Two bacterial strains, designated E22-M8T and B22-R8T, were isolated from water sample collected from LungmuCo lake in Xizang of China. The 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that strain E22-M8T was most closely related to members of the genus Pseudidiomarina, exhibiting the highest sequence similarity of 97.38 and 97.39% to Pseudidiomarina halophila BH195T and Pseudidiomarina terrestris 1APP75-27aT, respectively. While strain B22-R8T showed the highest similarity to species of the genera Terrihabitans and Flaviflagellibacter: 97.69, 96.80 and 96.66% to 'Terrihabitans rhizophilus' PJ23T, Terrihabitans soli IZ6T and Flaviflagellibacter deserti SYSU D60017T. For strain E22-M8T, the digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values with its closest relatives P. halophila BH195T and P. terrestris 1APP75-27aT were 25.7 and 20.1%, respectively; the average nucleotide identity (ANI) values were 83.5 and 78%; and the average amino acid identity (AAI) values were 90.4 and 86.4%, all below the recognized species delineation thresholds. For strain B22-R8T, the corresponding dDDH, ANI and AAI values with its closest relatives 'T. rhizophilus' PJ23T, T. soli IZ6T and F. deserti SYSU D60017T also fell below the respective species thresholds. Biochemically and physiologically, both strains exhibited distinct traits that further supported their novelty. Based on comprehensive polyphasic analyses, strain E22-M8T (=CGMCC 1.19205T=KCTC 92346T) is proposed as a novel species named Pseudidiomarina xizangensis sp. nov., and strain B22-R8T (=CGMCC 1.19187T=KCTC 92343T) as a novel species designated Terrihabitans aquatilis sp. nov.

Floral yeasts are generally recognized to exhibit high metabolic activities. We isolated 437 yeast strains from 45 flower samples collected from different plants in the Beijing Olympic Forest Park, a unique urban ecosystem harboring diverse plants, which facilitated a thorough survey of floral yeast diversity. Based on a sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rRNA) and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), these strains were assigned to 69 species, with Filobasidium magnum, Starmerella bombicola, Teunia globosa, Aureobasidium pini, and Kwoniella ovata being the dominant taxa. Ten representative strains were characterized comprehensively and identified as two novel genera and four novel species. Integrating the molecular data, genome information, and phenotypic/physiological traits, the ten novel yeast strains were described as six novel yeast taxa, including two novel species of two novel genera, Fanglaniella lipolytica gen. nov. sp. nov., Polychromogenomyces tardus gen. nov. sp. nov., and four novel species as Pseudotremella jasmini sp. nov., Teunia pruni sp. nov., Kurtzmanomyces yulaniae sp. nov., and Trigonosporomyces otomorphus sp. nov. Furthermore, qualitative profiling of the lipolytic activity across all six novel taxa was conducted using Tween 20 and Tween 80 plate culture assays, and the lipolytic functional genes were subsequently predicted. Our findings highlighted the high diversity of flower-inhabitant yeast strains and the potential lipolytic activity of floral yeasts.

Floral yeasts are generally recognized to exhibit high metabolic activities. We isolated 437 yeast strains from 45 flower samples collected from the Beijing Olympic Forest Park, a unique urban ecosystem harbouring diverse plants, which facilitated a thorough survey of floral yeast diversity. Based on sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rRNA) and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), these strains were assigned to more than 70 species, with Starmerella bombicola, Kwoniella ovata and Aureobasidium pini being the dominant taxa. Ten representative strains were characterized comprehensively and identified as two novel genera and four novel species. Integrating molecular data, genome information and phenotypic/physiological traits, the 10 novel yeast strains were described as six novel yeast taxa, including two novel species of two novel genera, Fanglaniella lipolytica gen. nov. sp. nov., and Polychromogenomyces tardus gen. nov. sp. nov., and four novel species as Pseudotremella jasmini sp. nov., Teunia pruni sp. nov., Kurtzmanomyces yulaniae sp. nov., and Trigonosporomyces otomorphus sp. nov. Furthermore, enzyme activity tests confirmed lipase production in all six novel species, and their corresponding lipase-related genes were identified. Our findings highlight the high diversity and potent lipase activity of floral yeasts, suggesting their great potential for microbial manufacturing.

