Many Paleoproterozoic borate deposits are hosted within the lower units of the volcanic-sedimentary sequence (ca. 2.2 Ga) of the Liaohe Group, Liaodong Peninsula, northeast China. It is debated as to whether these deposits were affected by marine evaporation. The borate ore bodies of the Zhuanmiao deposit in the Liaohe Group have stratiform or lenticular shapes and occur in serpentinized carbonates, with the ores being bordered by layered leptynites, leptites, amphibolites, and migmatites. We carried out a C-O-Mg stable isotope study of the ores and carbonate rocks in the Zhuanmiao deposit. The delta 13C values of unserpentinized magnesite marbles in the ores of the Errengou block in the Zhuanmiao deposit range from +3.2 %o to +6.0 %o and preserve a positive C isotopic anomaly typical of the Lomagundi-Jatuli Event (2.306-2.057 Ga). The delta 26Mg values of these unserpentinized magnesite marbles in the Zhuanmiao borate deposit range from-1.01 %o to-0.84 %o, which are typical of marine sediments. The positive C isotopic anomaly of the magnesite marbles in the Zhuanmiao deposit indicates that the C isotopic anomaly of magnesite that formed during the Lomagundi-Jatuli Event is not only a result of global oxygenation of the ocean-atmosphere, but also marine evaporation in individual basins. This evaporation even led to rare examples of borate mineralization.

The Middle Triassic Ordos Basin witnessed the earliest rehabilitation of complex lacustrine ecosystems after the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME). The specific challenges faced by freshwater ecosystems during this interval remain unclear, however, owing to the limited spatiotemporal coverage of integrated biogeochemical studies. Here, we combine high-resolution geochronology, mineralogical and multi-proxy geochemical data from the mid-Triassic Ordos Basin with temporal and spatial biogeochemical modelling to reconstruct lake redox structure and nutrient dynamics. Our results indicate that a transient increase in external sulfate input strengthened endogenous phosphorus recycling and eutrophication, promoting shoaling and intensification of a metastable sulfidic zone at mid-depths. This shoaling would have led to poisoning of benthic habitats, causing a collapse of the oldest known Mesozoic lacustrine ecosystem. We propose that sulfate loading prolonged anoxia and ecological stress by extending the residence time of phosphorus, a mechanism that may be relevant to deoxygenation events and resulting biocrises in both ancient and modern lacustrine ecosystems.

On Earth, atmospheric oxygen is inferred to have risen over three major intervals before reaching modern levels, with each interval having a profound impact on the evolution of the biosphere. However, the principal driver behind these stepwise increases remains elusive. Here, we compile metamorphic thermobaric ratios (T/P) through time and use them as a first-order, probabilistic proxy for the likelihood of "cold" subduction (i.e., with T/P < 375 °C GPa-1) during secular cooling of Earth's mantle. Then, we couple this tectonic forcing to biogeochemical modeling to test whether more efficient cold subduction may have enhanced the net transfer of reduced organic carbon and pyrite to Earth's deep interior, thereby diminishing oxygen sinks and allowing surface oxygen levels to increase at geological timescales. Modeling results indicate that the progressive emergence of cold subduction could plausibly have contributed to the long-term oxygenation trajectory and associated secular trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide, seawater sulfate, sedimentary phosphorus, and marine redox conditions. Although the absolute magnitudes remain uncertain, the predicted trajectory of surface oxygenation is qualitatively consistent with the broad three-step pattern inferred from geochemical proxies. We propose that the progressive evolution of subduction may have been a key driver of long-term surface oxygenation, linking mantle cooling to the rise of conditions favorable for aerobic lifeforms.

