Over the years, researchers have gained deeper insights into the behavior of microorganisms under cosmic space and microgravity conditions. Microbial exposures and transmission risks for astronauts on long spaceflight differ from those on Earth. Fusobacterium nucleatum, a type of opportunistic pathogen found in the oral cavity and other mucosal sites, poses a potential threat to the control and prevention of microbial contamination in the space station. To maintain astronaut health and the cleanliness of the space station environment, it is crucial to understand the growth, biofilm formation ability, drug susceptibility, and metabolism of F. nucleatum under microgravity conditions. In our study, F. nucleatum was cultured under anaerobic simulated microgravity (ASMG) environment in a clinostat for 3 d. The control group was maintained under anaerobic normal gravity (ANG) environment for the same duration. Compared with the strain under ANG (FNN) and the original strain (FNO), the strain under ASMG (FNS) exhibited increased growth ability and biofilm formation capability, enhanced utilization of carbon sources for 3-methyl glucose, fucose, rhamnose, and d-sorbitol, increased sensitivity to sodium bromate, fusidic acid, and tetrazolium, decreased sensitivity to sodium butyrate, and distinct metabolic changes. Transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses revealed that differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) associated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation, nucleotide metabolism, and glucose processing were marked up-regulated in FNS, contributing to its elevated growth. Genes and proteins linked to carbon metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis (e.g., groL, galE, and pflB) were up-regulated, potentially supporting enhanced biofilm formation. Genes such as clpB, ylqF, grpE, nifJ, panF, and dhaL were identified as key players in regulating these phenotypic changes. To explore cross-omics regulatory coordination, we further constructed a multi-omics correlation network integrating transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic profiles. Key metabolites such as trehalose, inosine, ornithine, and thiamine were found to be highly connected with genes and proteins involved in stress response, transport, and energy metabolism. For instance, trehalose displayed strong positive correlations with clpB and groL, while diaminopimelic acid showed inverse correlations with metabolic regulators, indicating a potential metabolic reprogramming under microgravity. This multi-layered network highlighted the complex, coordinated molecular response of F. nucleatum to microgravity. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive, multi-omics view of how F. nucleatum adapts to simulated microgravity at phenotypic, molecular, and metabolic levels. These findings offer novel insights into the behavior of anaerobic microorganisms in extreme environments and lay the foundation for microbial control strategies in space habitats.

Objective:The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the impact of microgravity on antibiotic resistance. Methods:K. pneumoniae original (KPO) strain was cultured under either simulated microgravity (SMG) conditions with background antibiotic exposure (SMGA) for the experimental strain or a normal gravity condition with background antibiotic exposure (NGA) for the control strain. The K. pneumoniae original (KPO) strain was also cultured under normal gravity (NG) as an additional control. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated prior to their incubation under SMGA, NGA, or NG conditions. After 20 cycles of incubation, antibiotic susceptibility, genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic tests were conducted on them. Results:SMGA and NGA strains both showed resistance to ciprofloxacin and intermediate resistance to levofloxacin. Genes associated with antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae, including acrB, oqxB, oqxA, ompC, ompF, and tolC were found to be differently expressed between SMGA and NGA strains or between SMGA and NG strains. It was found that the biggest family of genes in the differently expressed gene (DEG) cluster between SMGA and NGA and between SMGA and NG was the same, paaBCDFGHI, but with opposite change direction, i.e., downregulation between SMGA and NGA strains, while upregulation between SMGA and NG strains. Besides, the top-ranking functional descriptions in terms of the number of DEGs whether between SMGA and NGA or between SMGA and NG were "amino acid transport and metabolism", "carbohydrate transport and metabolism", "transcription", and "inorganic ion transport and metabolism". Two pathways of "citrate cycle (TCA cycle)" and "oxidative phosphorylation" were significantly enriched by DEGs both between SMGA and NGA and between SMGA and NG. Conclusion:Our study confirmed that low levels of antibiotics present in SMG can select for resistant K. pneumoniae strains. However, SMG did not alter the antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae induced by exposure to trace antibiotic.