Strain TC5R-5T, a white rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from Aershan Tianchi crater lake in northern China. It is Gram-stain-negative, catalase- and oxidase- positive. Optimal growth occurs at 20–30°C, pH of 6.0–7.0 and in the presence of 0-0.5% (w/v) NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis, strain TC5R-5T exhibits the highest similarity (94.3%) to Chromobacterium alkanivorans IITR71T. The genomic DNA G + C content of strain TC5R-5T is 51.4% according to the genome sequence. The predominant cellular fatty acids are summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1 ω7c /C16:1 ω6c) and C16:0. The predominant quinone is ubiquinone Q-8, with Q-7 present in moderate amounts. The polar lipid profile comprises phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), an unidentified aminophospholipid (APL), and an unidentified phospholipid (PL). Through polyphasic taxonomy and molecular phylogenetic analysis, strain TC5R-5T is proposed to represent a novel species of a new genus of the family Chromobacteriaceae within the order Neisseriales, for which the name Craterilacuimicrobium aquaticum gen. nov. sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TC5R-5T (= CGMCC 1.17058T = KCTC 72736T).

As prolific producers of extracellular lytic enzymes and antimicrobial natural products, Lysobacter strains have garnered great interest over the past decade. Three gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short rod bacterial strains with flagella, designated A3-1-A15T, D1-1-M9T and D1-1-M8, were isolated from the shore soil of Longmucuo Lake in the Xizang Autonomous Region, China. Comparisons of the 16 S rRNA gene sequences confirmed their affiliation with the genus Novilysobacter. Strain A3-1-A15T presented the highest similarity of the 16 S rRNA gene sequence to Novilysobacter selenitireducen 13AT (97.75

In the context of ongoing global warming, fish, as aquatic ectotherms, are highly vulnerable to increased water temperature caused by climate change and extreme heatwaves because of their inability to maintain their body temperature. After prolonged coevolution, the intestinal microbiota has become an integral part of fish and plays a pivotal role in immunity and metabolism. To date, however, little is known about the effects of increased water temperature on the intestinal microbiota of fish, particularly the intestinal mucosa-associated microbiota. Here, we investigated the variation patterns of the intestinal microbiota and immune status in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus; 125.02 ± 4.55 g) under increased water temperature. The results showed that the microbial diversity, structure, dominant microbes, and predicted function of fish intestinal microbiota were resilient to low-level warming (increasing by 2 °C) but not to high-level warming (increasing by 8 °C) and that fish immune parameters (serum lysozyme content and bactericidal activity) recovered simultaneously. Notably, along with compromised immune function, short-term warming (7 days) drove a significant increase in the microbial richness and diversity of fish intestinal mucosae, in which the overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens such as Romboutsia ilealis, Escherichia–Shigella, Fusobacterium, Streptococcus, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter inhibited the colonization of potential probiotics such as Cetobacterium, ultimately resulting in a significant reduction in metabolic pathways and a significant increase in the potentially pathogenic phenotype. After long-term warming (37 days), the above alterations disappeared in low-level warming but remained in high-level warming. Critically, long-term warming disrupted the network complexity and stability of the intestinal mucosa- and digesta-associated microbiota to different extents. Collectively, this study revealed that the alterations and resilience of intestinal microbiota to increased water temperature coincided with the recovery of immune function in fish. Our findings extend the understanding of how the intestinal microbiota in aquatic ectotherms respond to increased water temperature, providing important implications for harnessing the potential benefits of host-associated microorganisms to enhance their resilience to climate change.

