The performance degradation of lead-carbon battery (LCB) in large-scale energy storage applications is primarily caused by sulfation at the anode and hydrogen evolution reactions (HER). This study pioneered a biomimetic strategy mediated by polydopamine (PDA), which combines metal azolate framework-6 (MAF-6) with polypyrrole (PPy) through an etching-protection synergistic mechanism and prepares an anti-hydrogen evolution carbon network (named as PMC) with ZnO and pyrrole nitrogen through pyrolysis. Material characterization reveals that PMC possesses a disordered mesoporous structure (specific surface area of 175.1 m2 & sdot;g-1, average pore size of 7.26 nm) and high pyrrole nitrogen content (35.52%), simultaneously achieving dual functionalities: 1) Hydrogen suppression dimension: The passivation of ZnO nanoparticles and the strong H+ adsorption of pyrrole nitrogen significantly enhance the anti-hydrogen evolution capability of PMC; 2) Conductive dimension: The mesopore-dominated dual conductive network structure simultaneously achieves electron conduction and ion transport. Electrochemical testing confirmed that PMC additives significantly enhance the reversibility of Pb/ PbSO4 conversion. The addition of PMC to the LCB results in a significant improvement in battery performance, with a cycle life of 12,743 cycles, which is 3.8 times higher than that of the blank battery (3351 cycles). This study provides new insights into the construction of ZnO-containing nitrogen-doped carbon additives for LCB negative electrodes, which can effectively inhibit the sulfation of the negative electrode and hydrogen evolution.

Abstract Seawater electrolysis is promising for green hydrogen production but suffers from chloride-induced anodic corrosion. Herein, a dual-anion synergistic protection strategy is proposed for durable alkaline seawater oxidation over V2O5 nanolayer coated NiFe layered double hydroxide nanosheets on Ni foam (V2O5@NiFe LDH/NF). During seawater oxidation process, the surface V2O5 component is reconstructed into adsorbed VO43– species as an anion-enriched protective interface capable of electrostatically repelling Cl– and mitigating chloride attack. In parallel, the interlayer CO32– confined within NiFe LDH acts as an internal anionic barrier, suppressing Cl– penetration into the LDH galleries and inhibiting its adsorption on catalytically active sites. The cooperative action of external VO43– protection and internal CO32– shielding endows V2O5@NiFe LDH/NF with robust catalytic activity and exceptional durability, delivering an overpotential of 370 mV at 1000 mA cm–2 and maintaining stable operation for 1000 h under industrial-level current density. Furthermore, an anion-exchange membrane electrolyzer assembled with V2O5@NiFe LDH/NF as the anode and Pt/C/NF as the cathode requires only 2.02 V to achieve 500 mA cm–2 and operates continuously for 1000 h. This study provides a rational dual-anion interfacial engineering strategy for developing durable electrodes under harsh chloride-containing environments.

Although the combination of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) enables the highly efficient removal of organic pollutants from water, the application of this technology is constrained by limitations in catalyst performance, necessitate an external oxygen supply and require the process to be conducted under alkaline conditions. Based on this, this study utilizes the electron delocalization effect of carbonized polyaniline (cPANI) to regulate the electronic structure and defect concentration of nickel-iron layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH). This approach induces the formation of high-concentration oxygen vacancies (Ov), resulting in the construction of a bifunctional electrode (NiFe-LDH/cPANI/CF) that exhibits excellent activity for both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Within the self-oxygensupplying Electro-Fenton system, this bifunctional electrode achieved 95.0% phenol degradation within 60 min-representing a 30% efficiency gain over a conventional Electro-Fenton system. Remarkably, it maintained high degradation efficiency across a broad pH range (5-11). In summary, a self-oxygen-supplying Electro-Fenton system integrating ORR and OER under neutral conditions has been established, overcoming the limitations of single-catalyst restricted catalytic performance, the need for external oxygen supply, and the alkaline conditions required for their operation. This approach provides a novel strategy for achieving green, low-toxicity, and highly efficient degradation by enabling the integration of both reactions in a neutral environment.