In our study, Bacillus subtilis was disposed to a simulated microgravity (SMG) environment in high-aspect ratio rotating-wall vessel bioreactors for 14 days, while the control group was disposed to the same bioreactors in a normal gravity (NG) environment for 14 days. The B. subtilis strain exposed to the SMG (labeled BSS) showed an enhanced growth ability, increased biofilm formation ability, increased sensitivity to ampicillin sulbactam and cefotaxime, and some metabolic alterations compared with the B. subtilis strain under NG conditions (labeled BSN) and the original strain of B. subtilis (labeled BSO). The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) associated with an increased growth rate, such as DNA strand exchange activity, oxidoreductase activ-ity, proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, and biosynthetic process, were significantly upregulated in BSS. The enhanced biofilm formation ability may be related with the DEPs of spore germination and protein processing in BSS, and differentially expressed genes involved in protein localization and peptide secretion were also significantly enriched. The results revealed that SMG may increase the level of related functional proteins by upregulating or downregulating affiliated genes to change physiological characteristics and modulate growth ability, biofilm formation ability (epsB, epsC, epsN), antibiotic sensitivity (penP) and metabolism. Our experiment may gives new ideas for the study of space microbiology.

Abstract Space flight missions last for a long time so bacterial infection during missions is considered a potential risk for astronauts. Studies of bacterial antibiotic resistance under spaceflight and simulated microgravity (SMG) have shown lots of results. To better understand the antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the microgravity environment, an original K. pneumoniae original strain was cultured under SMG conditions combined with background antibiotic exposure (SMGA) as the experimental strain, while the control strain was cultured in a normal gravity environment without antibiotic exposure. At the beginning of the treatment, the growth curves of the experimental and control strains were drawn. After 20 cycles of incubation, the antibiotic susceptibility, genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic tests were conducted on the experimental and control strains. After the treatment, the experimental and control strain was inoculated into shake flasks under normal gravity without antibiotic exposure as an eraser experiment. During and after 10 cycles of incubation in shake flasks, antibiotic susceptibility tests were repeatedly conducted. The results showed that SMG conditions still increased the growth rate of K. pneumoniae despite of the background antibiotic exposure. Sustained exposure to SMGA condition resulted in acquired antibiotic resistance, which persisted for a period even though the SMGA condition was removed. The mechanisms of acquired antibiotic resistance under SMGA condition might include the loss of porin OmpK35, overexpression of the efflux pump OqxAB and upregulation of the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux system.

Our previous work have shown that certain subpopulations of Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibit significant phenotypic changes under simulated microgravity (SMG), including enhanced biofilm formation and cellulose synthesis, which may be evoked by changes in gene expression patterns. It is well known that prokaryotic cells genomic DNA can be hierarchically organized into different higher-order three-dimensional structures, which can highly influence gene expression. It is remain elusive whether phenotypic changes induced by SMG in the subpopulations of K. pneumoniae are driven by genome higher-order structural changes. Here, we investigated the above-mentioned issue using the wild-type (WT) K. pneumoniae (WT was used as a control strain and continuously cultivated for 2 weeks under standard culture conditions of normal gravity) and two previous identified subpopulations (M1 and M2) obtained after 2 weeks of continuous incubation in a SMG device. By the combination of genome-wide chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C), RNA-seq and whole-genome methylation (WGS) analyses, we found that the along with the global chromosome interactions change, the compacting extent of M1, M2 subpopulations were much looser under SMG and even with an increase in active, open chromosome regions. In addition, transcriptome data showed that most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated, whereas a few DEGs were downregulated in M1 and M2. The functions of both types DEGs were mainly associated with membrane fractions. Additionally, WGS analysis revealed that methylation levels were lower in M1 and M2. Using combined analysis of multi-omics data, we discovered that most upregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in the boundary regions of the variable chromosomal interaction domains (CIDs), in which genes regulating biofilm formation were mainly located. These results suggest that K. pneumoniae may regulate gene expression patterns through DNA methylation and changes in genome structure, thus resulting in new phenotypes in response to altered gravity.