Fluorite is a critical strategic non-metallic mineral resource with wide industrial applications. Here, we provide new constraints for the granite-related fluorite mineralization processes in the Zhangcuo-Banling ore belt in Shaowu of South China. We present geochronological constraints from granite zircon U-Pb, fluorite Sm-Nd, and quartz Rb-Sr dating. The results suggest that the fluorite mineralization ages (137 f 27 Ma and 143 f 14 Ma) are likely younger than the intrusion age of the granite (151.0 f 1.3 Ma). Analyses of fluid inclusions reveal that the ore-forming fluids represent a NaCl-H2O fluid system with characteristics of medium-to-low temperature and low salinity. The delta DV-SMOW values of fluorites range from-71.3 %o to-61.9 %o, and the delta 18OV-SMOW values range from-2.9 %o to 2.6 %o, suggesting that the ore-forming fluids were primarily derived from meteoric water. The (87Sr/86Sr)t ratios of fluorite range from 0.716235 to 0.716635, while for quartz, the ratios range from 0.717106 to 0.720313. These values are consistent with the reported (87Sr/86Sr)t ratios of granite from South China, indicating that the Ca came from the ore-bearing granite. Considering the background of diagenesis and mineralization, along with the significantly high F content (1800 x 10-6 to 7400 x 10-6) in the granite, we propose that F originated from the leaching of biotite in the granite and the gaseous HF released from magma. This study establishes a granite-related hydrothermal fluorite mineralization model for the Shaowu region of South China.

Rice bacterial leaf blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), leads to severe yield losses in rice. Resistance breeding is a sustainable approach to mitigate the impact of this disease. In this study, a novel BB resistance gene, Xa50(t), was identified in the germplasm line CX315. Genetic analysis revealed that the resistance is conferred by a dominant resistant gene, tentatively named Xa50(t), which provides broad-spectrum and robust resistance to multiple Xoo strains. Using an F2 population derived from a cross between CX315 and IR24, Xa50(t) was fine-mapped to a 147.7 kb region on the long arm of chromosome 11 flanked by InDel markers M11-588 and M11-602. Gene expression analysis identified three candidate genes out of 13 open reading frames (ORFs) predicted in candidate region. ORF5 and ORF9 (Xa4), encoding a wall-associated kinase (WAK)-like protein, and ORF13, encoding a receptor-like kinase protein, were significantly upregulated in CX315 following Xoo inoculation. While ORF9 is predicted to encode the Xa4 resistance gene, CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout of Xa4 did not abolish Xa50(t)-mediated resistance in the CX315 line, indicating that Xa50(t) confers resistance in a complementary manner. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that oxidative stress response and immune signaling pathways were enriched in CX315 at 48 hours post-inoculation. Together, these findings highlight the potential of Xa50(t) as a valuable genetic resource for improving BB resistance in rice, and the transcriptome data provides molecular insight into the BB resistance response.

The Upper Cretaceous Daijiaping Formation of the Chaling Basin, southeast China, is a mixed aeolian-fluvial succession accumulated in an erg-margin setting. The roles of climate and tectonics in governing the temporal and spatial arrangement of aeolian and fluvial strata are investigated using lithofacies and architectural-element analyses of outcrops in the eastern part of the basin. Architectural elements of aeolian origin record the preserved expression of dunes, sandsheets, damp and wet interdunes, and sand pods. Architectural elements of alluvial origin record channelized bedload streams and cobble-sand sheetflow units. Distinctive deflation lags and desert pavements are also recognized. The alternating nature of deposition via aeolian and aqueous processes is marked by a series of sand-drift surfaces that form a record of repeated shifts from aeolian to water-lain depositional conditions. Ephemeral water influx to the desert-margin system likely occurred in response to exceptional rainfall caused by monsoonal water discharge and meltwaters from glaciated mountain ranges that bordered the basin. The vertical arrangements of alternating facies associations define stacked wetting-upward cycles, each 0.4-14.2 m thick. Each cycle commences with simple or compound crescentic dune deposits, else with aeolian sandsheet deposits. These are overlain by bedload stream or conglomerate sheetflow deposits. The vertical stacking of these different architectural elements records the contraction and expansion of erg-margin systems in response to climate-controlled variations in the groundwater level, sand availability for aeolian transport, and fluvial and aeolian sediment transport capacity. The stratigraphic evolution was controlled by exceptional rainfall events at the basin margin, consequent floods into the dune-field margin and associated fluctuations in the water-table level. Orogenic uplift, a subtropical high-pressure system, and a variable groundwater level controlled by a monsoon climate and tectonic subsidence resulted in the development of extensive aeolian desert depositional systems in the South China hinterland during the Late Cretaceous.