Fermented foods have been produced by humans since prehistoric times and are consumed worldwide today due to their enhanced nutritional value, taste and flavor, and benefits for human health. Various microorganisms are essential agents responsible for food fermentation and have been extensively studied using both culture-dependent and -independent methods. However, previous research has mainly focused on fermented foods produced on a large scale in urbanized areas. In this study, we collected 255 samples of diverse traditional fermented foods—including alcoholic beverages, amylolytic starters, fruit vinegar, and fermented products of milk, vegetables, cereals, legumes, fish, meat, and other materials—from ethnic minority areas of China through a citizen science initiative for the study of yeast diversity. A total of 516 yeast strains were isolated, and 81 yeast species, including four new species, were identified based on sequence analyses of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer region. The proposals of the new species were further supported by whole-genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis. The dominant species isolated were Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia kudriavzevii, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, and Clavispora lusitaniae. The new species are described as Blastobotrys guizhouensis sp. nov., Wickerhamiella shiruii sp. nov., Trichosporon jiuqu sp. nov., and Parajaminaea alba sp. nov. This study demonstrates the high yeast diversity in traditional fermented foods of ethnic minorities in China. These yeast resources are of special value for both basic and applied research in the future.

Two basidiomycete yeast strains, designated as 21S12 and 12S11, were isolated from the flowers of Yulania denudata collected from the Beijing Olympic Forest Park, PR China. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region revealed that these strains represent a novel species within the genus Fonsecazyma. The new species, Fonsecazyma yulaniae sp. nov., is most closely related to Fonsecazyma mujuensis CBS 10308T, with sequence divergences of 4.3% (28 substitutions and 2 indels) in the D1/D2 domain and 8.4% (28 substitutions and 10 indels) in the ITS region. Phenotypically, F. yulaniae sp. nov. differs from F. mujuensis CBS 10308T in its ability to assimilate inulin and creatinine, as well as its inability to assimilate lactose and erythritol. Additionally, F. yulaniae sp. nov. can grow in a vitamin-free medium and in a medium supplemented with 50% glucose, conditions under which F. mujuensis cannot grow. The holotype of F. yulaniae sp. nov. is CGMCC2.5852T, and its taxonomic description has been registered in Fungal Names (FN572294) and in Mycobank (MBT10026390).

Six Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated as D3-2-R+10 T , C2-6-M1 T , E1-3-M2, D2-2-M3, D2-2-M2 and D2-2-M1, were isolated from the shore soil of LungmuCo Lake in Xizang Autonomous Region, China. The 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons confirmed that the six isolates belonged to the genus Algoriphagus of the family Cyclobacteriaceae . The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strains D3-2-R+10 T , D2-2-M3, D2-2-M2 and D2-2-M1 exhibited the highest similarities to the type strains of Algoriphagus antarcticus LMG 21980 T (98.1–98.5 %) and Algoriphagus resistens NH1 T (97.9–98.4 %). Meanwhile, the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strains C2-6-M1 T and E1-3-M2 showed the highest similarities to A. antarcticus LMG 21980 T (98.2–98.7%). The average nt identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values among strains D3-2-R+10 T and C2-6-M1 T and their most closely related species A. antarcticus LMG 21980 T were all lower than the threshold values for delineating species, indicating that they represent two separate novel species of Algoriphagus . The predominant cellular fatty acids of strains D3-2-R+10 T and C2-6-M1 T included iso-C 15 : 0 , summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1 ω 7 c /C 16 : 1 ω6 c) and summed feature 9 (iso-C 17 : 1 ω 9 c /C 16 : 0 10-methyl), and the predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids of strain D3-2-R+10 T comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid and five unidentified lipids, while those of strain C2-6-M1 T included phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids and seven unidentified lipids. The genome size of strains D3-2-R+10 T and C2-6-M1 T was 6.0 and 5.0 Mb, respectively, with the DNA G+C contents of 40.1 and 40.9 mol %. Based on the above descriptions, the six strains were identified as two novel species of the genus Algoriphagus , for which the names Algoriphagus aurantiacus sp. nov. and Algoriphagus persicinus sp. nov. were proposed, with the type strains, respectively.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium strain, designated as 4-7-4T, was isolated from the padding of a fermentation bed. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene indicated that it belonged to the genus Parapedobacter and exhibited the closest relationship to P. soli KCTC 12984T, with a similarity of 96.03