Patients with RET fusions represent 1-2% of all cases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the majority of whom are younger, and are extremely rare in the elderly. As a selective RET inhibitor, pralsetinib has been shown to be efficacious and well-tolerated in patients with RET-fusion NSCLC. Nevertheless, there are currently insufficient data available for assessing the activity and safety of pralsetinib in elderly patients with NSCLC. Herein, we report an 81-year-old NSCLC patient with KIF5B-RET fusion, who achieved stable disease for more than 9 months at a low-dose of pralsetinib as second-line therapy. Of particular note, during pralsetinb therapy, his clinical course was complicated by cryptococcal pneumonia and staphylococcus aureus lung abscess. Our study demonstrates that pralsetinib is an effective therapeutic option that provides survival benefits for elderly NSCLC patients harboring RET fusion. However, during pralsetinb therapy, treating physicians should maintain particular vigilance for the increased risk of infection, especially in elderly patients.

Icotinib hydrochloride (IH) is a small molecular TKI independently developed in China. As the first-line anti-tumor agent, is widely used for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Gallic acid (GA), a natural plant extract, is reported that it has a variety of pharmacological and biological properties. GA is a active natural phenolic extracted from Tannins that has been shown to exhibit anticancer activities on various types of tumors. Here, we reported that GA was capable of sensitizing A549/PC9 cells to IH by enhancing apoptosis. Mechanistic analyses indicated that IH-induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis was elevated in the presence of GA through activating extracellular signal-regulated Hippo-YAP pathway. Furthermore, GA also promoted IH-induced cytotoxic, downregulated expression of p-YAP and caspase-3. In vivo , the co-treatment of IH and GA notably reduced the tumor size when compared with IH treatment alone. Notably, GA significantly reduced the toxicity generated by IH in tumor-bearing mice. This study identifies the unique role of GA enhance IH sensitivity through apoptosis, and suggests that combined IH and GA might be a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with NSCLC.

Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have been widely used as first-line therapy for patients with EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, EGFR-TKIs treatment of NSCLC will inevitably produce acquired drug resistance. It greatly limits the therapeutic effect of TKI. Recent studies have found that some natural drugs combined with TKI in the treatment of NSCLC may not only improve the efficacy but also reduce the occurrence of acquired drug resistance. This study intends to investigate the inhibitory effect of Gallic acid, (a natural plant extract) combined with EGFR-TKI on the growth of NSCLC cell lines and xenograft tumor-bearing nude mouse models and its possible mechanism. Methods: Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bcl-2, Cox-2, YAP and p-YAP in tissues of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC cell lines A549 and PC9 were co-cultured with Gallic acid and / or Icotinib hydrochloride to test the antitumor effect. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. In addition, apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry (FCM). In addition, intracellular calcium concentration in A549/PC9 cells was detected by calcium fluorescence probe. Besides, cell migration was detected by Transwell assay. Moreover, expression of related key genes was detected by qPCR, and expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bcl-2, Cox-2, YAP and p-YAP was determined by Western blotting. The anticancer effect of Gallic acid combined with Icotinib hydrochloride in vivo was studied by xenograft tumor-bearing nude mouse models. Results: 6 cases of human non-small cell carcinoma were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. As a result, the expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bcl-2, Cox-2, YAP protein in lung cancer tissues was lower than that in normal tissues. However, the expression of p-YAP protein in cancer tissues was higher than that in normal tissues; MTT analysis showed that Gallic acid had a good inhibitory effect on NSCLC. A549 and PC9 cells in a concentration-dependent manner; Gallic acid combined with Icotinib hydrochloride significantly decreased the cell survival rate compared with single drug intervention. Treatment with Gallic acid and/or Icotinib hydrochloride induced apoptosis, accompanied by increased expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bcl-2, Cox-2 and YAP, and inhibited cell migration by down-regulating p-YAP. Gallic acid combined with Icotinib hydrochloride significantly increased the concentration of intracellular Ca 2+ compared with the control group. The involvement of Ca 2+ in the process of apoptosis may be related to p-YAP, which may be the key to the apoptosis of lung cancer cells induced by Gallic acid combined with Icotinib hydrochloride. Gallic acid combined with Icotinib hydrochloride promoted apoptosis of A549 and PC9 cells by down-regulating the expression of phosphorylated YAP. Dephosphorylation of signal transduction leads to the formation and activation of YAP and enhances the anti-proliferation response. The combined administration of Gallic acid and Icotinib hydrochloride inhibited the growth of tumor and decreased the expression of p-YAP in the xenograft tumor-bearing nude mouse models. Conclusion: Gallic acid may enhance the proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction effect of Icotinib hydrochloride on lung cancer cell lines. Besides, Gallic acid combined with Icotinib hydrochloride may be a potential treatment in the treatment of NSCLC. In addition, Gallic acid is promising as a potential antineoplastic drug in the treatment of lung cancer.