Inland aquatic ecosystems are the largest natural source of greenhouse gas methane (CH4) release to the atmosphere. Although the temperature dependence of CH4 dynamics in freshwater systems is well documented, CH4 cycling in salt-rich inland waters and its response to rapid global warming remain poorly understood, particularly during past greenhouse climates. Here, we use the carbon isotopic composition of lipid biomarkers to reconstruct CH4 cycling in a saline lake during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ca. 56 Ma), a geological analog for future warming. Our results suggest that, in contrast to the high temperature sensitivity reported for contemporaneous freshwater wetlands, microbial CH4 cycling in the saline lacustrine system of the Jianghan Basin (central China) showed a muted response to rapid greenhouse warming during the PETM. The high salinity and sulfate concentrations, combined with limited available substrates, may have inhibited methanogenesis and subsequent CH4 emissions at the ecosystem level. Our findings suggest that widespread salinization could restrict CH4 dynamics in inland aquatic ecosystems and affect large-scale greenhouse gas feedbacks to climate warming.

A substantial quantity of fluorite resources are associated with the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE deposit in Inner Mongolia, China, yet comprehensive studies on these resources remain limited. An integrated study combining Sm-Nd isotopic dating, trace element analysis, fluid inclusion microthermometry, and Sr, Nd, and Ca isotopic investigations was conducted on fluorites and paragenesis dolomite from the Bayan Obo deposit. The temperature of fluid inclusions in the fluorite range from 125.0 degrees C to 294.0 degrees C, Sm-Nd dating yielded ages of 1318 +/- 101 Ma and 380.2 +/- 44.2 Ma for the fluorite. The Sr-Nd isotopic signatures of fluorite constrain its primary mineralization to the Mesoproterozoic, with Early Paleozoic hydrothermal activity triggering subsequent remobilization of the ore-forming system (Sr-87/Sr-86 < 0.7035, epsilon Nd(t) =- 18.06 similar to - 18.08). Fluorites of different isotopic ages show similar Ca isotopic compositions, with delta(44)/Ca-40 ratios ranging from + 1.60 parts per thousand to + 1.97 parts per thousand and + 1.54 parts per thousand to + 1.86 parts per thousand, respectively. Ca-Sr-Nd isotopic analysis suggest that the ore-forming materials of fluorite mainly originate from the mantle-derived carbonatitic magma and the early crystallized H8 dolomite, and it is also possible that a small amout of marine carbonates may be mixed in. In summary, the fluorite resources in the Bayan Obo deposit likely formed in association with the emplacement of carbonatitic magma during the Mesoproterozoic. The moderate-to high-temperature hydrothermal fluorite resources were initially formed during the Mesoproterozoic and subsequently underwent partial recrystallization, without new fluorite formation, during later hydrothermal activity in the Early Paleozoic.