Developing battery-type positive electrode materials with rapid charge-transfer capability and structural stability is crucial for improving the energy output of aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors. In this work, a hierarchical NiFe-LDH/V2CTxMXene heterostructured composite electrode was constructed in situ on nickel foam by a one-step hydrothermal method. In this architecture, V2CTx MXene nanosheets form a conductive framework, while NiFe-LDH nanosheets provide redox-active sites and ion-diffusion channels; the two components are tightly coupled through interfacial contact. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of the conductive framework, exposed active sites, and open ion-transport pathways, the NiFe-LDH/V2CTx MXene electrode delivers a specific capacitance of 1628.89 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹, higher than those of the individual NiFe-LDH and MXene electrodes. Kinetic analysis indicates that charge storage in the composite electrode is dominated by diffusion-controlled Faradaic reactions, accompanied by a certain capacitive contribution. The assembled NiFe-LDH/V2CTx ​ MXene//AC aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor operates stably within a voltage window of 1.6 V, delivers a specific capacitance of 117.19 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹, and achieves an energy density of 41.7 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 801.7 W kg⁻¹. After 5500 cycles at 3 A g⁻¹, it still retains 96.3% of its initial capacitance. These results demonstrate that constructing LDH/MXene heterostructures can simultaneously improve electronic transport, ion diffusion, and cycling stability, providing a feasible strategy for the design of high-performance positive electrode materials for aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors.

Transition metal elements are recognized as catalysts with high electrocatalytic activation effects on peroxymonosulfate (PMS), but in practical applications, the instability of active metal sites in catalysts remains one of the issues that needs to be addressed. Based on this, a Mo-OV-Fe asymmetric oxygen vacancy graphite felt cathode was constructed by confining Fe(III) active sites within the sodium molybdate lattice for electrocatalytic activation of PMS to degrade para-nitrophenol (PNP). The results demonstrate that the constructed Mo-O-Fe@GF 1:1-EC-PMS system achieved a PNP degradation efficiency of 96.66 % within 60 min. The formation of the MoOV-Fe asymmetric oxygen vacancy enhanced electron transfer from the Fe(III) sites to PMS, thereby activating PMS to generate highly oxidizing reactive species for PNP degradation. The leaching concentration of Fe from the electrode was remarkably low as 9.3 x 10-6 mg L- 1. The Fe(III) within the Mo-OV-Fe structure is confined by Na2(MoO4)(H2O)2, resulting in significantly enhanced stability of Fe(III) on the electrode. SO4 center dot- was identified as the predominant reactive species in the optimized Mo-O-Fe@GF-EC-PMS system, contributing 43.46 % to the PNP degradation. This study provides a novel strategy based on crystal lattice confinement to address the challenge of metal ion leaching from electrode materials during the electrocatalytic activation of PMS. Simultaneously, it offers a new approach for the highly efficient electrocatalytic activation of PMS.

This study aims to develop a high-performance, low-cost non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing materials for glucose detection, addressing the limitations of existing technologies. A three-dimensional porous hierarchical layered-nanoflower heterostructured CuCoP/MXene composite was synthesized through in situ growth of CuCoMOF nanoflowers on Ti3C2-MXene via a one-step hydrothermal method, followed by oxidation and phosphidation treatments. This unique architecture significantly increases the specific reactive surface area, exposes abundant active sites, and provides sufficient interfacial regions for glucose oxidation. The synergistic effect between copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co) further enhances the electrocatalytic performance. Meanwhile, MXene serves as a conductive scaffold that not only facilitates electron transfer but also promotes the diffusion and adsorption of glucose molecules, owing to its excellent conductivity and continuous interlayer channels. The fabricated sensor exhibits an extensive linear detection range (0.5-6000 mu M), high sensitivity (1408.49 mu A mM1 & sdot;cm-2), a low detection limit (0.14 mu M, S/N = 3), along with excellent selectivity, reproducibility, and stability, together with a swift response time (3 s). Moreover, the sensor has been successfully applied to the accurate detection of glucosein samples of serum, showing high reliability and promising practical value.