Many studies have shown that the space environment plays a pivotal role in changing the characteristics of conditional pathogens, especially their pathogenicity and virulence. However, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a type of conditional pathogen that has shown to a gradual increase in clinical morbidity in recent years, has rarely been reported for its impact in space. In this study, S. maltophilia was exposed to a simulated microgravity (SMG) environment in high-aspect ratio rotating-wall vessel bioreactors for 14days, while the control group was exposed to the same bioreactors in a normal gravity (NG) environment. Then, combined phenotypic, genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses were conducted to compare the influence of the SMG and NG on S. maltophilia. The results showed that S. maltophilia in simulated microgravity displayed an increased growth rate, enhanced biofilm formation ability, increased swimming motility, and metabolic alterations compared with those of S. maltophilia in normal gravity and the original strain of S. maltophilia. Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) annotation analysis indicated that the increased growth rate might be related to the upregulation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in energy metabolism and conversion, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport and catabolism, intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses showed that the increased motility might be associated the upregulation of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) involved in locomotion, localization, biological adhesion, and binding, in accordance with the upregulated DEGs in cell motility according to COG classification, including pilP, pilM, flgE, flgG, and ronN. Additionally, the increased biofilm formation ability might be associated with the upregulation of DEPs involved in biofilm formation, the bacterial secretion system, biological adhesion, and cell adhesion, which were shown to be regulated by the differentially expressed genes (chpB, chpC, rpoN, pilA, pilG, pilH, and pilJ) through the integration of transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. These results suggested that simulated microgravity might increase the level of corresponding functional proteins by upregulating related genes to alter physiological characteristics and modulate growth rate, motility, biofilm formation, and metabolism. In conclusion, this study is the first general analysis of the phenotypic, genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic changes in S. maltophilia under simulated microgravity and provides some suggestions for future studies of space microbiology.

Background: The refractory infection induced by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become one of the most urgent problems in hospitals. The biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa increase its resistance to antibiotics. A simulated microgravity (SMG) environment provides a platform to understand the factors affecting biofilm formation in bacteria. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the SMG effects on MDR P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and explore the relevant mechanisms. Methods: In this study, a clinostat was used to simulate a microgravity (MG) environment. The motility and biofilm formation ability of MDRP. aeruginosa were observed using the swimming test and the crystal violet staining method, respectively. The underlying mechanism of phenotypic changes was further investigated by comparative transcriptomic analysis. Results: Multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa grown under the SMG condition exhibited decreased swimming motility and biofilm formation ability compared to those under the normal gravity (NG) condition. Further analysis revealed that the decreased swimming motility and biofilm formation ability could be attributed to the downregulated expression of genes responsible for flagellar synthesis (flhB, fliQ, and fliR) and type IV pili biogenesis (pilDEXY1Y2VW). Conclusions: This is the first study to perform experiments on MDR P. aeruginosa under the SMG condition. It will be beneficial to understand the mechanism of MDR P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and develop new treatment strategies for infectious diseases induced by MDR P. aeruginosa in the future.