Five aerobic, Gram-stain-negative bacterial strains, designated as C3-2-a3T, B3-2-R+30, C3-2-a4, C3-2-M3 and C3-2-M8, were isolated from the coastal soil of LungmuCo Lake in the Tibet Autonomous Region, PR China. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA genes and genomes indicated that these isolates belonged to the genus Luteimonas and showed a high similarity to Luteimonas suaedae LNNU 24178T (99.01%), Luteimonas endophytica RD2P54T (98.80%) and Luteimonas salinisoli SJ-92T (97.67%). The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain C3-2-a3T and related reference strains Luteimonas suaedae LNNU 24178T, Luteimonas endophytica RD2P54T and Luteimonas salinisoli SJ-92T were 91.89, 83.11 and 83.86% and 46.90, 26.90 and 28.20%, respectively. All values were below the thresholds for delineating species, supporting their classification as novel species of the genus Luteimonas. The genomic DNA G+C content of strains C3-2-a3T was 68.39%. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified phospholipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8), aligning with the characteristics of members of the genus Luteimonas. The major fatty acids (>10.0%) of strain C3-2-a3T were identified as iso-C11 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1 ω9c. Based on the results of phenotypic, physiological, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characterizations, we propose that the isolates represent a novel species of genus Luteimonas, for which the name Luteimonas salinilitoris sp. nov is proposed. The type strain is C3-2-a3T (=CGMCC 1.14507T=KCTC 8642T).

Objectives: Previous research had shown that age, a positive family history, comorbidities, major surgical operations, gestation, and use of several medications could increase the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE). With the development of medical and clinical individualized treatment, many people exposed to above risk factors did not develop VTE, suggested that genetic factors are also involved in the development of VTE. In this review, we aim to summarize VTE diagnosis and treatment in pregnancy women related to gene polymorphism. Methods: A comprehensive electronic search using PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science was conducted to find relevant journal articles with key search terms including: "pregnancy OR pregnant," "venous thromboembolism OR VTE," "deep vein thrombosis OR DVT," "pulmonary embolism OR PE," and "genetic OR gene." Prominent publications from establishment of database till present were analysed to achieve a deeper understanding of VTE during pregnancy relate to genetic polymorphism, and the information was then collated to form this review. Results: The literature review revealed that inherited thrombophilia significantly associated with the development of VTE, especially the factor V Leiden (FVL) and prothrombin gene mutation (PGM). Furthermore, the role of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutation in the development of pregnancy-related VTE remains controversial, further study is required. In the present study, Marburg I polymorphism (G511 E), c.1538 G>A and c.1601 G>A in Factor V (FV), JAK2V617 F mutation were reported as an independent risk factor for VTE, there is no sufficient evidence to confirm the gene mutation is related to VTE during pregnancy, these factors appearing as another promising potential diagnostic marker of VTE during pregnancy. Besides, the dosages of heparin in the treatment of VTE during pregnancy need be adjusted according to gene polymorphism of these population, particularly FVL or PGM carriers, and this area is not studied deeply, it is worth further study. Conclusion: Inherited thrombophilia significantly associated with the development of VTE, especially the FVL and PGM, however the relation between MTHFR gene mutation and pregnancy-related VTE remains controversial, further study is needed. In addition, the dosages of heparin in the treatment of VTE during pregnancy suggested to adjusted based on gene polymorphism in FVL and PGM, and establish better prediction models is a direction of future research.

The arthroconidial yeast-like species currently classified in the asexual genera Geotrichum and Saprochaete and the sexual genera Dipodascus, Galactomyces and Magnusiomyces are frequently associated with dairy and cosmetics production, fruit rot and human infection. However, the taxonomic system of these fungi has not been updated to accommodate the new nomenclature code adopting the "one fungus, one name" principle. Here, we performed phylogenetic analyses of these yeast-like species based on the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit of the rRNA gene. Two monophyletic groups were recognised from these species. One group contained Dipodascus, Galactomyces, and Geotrichum species and the other Magnusiomyces and Saprochaete species. We thus assigned the species in each group into one genus and selected the genus name Geotrichum for the first group and Magnusiomyces for the second one based on the principle of priority of publication. Five new Geotrichum species were identified from arthroconidial yeast strains recently isolated from various sources in China. The new species are described as Ge. dehoogii sp. nov., Ge. fujianense sp. nov., Ge. maricola sp. nov., Ge. smithiae sp. nov., and Ge. sinensis sp. nov.