The sustainable recovery of spent lead paste (SLP) from lead-acid batteries has traditionally focused on metallurgical lead regeneration, often overlooking its potential for high-value optoelectronic and nanoelectronic materials. This review re-evaluates SLP recycling through the lens of nanotechnology and device engineering. We systematically analyze pretreatment strategies (liquid-phase leaching and solid-to-solid conversion) and subsequent synthesis pathways that yield not only metallic lead and battery-grade compounds but also advanced functional materials such as lead halide perovskites, PbS quantum dots, lead-based aerogels, and piezoelectric ceramics. Emphasis is placed on how processing parameters, such as precursor purity, calcination atmosphere, and crystallization conditions, influence the nanoscale morphology, crystal phase, and optoelectronic performance of recycled products. Key findings include the successful fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PCE up to 20.45%), PbS quantum dot photodetectors (EQE 49.6%), and Pb(Zr, Ti)O 3 piezoelectrics (d 33 ~270 pC N −1 ) from SLP-derived precursors. By bridging waste recycling and functional nanomaterials, this review provides a roadmap for integrating secondary lead resources into the circular economy of nanoelectronics and optoelectronics, addressing both environmental sustainability and material innovation.

A significant amount of energy is wasted because of the sluggish oxygen evolution process on the surface of industrial zinc electrodeposition anode materials. Here, this study proposed a ZnO-NiO transition layer to effectively prevent the passivation of titanium substrate, based on flaws of substrate passivation and low electrocatalytic activity of the PbO2/Ti anode. Meanwhile, Co2+ and MoS2 with excellent electrocatalytic performance were introduced to achieve ion-particle double doping modification of the PbO2 electrode, thus a novel Co3O4-MoxSy-PbO2/ZnO-NiO/Ti (Co-Mo-PbO2/Zn-Ni/Ti) composite electrode with high electrocatalytic performance was successfully prepared. The Co-Mo-PbO2/Zn-Ni/Ti electrode exhibits good catalytic activity, stability, and corrosion resistance of oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Moreover, the overpotential is reduced by 219 mV, the current efficiency is increased by 1.18 %, and the energy consumption per ton of metal zinc is reduced by 366.2 kW h, while compared to the traditional Pb-0.76Ag alloy anode. Additionally, the Co-Mo-PbO2/Zn-Ni/Ti electrode modified by double doping possesses the lowest corrosion rate as a zinc electrodeposition anode material, and the cathode zinc products obtained by electroplating have the lowest Pb content, which greatly improves the quality of zinc products. This work provides a new strategy for the modification of zinc electrowinning anode materials with non-precious metals.

The green recycling of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes is crucial to alleviating energy and environmental challenges. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as promising green alternatives to conventional hydrometallurgy for cathode material recovery. In this work, a series of organic-acid-based DESs were synthesized using choline chloride as a hydrogen bond acceptor. Their acidity was measured by the Hammett method, and their reducibility was measured by the open-circuit potential. The dissolution of lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) was examined in these DESs at 60 degrees C for 12 h. Additional acid or reductant was supplied for the poorly soluble systems. A "solubility-acidity-reducibility" relationship was established to interpret the dissolution mechanism. The results show that these methods accurately quantify the DES acidity and reducibility. The strong acidity and reducibility together enable a high LCO solubility in DESs. The mechanistic study indicates that H+ displaces Li+, breaks Co-O bonds, and raises the reduction potential of CoO2 -/Co2+. Organic acids act as reductants, converting insoluble Co(III) in LCO into soluble Co(II) complexes while themselves being oxidatively decarboxylated to CO2 and small organic acids. This study clarifies the synergy of acidity and reducibility in DES leaching of LCO, providing guidance for solvent design and optimization and facilitating the industrial application of green solvents in battery recycling.