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) is an important cereal crop, resilient to abiotic stresses, but suffers significant yield losses from blast disease, caused by Pyricularia grisea. Understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying blast resistance is essential for developing resistant cultivars. This study employed bulk segregant analysis sequencing and gene expression analysis to uncover resistance in the Yugu1 cultivar, which is known for its innate immunity. Our analysis identified three genomic regions associated with resistance, and fine mapping pinpointed a critical quantitative trait locus, qLB-03.1, within a 56.8 kb interval on chromosome 3. Eight genes were annotated in this region, and time series expression analysis revealed that Seita.3G119300, which encodes a cysteine-rich secretory protein, was significantly upregulated following inoculation. This upregulation suggests a crucial role in the resistance phenotype. Intriguingly, a significant 4592 bp deletion in the promoter region of Seita.3G119300 in the susceptible Ci846 cultivar appears to affect its expression and susceptibility to the disease. This deletion highlights Seita.3G119300 (tentatively named Rpg3(t)) as a candidate resistance gene, warranting functional validation and underscoring its potential for inclusion in breeding programs aimed at enhancing blast resistance in foxtail millet. Continued research is needed to fully validate the functional role of this gene and harness its potential for enhancing crop resilience.

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, similar to 56 Ma), was a transient episode of global warming, and caused profound changes in biology and climate. The evolution of the hydroclimate during the PETM in East Asia, which currently is influenced by the Asian Monsoon and hosts similar to 20% of the world's population, is crucial to understand the future monsoon and climate changes. However, PETM records in Asia are relatively rare and it remains poorly understood how the hydroclimate responded to climate forcing under extreme atmosphere pCO2. Here we present stable carbon isotope records of bulk carbonate and total organic carbon (delta 13Ccarb and delta 13CTOC) from lacustrine deposits in the Jianghan Basin, Central China that both record the global carbon isotope excursion (CIE) that marks the PETM. The magnitude of both the CIEs in delta 13Ccarb and delta 13CTOC are larger than that presumed in the global exogenic carbon pool, as is common for terrestrial and marginal marine records. The particularly large amplitude (similar to 11.4 parts per thousand) and unique shape of CIE in delta 13Ccarb, which represents authigenic lacustrine carbonates and therefore lake dissolved inorganic carbon delta 13C values. Although our evidence against diagenesis is not fully conclusive, this signal implies the local addition of 13C-depleted carbon in excess of the global input. We consider increased transport rates of organic matter-derived carbon from the catchment to the lake the most likely source. Combined with the disappearance of evaporitic deposits during the PETM, we attribute this to an increase in precipitation and erosion, possibly linked to a northward extension of the Asian summer monsoon.

Increasing evidence indicates the existence of a cryosphere during the Cretaceous supergreenhouse. However, current understanding of a potential link between lithosphere dynamics and cryospheric processes in the Cretaceous plateau desert successions of China remains limited. We report the occurrence of ice-rafted dropstones and diamicAsian continental margin. Our provenance results indicate that fluvial deposits of the Lower Chishan Formation were mainly derived from the Sulu Orogen to the north and the Zhangbaling Uplift to the west, whereas aeolian deposits of the Upper Chishan Formation were largely recycled from the two sources with an additionally notable contrithe Yangtze Block. Combined with previous evidence, provenance analysis indicates that Late Cretaceous collision between the Okhotomorsk Block and the East Asian continent Mountains via crustal thickening, which generated an arid, high-altitude basin region that experienced desertification and paleohydrological variability, and that was supplied with additional clastic sediment sources from the basement of the South China Block. Our results provide evidence of Late Cretaceous cryospheric processes in a continental mid-latitude plateau desert linked to the northwestward subduction and collision of the paleo-Pacific realm. Global cooling from the late Turonian to Maastrichtian drove the establishment of glaciers in high-altitude mountains leading to the development of ice-related deposits in the plateau deserts, as recorded in the Subei desert basin of the South China Coastal Mountains. The record of ice-rafted debris and the provenance signature reveal an active Cretaceous plateau cryosphere linked to lithosphere dynamics.

