RTs among the different time points were similarly significant (P<0.05). The prediction accuracy of the mixed model was verified by 10-fold cross validation. The average difference between measured RT and predicted RT was about 0.10 ± 0.10°C with the association coefficient of 0.644, indicating the feasibility of this model in measuring cattle body temperature. Therefore, an automated technology for accurately measuring cattle body temperature was accomplished by inventing an optimal device and establishing the AMSCST system.

Ahstract:In order to exploring the change pattern of melatonin in blood under the normal conditions of the multiparous Holstein cows within 24 h,the change of melatonin in blood of Holstein cows after the intravenous injection,subcutaneous implantation in neck,neck subcutaneous injection and drench were studied and the melatonin secretion rule and its metabolic rate were analyzed.The results showed that melatonin secretion changes obviously in the blood within 24 h,the concentration peak appeared at 04:00 (8.30 ng/mL),lowest at 16:00 (2.08 ng/mL).After subcutaneous implantation and drench,the concentration of melatonin in the blood rose relatively flat compared to other groups.Subcutaneous injection of 46.4,4.64 and 0.464 mg melatonin,the concentration in the blood rose rapidly,the peak appeared at 1 h after the injection,which were 561.94,487.03,92.89 ng/mL,respectively,extremely significantly higher than pre-injection (P＜0.01).Intravenous injection of 46.4,4.64 and 0.464 mg melatonin,the concentration in the blood also rose rapidly,the peak appeared at 0.5 h after the injection,which were 767.68,639.19,110.56 ng/mL,respectively,extremely higher than pre-injection (P ＜ 0.01).This study proved that the secretion of melatonin in the Holstein cows had obvious circadian rhythm,intravenous or subcutaneous injection of melatonin could improve the concentration of melatonin rapidly and there was a high correlation between the melatonin metabolic rate and the melatonin concentration in the blood,with the increase of the concentration of melatonin,the metabolism velocity was accelerated obviously.

在调研的基础上,对北京市奶业的现状进行分析.梳理列举了目前限制北京市奶业发展存在的主要问题,并较为全面地提出了北京市奶业发展的工作思路、产业定位、产业方向和任务重点,为"十三五"期间北京市奶牛产业的技术发展提出了建议.

In the present study a field experiment was conducted to quantify CO2and NH3emissions and water consumption from 25thJuly, 2015 to 11th August, 2015 (18 days) during summer in a finishing pig house in Beijing equipped with a pull-plug manure removal system and a curtain tunnel mechanical ventilation system. NH3emission rates were (23.4±11.0) g/(d·500 kg), and NH3 emission rates ranged from 4.3 to 49.5 g/(d·500 kg). Ammonia emission rates at 08:00 and 14:00 were significantly higher than those at 10:00, 12:00, 16:00 and 18:00 (P<0.001), presumably due to manure removal by workers lowering emissions. The average CO2emission rate was (2.73±0.78) g/(d·500 kg), and maximum and minimum rates were 5.00 and 1.00 g/(d·500 kg), respectively. The average daily mean emission rate with a maximum frequency of 44% was 2.5-3 g/(d·500 kg), and around 92% of average daily emission rates were less than 4.0 kg/(d·500 kg). Daytime CO2emissions peak was at 12:00. Maximum, minimum and average water consumption rates including the water pad on a per pig per day basis were 90.0, 19.6 and 47.0 L/(d·pig), respectively. These results establish baseline CO2and NH3emissions and water consumption values for pig production facilities of this type in China.

The aim of this study was to study current emission situation of scale dairy farms in Beijing,especially farms with high carbon emission management,and the basic data were from the investigation and research of 8 scale dairy farms with high carbon emission management in Beijing.Based on the 2015 production data of these 8 scale dairy farms,this paper used the greenhouse gas emission estimating framework by Food and Agriculture Organization,2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Standard Guidelines of the Greenhouse Gas Emission Accounting for Animal Husbandry in Beijing (in publicity) to evaluate the discharge of them.The results showed that the main emission source was from the dairy intestine fermentation in scale dairy farms and it accounted for 77.65 percent of the total emission.The energy consumption was the second emission source,which took up 11.24 percent,and the emission of manure management accounted the least for 11.11 percent.From the result,the key greenhouse gases were CH4 and CO2 and their percentage respectively were 80.15 and 11.24.Besides,the greenhouse gas emission was 0.95 kgCO2eq per kg fat corrected milk.The result would provide a reference for the determination of greenhouse gas reduction target of dairy cow breeding farms in Beijing and other cities.