AIM:This study aimed to explore potential tobramycin-resistant mutagenesis of Escherichia coli strains after spaceflight.MATERIALS & METHODS:A spaceflight-induced mutagenesis of multidrug resistant E. coli strain (T1_13) on the outer space for 64 days (ST5), and a ground laboratory with the same conditions (GT5) were conducted. Both whole-genome sequencing and RNA-sequencing were performed.RESULTS:A total of 75 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 20 InDels were found to be associated with the resistance mechanism. Compared with T1_13, 1242 genes were differentially expressed in more than 20 of 38 tobramycin-resistant E. coli isolates while not in GT5. Function annotation of these single nucleotide polymorphisms/InDels related genes and differentially expressed genes was performed.CONCLUSION:This study provided clues for potential tobramycin-resistant spaceflight-induced mutagenesis of E. coli.

BACKGROUND: Space is a special environment in which microgravity and cosmic rays are the primary factors that induce gene mutations of microorganisms. In our previous studies, a single point mutation in the gene dprA was found in an Enterococcus faecium strain of LCT-EF258 after spaceflight. DNA processing protein A (DprA) plays a prominent role in the horizontal transfer of genes among bacteria (such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, Bacillus subtilis, and Rhodobacter capsulatus). However, the function of DprA in E. faecium remains unknown. Furthermore, E. faecium could acquire antibiotic resistance through the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, but it is unclear whether dprA mutants could affect this process in E. faecium.METHODS: In this study, we constructed a plasmid containing the vancomycin resistance gene vanA and then transferred the gene vanA into the dprA-mutant strain LCT-EF258 and the control strain LCT-EF90 using the electroporation technique. We then used Discovery StudioTM software to construct the 3D protein structure.RESULTS: The results showed that the horizontal transfer efficiency of the vancomycin resistance gene vanA in the dprA-mutant E. faecium decreased. And the hydrophobic core of the mutant DprA became stable and the binding affinity between the mutant DprA and ssDNA reduced.DISCUSSION: This study is an exploration of bacterial gene mutation after spaceflight. The dprA mutant could affect the ability of E. faecium to acquire exogenous resistance gene vanA, which offered us an interesting path to block the dissemination of resistance genes between strains.Yu Y, Chang D, Guo Q, Wang J, Liu C. LCT-EF258 with S171 mutation in DprA exhibits horizontal gene transfer deficiency after spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2019; 90(2):116-122.

目的 了解空间诱变对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌毒力的影响.方法 选取大肠埃希菌地面对照菌株、空间诱变菌株和肺炎克雷伯菌地面对照菌株、空间诱变菌株,在LB培养基培养后配制成109 CFU/ml的菌液并稀释成不同浓度,每只动物腹腔注射0.5 ml,测定其对30日龄健康ICR小鼠的半数致死量(LD50).结果 大肠埃希菌空间诱变和地面对照菌株的LD50分别为107.25 CFU/ml、107.5 CFU/ml,肺炎克雷伯菌分别为107.25 CFU/ml、107.75 CFU/ml,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的空间诱变菌株LD50均低于其地面对照菌株.结论 空间诱变可使大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的毒力增强.

Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) is the most widely applied model organism in current biological science. As a widespread opportunistic pathogen, E. coli can survive not only by symbiosis with human, but also outside the host as well, which necessitates the evaluation of its response to the space environment. Therefore, to keep humans safe in space, it is necessary to understand how the bacteria respond to this environment. Despite extensive investigations for a few decades, the response of E. coli to the real space environment is still controversial. To better understand the mechanisms how E. coli overcomes harsh environments such as microgravity in space and to investigate whether these factors may induce pathogenic changes in E. coli that are potentially detrimental to astronauts, we conducted detailed genomics, transcriptomic and proteomic studies on E. coli that experienced 17 days of spaceflight. By comparing two flight strains LCT-EC52 and LCT-EC59 to a control strain LCT-EC106 that was cultured under the same temperature conditions on the ground, we identified metabolism changes, polymorphism changes, differentially expressed genes and proteins in the two flight strains. The flight strains differed from the control in the utilization of more than 30 carbon sources. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one deletion were identified in the flight strains. The expression level of more than 1000 genes altered in flight strains. Genes involved in chemotaxis, lipid metabolism and cell motility express differently. Moreover, the two flight strains also differed extensively from each other in terms of metabolism, transcriptome and proteome, indicating the impact of space environment on individual cells is heterogeneous and probably genotype-dependent. This study presents the first systematic profile of E. coli genome, transcriptome and proteome after spaceflight, which helps to elucidate the mechanism that controls the adaptation of microbes to the space environment.