The rapid warming events (hyperthermals) of late Paleocene to early Eocene corded in marine and terrestrial facies in the form of negative carbon-isotope excursions (CIEs). Unlike the numerous discoveries of the PETM in terrestrial facies, records of and I2) are rare. To better understand these other Paleocene-Eocene hyperthermals and their utility for stratigraphic correlation between marine and terrestrial deposits, we performed carbon- and oxygen-isotope analysis of lacustrine sedimentary rocks from the ZK0303 well in the southwestern Jianghan data, the 320-1000 m section of the well repate (813Ccarb) and bulk organic matter (OM; shifts. Based on a stratigraphic comparison with global marine and continental records from the same period, the three negative CIEs observed were assigned to three hyperthermals: the PETM, the ETM2/H1, and the H2 events. The recorded magnitudes of the CIEs of the 813Ccarb values of the PETM, ETM2/H1, and H2 (-10.1%0, -6.7%0, and -5.6%0) are greater than those of the 813Corg parison to the vast ocean, which responded more slowly to the increase in humidity and pCO2 concentration and had stronger buffering capacity during the PETM, the smaller Jianghan Basin was more intensely affected by the increase in the pCO2 concentration and especially the increase in humidity. This resulted in a CIE magnitude of the 813Corg value (-4.40%0) significantly larger than those of marine records. The climate during the PETM was very humid and hot, with flourishing vegetation, enhanced soil respiration, increased OM oxidation, and higher runoff. This resulted in a significant decrease in the 813C value of dissolved inorganic carbon in the lake. In contrast, the climate was relatively dry during the ETM2/H1 and H2 events, the lake level declined, and groundwater (springs) probably constituted the main water supply to the lake, with runoff playing a lesser role. The discovery of the three hyperthermals in the ZK0303 well reveals that the humid climate of the Paleocene-Eocene in the Jianghan Basin began during the PETM and ended during the ETM2/H1 and H2 events.

Large amounts of evaporites are distributed throughout all epochs of the Phanerozoic eon, which is closely related to important tectonic activities and extremely arid paleoclimates in specific geological periods. During the Cretaceous-Paleogene period, the Earth's climate was always arid, providing unique conditions for evaporite formation. The large number of evaporites in South China Block is an important part of the puzzle in the study of massive global evaporite deposition. The Huichang typical salt deposit is in the Upper Cretaceous Zhoutian Formation in the Huichang Basin, where the rock salt are interbedded with argillaceous rocks, constituting a rhythmical deposit. Halite was dominant among the saline minerals, followed by gypsum. The homogenization temperatures of halite inclusions ranged from 11.1 degrees C to 24.7 degrees C, with a concentration of 15.1-22.2 degrees C and an average of 17.9 degrees C. The 8Eu and 8Ce of the argillaceous rock studied ranged from 0.84 to 1.14 and 0.96-1.06, respectively, which combined with V/(V + Ni), V/Cr, Ni/Co, and U/Th indicators reflect that the environmental of the sedimentary water body has a weak Redox property. The spore-pollen assemblage is dominated by gymnosperms (Classopollis annulatu and Classopollis minimus) and fern spores (Schizaeoisporites kulandyensis), representing an arid environment in the early stage, and the increase in hygrophilous Taxodiaceaepollenites hiatus in the later stage indicates a shift from an arid to a humid climate. The Milankovitch Earth orbital periods of 401, 93-138, 38-45, 24-27, and 14 kyr were identified by the multiple rhythmic deposition of the rock salt and argillaceous rocks, indicating that the deposition was controlled by climate change, which was driven by the long-and-short eccentricity, obliquity, and precession cycle of the Earth orbit. In addition, the differences in the thickness and alternating frequency of the upper, lower, and middle sediments in the 'Huichang Gypsum-salt Section' also indicated that the intensity and duration of regional tectonic activities and the supply of material sources are important factors that control rock salt deposition. The strong subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate into the Eurasian plate caused the paleogeographic pattern of high in the east and low in the west, in the South China Block during the Cretaceous period, forming a large number of 'high mountain and deep basin' tectonic groups. Under the conditions of an extremely arid climate, combined with the coupling effect of regional tectonic activities and material sources, a large evaporite mineral concentration area was formed in South China, with the Huichang salt basin as a typical representative.