In this study, a template-assisted method was successfully employed to derive NiCo layered double hydroxide nanoflowers (NiCo-LDH NFs) with a size of 400-600 nm from cobalt-zeolitic imidazolate framework (Co-ZIF) grown on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These nanoflowers self-assembled on the CNTs into a distinctive three-dimensional (3D) lamellar architecture, resulting in the NiCo-LDH NFs/CNTs nanocomposite material, which was further leveraged to develop a novel nanozyme-based electrochemical glucose biosensor. The precise regulation of Ni2+ concentration facilitated the directional formation of NiCo-LDH into a 3D lamellar nanoflowers structure, effectively precluding the formation of disordered stacking configurations and thereby endowing it with a high specific surface area and abundant electrochemical active sites. In addition, the synergy between NiCo-LDH NFs and CNTs promoted efficient electron transfer during electrocatalysis, leading to excellent catalytic oxidation ability for glucose. With these merits, the NiCo-LDH NFs/CNTs showed a significant current response to various concentrations of glucose within the detection ranges of 0.5-1000 and 1000-5000 mu M, having sensitivities of 1151 and 928.8 mu AmM-1cm-2, respectively, with a limit of detection of 0.092 mu M (S/N = 3). Moreover, the NiCo-LDH NFs/CNTs biosensor was successfully applied to the glucose detection of actual human serum samples, demonstrating the applicability of the biosensor and showing broad application prospects.

The negative plate additive can significantly enhance the performance of lead-carbon batteries (LCBs). In this study, manganese oxide/reaming apricot shell carbon composite (Mn-RASC) as a negative additive was prepared by employing a simple KOH activation of apricot shells and a hydrothermal strategy to enhance the electrochemical properties of the LCBs. The additive is constructed to alleviate the irreversible sulfation of the negative plate in the high-rate partial state of charge (HRPSoC). And the results illustrate that the initial discharge capacity of the Mn-RASC-modified lead-carbon battery is 153.01 mAh/g, surpassing the 83.37 mAh/g of the blank control group battery. Additionally, the cycle life of the Mn-RASC-modified lead-carbon battery reaches 15,188 cycles, 8.7 times longer than that of the blank control group battery (1744 cycles). Manganese oxide doping onto the electrode surface can achieve more charge transfer under a redox reaction, which is conducive to lowering the internal resistance and improving the conversion rate of the negative active material, thus effectively inhibiting the irreversible sulfation of the negative plate. In addition, the application of Mn-RASC also considers the inhibition of hydrogen evolution, thus comprehensively improving the cycle life of the battery. The successful preparation of Mn-RASC also provides a feasible solution for the design and synthesis of negative additives for LCBs.

As an emerging electrochemical energy storage battery, lead-carbon batteries (LCBs) are characterized by with high safety, low cost, and long cycle life. However, due to the LCBs under high-rate partial state of charge (HPRSoC) conditions for a long time will lead to the phenomena of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and irreversible sulfation at the negative electrode, which seriously affects the performance of the batteries. In this work, MOFs-derived N, Zn-doped carbon (ZNCacid) modified with PbO (PbO@ZNCacid) was synthesized and applied as a negative electrode additive in LCBs. The ZNCacid substrate has microporous and mesoporous structure, which facilitates the diffusion of electrolyte. Among them, the doping of Zn can effectively suppress hydrogen evolution, while N doping will generate more defects and enhance the electronic conductivity. More importantly, the PbO particles loaded on the ZNCacid substrate not only inhibit HER but also provide nucleation sites for PbSO4 crystal growth while enhancing the affinity between the carbon material and the negative active material (NAM). Owing to the superior properties of the synthesized PbO@ZNCacid material, the LCB incorporating this additive achieves a specific capacitance of 153.6 mAh center dot g- 1 - a 38.74 % increase compared to the Blank battery (110.7 mAh center dot g- 1).Under HRPSoC conditions, the cycle life of the modified-battery is 33,729 times, which is 5.68 times that of the Blank battery (5937 times). This work provides valuable references for the application of lead-carbon composites in LCBs.