It is important to determine the insemination time by using accurate estrous detection and ovulation prediction.In this study,10 multiparous Simmental cattle and 10 primiparous Holstein cows,which were 60 to 90 days postpartum,healthy and nonpregnant,were used as experiment animals.After estrus synchronization,the oestrus and ovulation time of cattle were detected by observation and rectal examination,and the corresponding activity and vaginal electrical resistance (VER) were measured by using pedometers in an interval of 30 min and estrus ovulation tester in an interval of 4 h,respectively.Results showed that,the VER in dioestrus ((300± 12) Ω) was significantly higher than that in oestrus (P＜0.05),and decreased rapidly 4 h before the onset of oestrus and dropped to the lowest ((220±27) Ω) 8-12 h after the onset of oestrus,and then gradually recovered to the dioestrus level after ovulating.The activity in dioestrus was lower than that in oestrus,and increased 10 times rapidly after the onset of oestrus,and then recovered to the dioestrus level after the end of oestrus.The oestrus duration,the time from onset of oestrus to ovulation and the time from end of oestrus to ovulation were (15.6±2.8) h,(26.8±4.2) h and (11.3±4.3) h,respectively.The ovulation occurred (15.0±1.3) h later after the lowest VER.The activity and VER variation could provide guidance to explore the techniques of accurate oestrus detection and insemination during oestrus and ovulation.The actvity combined with VER would improve oestrus detection efficiency and timing of ovulation predicted accuracy,which have significant value for developing the automatic technology of oestrus detection and ovulation prediction.

面对国家提出的供给侧结构性改革,实施富农强国战略,中国奶业发展亟需破冰之际,如何培养新型农民,创新推广机制和服务模式,提升奶业软实力,促进奶业发展,值得众多产业和体制内外的部门、从业人员去研究、探讨与实践.奶牛产业技术体系北京市创新团队紧跟大都市圈奶业发展现状和改革发展步伐,成功实施了“奶牛保姆行动”,从人才上培育了现代奶业从业队伍,技术上保障了奶业安全高效优质,实践上为大都市圈新型奶牛服务与推广模式的探索提供了新思路.文章介绍了奶牛保姆行动的具体组织体系、运行机制、推广模式、运行特点以及主要成效,为我国农业基础产业技术推广与服务模式提供了有益的探索与尝试.

体温与活动量是评价家畜健康状况和生理状态的重要指标,对提高奶牛养殖效率具有重要意义.围绕奶牛体温与活动量的检测方法进行了大量研究,检测方法逐渐由手动检测向机械化、自动化、智能化方向发展;检测灵敏度和准确性不断提高,数据覆盖度不断加大,数据可用性不断提高;体温和活动量的疾病规律、繁殖活动规律不断揭示.只有活动量数据实现了自动化采集和规模化应用,体温数据虽然已开发出瘤胃丸、阴道埋植等自动化采集方法,这些方法还不能大规模推广应用,体温的自动化采集方法仍在探索中.本文综述了奶牛体温与活动量数据的采集方法,分析其在奶牛疾病与发情、妊娠及分娩等繁殖行为中的变化规律,并展望了奶牛体温与活动量自动化采集技术的研发及应用前景.

为探讨0.25 mL奶牛细管冻精解冻后的最佳保存环境和适宜的输精时段,本试验对奶牛细管冻精40℃下20 s解冻后在0℃～4℃,14℃～16℃,25℃～27℃下分别保存2,4,6,8,10h的活力进行了测定.结果表明:在本次实验中,奶牛细管冻精解冻后在0℃～4 ℃和14℃～ 16℃保存到10h精子活力0.434±0.0167和0.423±0.0196与初解冻精子活力(0.441±0.030)差异不显著(P＞0.05);在25℃～27℃随保存时间延长精子活力呈下降趋势,保存6h精子活力和初解冻相比差异显著(P＜0.05),保存8,10h差异极显著(P＜0.01).从而得出,奶牛细管冻精解冻后在0℃～4℃和14℃～16℃保存10h以内,精子活力仍然维持在一个较高水平,符合输精要求,在此温度和时间范围内进行长距离携带,对精液质量影响小,可以达到预期的输精效果;环境温度在25℃左右时,冻精解冻后宜于6h以内进行输精.