Various isotopic and palynological indicators have shown interspersed periods of aridity and humidity for the late Paleocene to early Eocene in central China, so the paleoclimate conditions remain unclear. This research investigates the environmental characteristics of a saline lake in the Jiangling depression, southwestern Jianghan Basin, from the Paleocene to the Eocene, using bulk-rock geochemistry in a 1280 m sediment core. The ratios of FeO/MnO, Al2O3/MgO, and C-value indicate a semi-humid to semi-arid climate in the early–middle Paleocene. There was a rapid shift to a humid climate during the late Paleocene to early Eocene, following a short time of intense dryness. The Eocene climate was arid, but experienced intermittent humidity. The variation trend of the CIA, CIW and PIA was similar to that of FeO/MnO, Al2O3/MgO, and the C-value, so chemical weathering of the surrounding rocks was controlled by climate change. The lake redox conditions in the Jiangling depression from the Paleocene to the Eocene were reconstructed using the ratios of U/Th, Ni/Co, and V/Cr. During humidity and alternations of aridity and humidity, the lake water received external water input, resulting in weak stratification, so the sediments were in oxidizing conditions. During aridity, lakes become endorheic, leading to sediments forming in reduced conditions. The salinity of the lake in the Jiangling depression from the Paleocene to the Eocene was determined through analysis of sedimentary sequences and the trend of the Sr/Ba ratio. In the early–middle Paleocene, lake salinity varied greatly. From the late Paleocene to the early Eocene, lake salinity decreased. In the Eocene, lake salinity increased and halite precipitated, but lake salinity finally decreased due to a humid climate. During the late Paleocene–early Eocene, the occurrence of multiple humid climates in the Jiangling depression were not merely regional effects. The most significant humidity was caused by a global hyperthermal (PETM), which caused a huge increase in precipitation in the whole of East Asia and even in low latitudes around the world.

In response to the rise of the energy storage industries such as new energy vehicles and the wide application of lithium in various fields worldwide, the global demand for lithium resources has been in explosive growth. In order to further comprehensively understand the global supply and demand pattern,development and utilization status, genesis of ore deposits and other characteristics of lithium resources,based on the achievements of many researchers at home and abroad, this paper systematically summarized the lithium supply and demand situation, resource endowment, deposit classification and distribution,typical geological characteristics, metallogenic factors and metallogenic regularity of terrestrial brine-type lithium deposits which are the main types of development and utilization all over the world. The review shows that brine-type lithium resource and(or) reserves in the plateau salt lakes are huge and play an important role. In addition, the mineralization potential of the underground brine-type lithium deposit is broad worldwide. The potential resources of underground brines are enormous, and the geothermal spring water type is also worthy of attention. Brine lithium deposits are mainly controlled by the subduction and collision of regional plate tectonics, arid climate and provenance conditions. Strengthening of the scientific research on underground brines in the future is expected to provide another significant support for the global demand for lithium resources.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important cereal crop, feeding more than half of the world's population. The pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) causes bacterial leaf streak (BLS) in rice and poses an emerging threat to food security (Liu et al., 2014). Genetic resistance is an efficient and sustainable solution to control diseases. Resistance resources against Xoc are scarce and largely unexplored, seeking uncontrolled pathogen attacks, hindering BLS control. Moreover, Xoc virulence is dependent upon the exploitation of susceptibility (S) factors to cause disease (Cernadas et al., 2014). Therefore, research exploring natural sources of resistance and understanding genetic susceptibility in the rice-Xoc interaction is critical for controlling the spread of BLS. The virulence of Xoc depends on