In this work, Ti/PbO2-MWCNTs anodes modified with different amount with different amount of Tween 80 (0.0-2.0 g/L) were prepared by the direct current electrodeposition method used as anode materials for Zinc electrowinning. The MWCNTs were dispersed in a lead nitrate solution with Tween 80, and the effects of the amount of added Tween 80 on the morphology, phase composition and electrocatalytical performance of lead dioxide coating were investigated. Physical characterizations show that with the increase of the amount of Tween 80, both grain size of PbO2 and carbon content in PbO2 layer firstly increased and then decreased, the preferential orientation and crystallinity of the PbO2 grain growth in the deposition process changed. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that the optimal modified electrode achieved the minimum E-o value and maximum j(0) of 2.038 V and 3.781x10(-4) A, respectively, an increase of capacitance to 368.8 mu F cm(-2), and a decrease of charge transfer resistance to 92.74 Omega cm(2), which is mainly attributed to the PbO2 electrode modified with Tween 80, coupled with the synergistic effects of MWCNTs doping.

The intrinsic toxicity of m-dinitrobenzene (m-DNB) to human health and the environment has made dealing with m-DNB pollution a major concern. Herein, a novel hydrophobic anodic electrode SS/PbO2-Y2O3-SiC doped with Y and SiC was constructed via a simple electrodeposition strategy for efficient degradation of m-DNB. With a dense-uniform structure and hydrophobic surface, such SS/PbO2-Y2O3-SiC electrode exhibits obviously lower activation energy (8.17 kJ mol-1) and charge transfer resistance (1.15 Omega cm2), higher electrochemical active area (46.14 cm2) and stability (359 d), in comparison to SS/PbO2. The m-DNB removal efficiency of the as-prepared SS/PbO2-Y2O3-SiC anode was significantly increased to 96.4 % in 180 min, and the degradation reaction-order was determined to be 0.9559, which was in accordance with the quasi-first-order reaction kinetics. These are the possible degradation pathways of m-DNB under the action of both cathodic and anodic reactions, according to the GC-MS results. The -NO2 group of m-DNB was first reduced to the -NH2 group at the cathode surface, and then the m-phenylenediamine generated at the cathode was sequentially oxidised by the hydroxyl radicals generated from the anodic electrochemical process, resulting in the generation of H2O and CO2 at the anode surface. Additionally, the Assessment Software Tool (TEST) shows that the SS/PbO2-Y2O3-SiC anode can effectively reduce the risk and harm of m-DNB to the overall environment. This study offers novel perspectives on the development of a highly efficient PbO2 electrode for the degradation of m-DNB pollutants.

Developing electrocatalysts with high efficiency for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is of immense significance in the pursuit of hydrogen production. Herein, a novel V-doping defective NiFe-layered double hydroxides nanosheets (D-NiFeV-LDHs) was constructed via a hydrothermal and alkali-etching strategy as an efficient electrocatalyst. Through effectively manipulating the local coordination environments of catalytical active sites from high valance V-doping and offering more active sites from incorporating the Fe3+ cation-vacancy defects, the D-NiFeV-LDHs achieves an extraordinarily low overpotential of 196 mV and a potential of 1.34 V at 10 mA cm-2 for OER and UOR, respectively, surpassing the commercial RuO2 catalyst. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation outcomes unveil that the absorption and desorption energy are balanced by the optimized d-band center, and thus the barrier of Gibbs free energy is significantly reduced favorable for enhancing the catalytic reactions. This study offers an innovative method and comprehension to construct highly efficient water-alkali electrocatalysts for energy-saving hydrogen production.

It is vital to exploit sensitive and portable means for the reliable assay of acid phosphatase (ACP) activity and its inhibitors screening in clinical diagnosis and drug therapy. Herein, the Pt-Ni alloy nanoparticles (Pt-Ni ANPs) with enhanced oxidase-mimetic activity were successfully prepared and applied to oxidize the achromatous 3,3 ',5,5 '-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to blue oxTMB. The oxTMB, as an effective photothermal agent, can transform photon energy to heat under an 808 nm laser illumination. The absorbance and temperature of the reaction solution increased significantly when TMB was oxidized to oxTMB by the oxidase-like Pt-Ni ANPs. However, the ACP can hydrolyze 2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid trisodium salt (AAP) to produce ascorbic acid (AA), and then the production of AA, as a powerful reductant, can efficiently reduce oxTMB and react with singlet oxygen (1O2) to suppress the oxidase-mimicking activity of Pt-Ni ANPs, causing an obvious decrease in absorption spectrum and temperature of the assay system. A colorimetric and photothermal dual-mode detection platform was established for ACP activity assay by integrating colorimetric and temperature signals. Moreover, the potential application of this strategy was also verified by sensing ACP activity in human serum samples and its inhibitor screening. This dual-mode sensing platform not only improves sensitivity and precision but also meets the needs of diversity detection, which offers new insights for efficient monitoring of ACP activity and inhibitor screening in resource-poor settings.