为了提高奶牛细管冻精的使用效果,试验从筛选最佳解冻方法和解冻后有效保存环境二方面进行研究,分别比较低温、室温、体温及高温环境下的精子活率.结果显示:采用75℃解冻3 s精子活率最高,效果最好,适合解冻后立即输精;40℃解冻20 s效果较好,保存时间较长,适合解冻保存后输精;低温5℃和室温15℃解冻精子活率低于0.35,90℃高温条件下精子活率不稳定,不适合生产使用.此外,对奶牛细管冻精40 ℃下解冻20 s后在0～4℃,14 ～ 16℃,25 ～ 27℃下分别保存2,4,6,8,10小时时的活率进行测定,结果显示,0～4℃和14～16℃保存10 h精子活率与初解冻精子活率差异不显著(P＞0.05);25 ～27℃随保存时间延长,精子活率呈下降趋势,保存6h精子活率与初解冻相比差异显著(P＜0.05),保存8,10 h精子活率与初解冻相比差异极显著(P＜0.01).因此,在生产实践中对奶牛细管冻精解冻时,需根据具体情况选用适合的解冻方法.

奶牛卵巢机能障碍是奶牛的主要繁殖障碍,对奶牛养殖业的影响很大,是造成奶牛业养殖亏损的重要原因之一.本文对奶牛卵巢机能障碍中卵巢囊肿、持久黄体、卵巢静止和卵巢萎缩等四大类疾病的发病原因、临床症状、诊断方法以及治疗原则进行了概述,目的是全面地认识和有效控制奶牛卵巢机能障碍的发生,以提高奶牛养殖经济效益.

为有效利用藏猪遗传资源,本研究将高原藏猪引入北京平原地区,在“放牧自由觅食+定点人工补饲”的饲养模式下,采取自然繁殖方式,研究北方低海拔地区藏猪繁殖适应性.结果表明,藏猪母猪初次繁殖体重范围≤22.3kg,公猪≤18.6 kg;夏季藏猪的窝产仔数、窝产活仔数和断奶成活数最高(6.04±2.07、5.40±1.89、5.12 ±2.33),春季窝产仔数和窝产活仔数最低(4.75±1.66、4.00 ±2.17),冬季断奶成活数最低(3.18±2.46),但四个季度无显著差异(P＞0.05);藏猪1胎的窝产仔数、窝产活仔数和断奶成活数(5.64 ±2.04、5.00 ±2.00、4.79 ±2.29)与2胎(5.52±1.75、5.00±2.22、3.73 ±2.36)无显著性差异(P＞0.05);北京地区藏猪1胎、2胎的平均窝产仔数(5.64±2.04、5.52 ±1.75)均高于西藏地区(4.47 ±0.08、5.40 ±0.23)和广州地区(4.21±1.91、5.33±1.12);其中,1胎的平均窝产仔数北京地区与西藏地区、广州地区差异显著.说明藏猪引入北京地区后能够适应北方低海拔地区的环境条件,一年四季均可进行有效繁殖.

分别采用23对微卫星引物分析了我国两个地方品种北京油鸡和北京鸭在不同保种场的保种效果.检测了北京油鸡和北京鸭共计240个个体的基因型,通过计算等位基因数量、遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)、F统计量和Nei氏遗传距离分析了北京油鸡和北京鸭群体内与群体间的变异,比较了两个品种不同保种场的保种效果.在所检测的4个群体中,各群体均有较高的多态性,其杂合度均超过了0.5,除微卫星座位APL82(北京鸭Ⅱ)为纯合位点外,各位点等位基因数量为2～16个.结果表明,4个保种场均较好地保存了这些品种的遗传多样性,但同一品种保种场间保种群体已经发生了分化.