injecting transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) into rice cells, which then bind to effector-binding elements (EBEs) in the promoter region to stimulate gene expression. This transcriptional reprogramming typically targets S genes, which facilitate pathogen proliferation and promote disease susceptibility. Natural variation in the S gene is a potent but currently unexplored resource for resistance against BLS. Genes such as xa13, xa25 and xa41 are allelic variants of sugar transporter (OsSWEET) genes, harbouring polymorphic EBE sites for the bacterial blight pathogen X. oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), rendering TALEs unable to induce gene expression, thus conferring broad-spectrum but recessive resistance against Xoo (Blanvillain-Baufume et al., 2017; Oliva et al., 2019). One member of the Sulfate transporter (SULTR) family, OsSULTR3;6, serves as the S gene when induced by the TalBF TALE family of Xoc (Table S2) . To date, there have been no reported instances of natural S gene variation conferring resistance against Xoc. To mine novel allelic variations within OsSULTR3;6 and its promoter, we initiated an exploration of the 3000 Rice Genomes Project data. We identified a total of 43 indels in the promoter and 171 SNPs along with 62 indels within the gene body region. Interestingly, a variation spanning the EBE region for Tal2gBLS256/Tal5dRS105 (named ∆EBETalBF hereafter) resulted in the deletion of the entire EBE region was identified (Figure 1a). While only 1% of genome-sequenced cultivars exhibit the ΔEBETalBF variation, genotyping by sequencing of these cultivars revealed its presence in 47 genotypes (Figure S1; Table S1). To assess ΔEBETalBF contribution to resistance, four cultivars were inoculated with Xoc strain RS105, revealing significantly enhanced resistance at 14 days of post-inoculation (dpi) (Figure S2). We developed designer TALE (dTALE-NV1) to induce OsSULTR3;6 in ΔEBETalBF cultivars. Introducing dTALE-NV1 into RS105 and inoculating restored susceptibility in ΔEBETalBF cultivar. (Figure 1b). These results demonstrate that the presence of ΔEBETalBF confers resistance, while the activation of OsSULTR3;6 confers susceptibility against Xoc. Next, we analysed OsSULTR3;6 through haplotype network analysis, focussing on nonsynonymous and splice variant SNPs, revealing four distinct haplotype groups (Figure 1a,d). For resistance phenotyping, cultivars from each haplotype were genotyped and inoculated with RS105; HapIII cultivars had notably smaller lesions, followed by HapIV, HapI and HapII (Figure 1c). Nearly all ΔEBETalBF cultivars belonged to HapIII, and 98% of them were traced to the Ind-III subpopulation from Southeast Asia (Figure 1a,e; Table S1). The genetic diversity indexes indicate the minimal abundance of rare OsSULTR3;6 allele and recent evolution within the Ind-III subpopulation (Table S5a,b). The regional specificity of ΔEBETalBF suggests its coevolution and selective sweep in Southeast Asia, where BLS attacks are prevalent. Genome editing of the EBE in OsSULTR3;6 confers TALE-specific resistance against BLS (Xu et al., 2021). Besides OsSULTR3;6, the role of SULTR family members in rice's susceptibility to Xoc remained elusive. Moreover, members of the S gene family provide redundant functions, independently sustaining susceptibility (Antony et al., 2010). Previously, dTALEs were used to artificially activate OsSWEET genes, revealing three new S genes for Xoo (Streubel et al., 2013). To explore the role of SULTRs in Xoc susceptibility, we initially employed CRISPR/Cas9 to edit OsSULTR3;6 in the Nipponbare (Nip) cultivar. This resulted in two lines: ΔEBE-E9 with EBE deletion and ΔCDS-S1 with OsSULTR3;6 knockout. Inoculating ΔEBE-E9 and ΔCDS-S1 with Xoc strains BLS256 and RS105 significantly increased resistance compared with Nip at 14 dpi (Figure S3). Subsequently, we developed dTALEs for all SULTR family members in rice, using previously described methods (Zheng et al., 2014). OsSULTR5;1 and OsSULTR5;2, recently renamed OsMOT1;1 and OsMOT1;2 due to the absence of the STAS domain, were also targeted by dTALEs (Table S3). The results revealed that artificial induction of OsSULTR3;5, OsSULTR1;1, OsSULTR2;1 and OsSULTR5;1 produced longer lesions under Xoc inoculation (Figure 1f). We observed significantly higher transcript levels of all dTALE target genes, indicating dTALE intact functionality (Figure 1g). Our results suggest that