Endoproteinase Lys-C is an important tool enzyme in industrial produce, mainly gained from Lysobacterenzymogenesat a low efficiency and a long fermentation period. The special environmental factors of outer space may stimulate engineering bacteria to bear high-yield mutant strains. In this study, we sent Lenzymogenes into space via the Chinese Shenzhou-10 spacecraft for approximate 15 days,finding that the total cell number reduced to (24 +/- 3.5) x10(5)cfu/ml after spaceflight, only 13.5% of that in the ground control sample. However, Lys-C activityin ground control bacteria was 0.087 U/ml after fermentation for 120 hours, which was its optical fermentation time for maximal yield, while that in spaceflight sample increased by 17.2%-40.2%,with theoptical fermentation time shortened by 24-48 hours. Further investigating the genetic stability of spaceflight sample revealed that both enzyme-producing ability and optical fermentation time after 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 15 passages didn't change,revealing good stability of the spaceflight mutant strain. In summary, spaceflight experience could stably increase the yield of LysC by L.enzymogenes and shorten the optical fermentation time of Lys-C, which will benefit its industrial produce.

Background and Aims. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of space flight on Klebsiella pneumoniae.Methods. A strain of K pneumoniae was sent to space for 398 h aboard the ShenZhou VIII spacecraft during November 1, 2011-November 17, 2011. At the same time, a ground simulation with similar temperature conditions during the space flight was performed as a control. After the space mission, the flight and control strains were analyzed using phenotypic, genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic techniques.Results. The flight strains LCT-KP289 exhibited a higher cotrimoxazole resistance level and changes in metabolism relative to the ground control strain LCT-KP214. After the space flight, 73 SNPs and a plasmid copy number variation were identified in the flight strain. Based on the transcriptomic analysis, there are 232 upregulated and 1879 down regulated genes, of which almost all were for metabolism. Proteomic analysis revealed that there were 57 upregulated and 125 downregulated proteins. These differentially expressed proteins had several functions that included energy production and conversion, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, posttranslational modification, protein turnover, and chaperone functions. At a systems biology level, the ytfG gene had a synonymous mutation that resulted in significantly downregulated expression at both transcriptomic and proteomic levels.Conclusions. The mutation of the ytfG gene may influence fructose and mannose metabolic processes of K pneumoniae during space flight, which may be beneficial to the field of space microbiology, providing potential therapeutic strategies to combat or prevent infection in astronauts. (C) 2015 IMSS. Published by Elsevier Inc.

ABSTRACT An Enterococcus faecium strain was sent into space on the Shenzhou-VIII mission. After the space flight, the strain E. faecium LCT-EF301 was isolated and sequenced based on the changes to its metabolic properties.

ABSTRACT An increasing number of studies have confirmed that space flight environments can have a significant effect on a variety of microbial properties. To explore the effect of these environments on Staphylococcus aureus, we present the draft genome sequence of an S. aureus strain, named LCT-SA67, which was isolated after space flight.

ABSTRACT Bacillus cereus strain LCT-BC25, which was carried by the Shenzhou VIII spacecraft, traveled in space for about 398 h. To investigate the response of B. cereus to space environments, we determined the genome sequence of B. cereus strain LCT-BC25, which was isolated after space flight.

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen that colonizes the lower intestines of humans and causes several diseases, such as septicemia, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of E. coli strain LCT-EC52, which originated from E. coli strain CGMCC 1.2385 and acquired changes in antibiotic resistance following travel on the Shenzhou-VIII spacecraft.