Lead–carbon batteries (LCBs) and conventional lead–acid batteries (LABs) exhibit similar advantages in terms of safety, cost, and stability. The addition of carbon material to the negative plate can considerably alleviate the irreversible sulfation of the negative plate of the battery and significantly extend its cycle life. However, due to the low hydrogen evolution potential of carbon materials, when added to the negative plate, it will cause serious hydrogen evolution. In this paper, porous corn cob biochar (CCB) composites (Bi2O3@C-4) with high hydrogen evolution potential were prepared by in situ thermal synthesis method on CCB substrate. A large amount of Bi and Bi2O3 adhere to the surface of Bi2O3@C-4 and occupy the adsorption site of H+, which slows down the hydrogen evolution rate and increases the hydrogen evolution potential. Furthermore, Bi2O3@C-4 has mesoporous and macroporous structures, which not only enable the storage of electrolytes but also provide channels for ion transport to accelerate the conversion of Pb/PbSO4, effectively inhibiting the formation of large PbSO4 crystals. In addition, the interior of the macropores also offers nucleation sites for the deposition of Pb2+. Finally, the effect of Bi2O3@C-4 as an additive on the performance of LCBs was elaborated. At a discharge rate of 0.1 C, the initial discharge-specific capacity of LCBs with added Bi2O3@C-4 (167.7 mAh g–1) was 47% higher than that of the blank batteries (114.1 mAh g–1). The high-rate partial state of charge (HRPSoC) cycle life test with a discharge rate of 1 C results in a cycle life of Bi2O3@C-4 (36,524 cycles) that is 5.1 times longer than that of a blank battery (7,169 cycles). In conclusion, Bi2O3@C-4 exhibits a dual synergistic effect of high hydrogen evolution potential and porous structure, which not only reduces the hydrogen evolution rate of the negative plate, but also inhibits the irreversible sulfation of the negative plate, providing valuable insights for enhancing the performance of LCBs.

A series of three-dimensional porous lead dioxide anode materials were prepared by anodizing method using oxygen bubbles as templates. The effects of additives sodium acetate, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide（CTAB）,sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate（SDBS） and polyethylene glycol（PEG） on three-dimensional porous PbO 2 anode materials were studied. The morphology and phase composition of the electrode surface were characterized by SEM and XRD. The electrocatalytic activity of the electrode material in Na 2 SO 4 solution was determined by anodic polarization curve（LSV）, cyclic voltammetry curve（CV） and AC impedance spectrum（EIS）.The results show that after the addition of additives, the directional arrangement on the surface of the plating bath can promote the uniform dispersion of Pb 2+ , when PbO 2 is deposited, the surface is coated, the particle aggregation is reduced, and the coating is flatter and denser; at the same time, due to the adsorption of organic additives, the preferred orientation of grains is changed, but the crystal form is not changed, the prepared electrode materials are still β-PbO 2 with complete morphology and three-dimensional porous structure. With the addition of organic additives, the pore density of the electrode material is increased, the specific surface area of the electrode material is promoted, the charge transfer resistance in the electrocatalysis process is reduced, and the electrocatalytic activity of the electrode material is improved. Among all organic additives, the porous PbO 2 electrodes added with SDBS has the largest j~0(5.514×10 -5 A·cm -2 ) and the smallest R ct （0.3395 Ω·cm~2）, showing good electrocatalytic performance. According to the CV data, the q i * of the PbO 2 electrode with SDBS is 0.652 C·cm -2 , which is 4 times higher than that of the porous PbO 2 electrode without additive, The addition of organic additives effectively increases the electrochemically active surface area of the electrode material.