dTALEs targeting these four genes increase Xoc susceptibility, evidenced by elevated bacterial count (Figure S4). To our knowledge, this susceptibility has not been reported under natural conditions. To ascertain these findings, another dTALE was developed targeting a different EBE box (T2) for the four new S genes (Table S3). Inoculation of dTALE-T2 RS105 resulted in significantly larger lesions 10 dpi (Figure 1h,i). Transcript levels and CFU counts significantly increased in dTALE-T2 inoculated leaves (Figure 1i; Figure S5). Suppressing OsSULTR2;1 transcription boosts resistance to Xoo and Xoc, emphasizing its role in susceptibility to both pathogens (Yang et al., 2022). The 98% protein similarity between OsSULTR3;5 and OsSULTR3;6 suggests functional mimicry. While the role of OsMOT1;1 and OsSULTR5;1 in Xoc susceptibility was not reported. Protein phylogeny among SULTRs is shown in Figure S6. In conclusion, our research reveals the first coevolutionary resistance resource in rice against Xoc. Our research developed Xoc-resistant material, identified new S genes and discovered natural variation conferring Xoc resistance. Low genetic diversity in OsSULTR3;6 across sequenced cultivars highlights its conservation and points ∆EBETalBF recent emergence. This research deepens our knowledge of rice's genetic susceptibility and highlights its strategic defences in coevolutionary contexts. The authors declare that there are no competing interests. This work was supported by STI 2030—Major Projects (2022ZD0400203), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32072412), the Youth Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (Y2022QC01) and the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences to Z.J., C.W. and Y.L. The bacterial strains and materials employed in this study are accessible upon reasonable request from Dr. Ji Zhiyuan. Figure S1–S5 Supplementary Figures. Table S1–S6 Supplementary Tables. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Oilfield brines are a significant alternative lithium resource to meet the global demand in the next decades. However, their metallogenic characteristics and mechanism remain unclear. To constrain the source and enrichment process, this study presents chemical and multi-isotope data for oilfield brines from the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene Qianjiang Formation of the Jianghan Basin, central China. These formation water samples collected from 159 oil wells have salinities of 47-355 g/L and lithium contents of 5.36-150.00 mg/L. The good linear relationship between delta D and delta 18O values indicates that the salinities are achieved by dilution of the primary brine by meteoric water. Waters from the lower of the Qianjiang Formation have higher delta D and delta 18O values and 87Sr/86Sr ratios than those from the upper, in conjunction with the low correlation between the delta D and delta 18O value and the salinity and between the Sr content and the 87Sr/86Sr ratio, indicating the impact of associated water-rock interactions. Moreover, contributions from diagenetic processes of dolomitization, disso-lution of evaporites and albitization are also indicated by the high Cl/Br mass and Na/Cl molar ratios and the Ca excess and Na deficit. Chemical geothermometers give reservoir temperature values of 118 degrees C and 138 degrees C on average for the oilfield brines from the upper and lower formation, respectively. The binary linear relationships between Li contents and TDS values and Br contents imply specific enrichment processes in addition to evapo-concentration. Variations in delta 7Li values (+10.6 parts per thousand-+21.3%) and 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.709479-0.711516) were used to trace the process of Li enrichment in oilfield brines. The lower delta 7Li values with more enriched Li in comparison to Na indicate a significant lithium input from clastic host rocks, which is also confirmed by the fact that more radiogenic waters have relatively lower delta 7Li values. Overall, these results suggest that Li enrichment in the Qianjiang oilfield brines was generated by the interaction of Li-bearing minerals in the clastic host rocks with water formed by original evaporitic brines diluted by meteoric water. This work represents a significant role of lithium and strontium isotopic systematics in elucidating the Li origins of deep-seated oilfield brines in continental petroliferous basins.