One bacterial strain, designated as C22- A2T, T , was isolated from Lake LungmuCo in Tibet. Cells of strain C22- A2T T were long rod- shaped, Gram- stain- negative, non- spore- forming, with positive catalase and oxidase activity. Optimal growth occurred at 20-25 degrees C, pH 8.0 and with 3.0-7.0% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene and whole genome sequences revealed that strain C22- A2T T belonged to the genus Virgibacillus, , showing the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity to Virgibacillus halodenitrificans DSM 10037T T (97.6%). The average nucleotide identity values between strain C22- A2T T and the type strains of related species in the genus Virgibacillus were less than 74.4% and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values were less than 20.2%, both below the species delineation thresholds of 95 and 70% respectively. The genome analysis revealed that strain C22- A2T T harboured genes responsible for osmotic and oxidative stress, enabling it to adapt to its surrounding environment. In terms of biochemical and physiological characteristics, strain C22- A2T T shared similar characteristics with the genus Virgibacillus, including the predominant cellular fatty acid anteiso- C 15: 0 , the major respiratory quinone MK- 7, as well as the polar lipids phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. Based on the comprehensive analysis of phylogenetic, phylogenomic, morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain C22- A2T T is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Virgibacillus, , named as Virgibacillus tibetensis sp. nov. (=CGMCC 1.19202T=KCTC T =KCTC 43426T). T ).

The source area of the Yangtze River is located in the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is known as the “Earth’s third pole.” It is the water conservation area and the natural barrier of the ecosystem of the Yangtze River basin. It is also the most sensitive area of the natural ecosystem, and the ecological environment is very fragile. Microorganisms play key roles in the biogeochemical processes of water. In this paper, the bacterioplankton communities in the source and upstream regions of the Yangtze River were studied based on 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, and their environmental influencing factors were further analyzed. Results showed that the upstream region had higher richness and diversity than the source region. The predominant bacterial phyla in the source and upstream regions were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteriota. The bacterial phyla associated with municipal pollution and opportunistic pathogen, such as Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota, were more abundant in the upstream. By contrast, distinct planktonic bacterial genera associated with mining pollution, such as Acidiphilium and Acidithiobacillus , were more abundant in the source region. The co-occurrence network showed that the interaction of bacterioplankton community is more frequent in the upstream. The bacterioplankton community compositions, richness, and functional profiles were affected by the spatial heterogeneity. Moreover, variation partitioning analysis further confirmed that the amount of variation in the source region independently explained by variables of altitude was the largest, followed by water nutrient. This paper revealed the spatial distribution of planktonic bacterial communities in the source and upstream regions of the Yangtze River and its correlation with environmental factors, providing information support for ensuring the health and safety of aquatic ecosystems in the Yangtze River Basin.

Based on our previous study in zebrafish, sinomenine was found to relieve foodborne enteritis through immunomodulation. To examine the protective effects of sinomenine on mucosal immunity in farmed fish species, a dietary inclusion study was conducted in grass carp juveniles by adding sinomenine to soybean meal feed. After a 5-week feeding trial to model foodborne enteritis, the gut and liver tissues were examined for histopathology, enteritis-related gene expression, transcriptome, and 16 s rRNA gene sequencing. The results demonstrated that including sinomenine in the diet at the concentration of 2 g/kg could prevent intestinal pathological changes, such as a decrease in the number of goblet cells and increased glycogen, induced by 40% soybean meal substitution. At the molecular level, the downregulated proinflammatory genes, together with upregulated antiinflammatory genes (such as il10, il13, and tgf beta) were observed. At the omics level, for the DEGs, the downregulated intestinal pathway "phagosome" and term "platelet activation" indicated control of inflammation, while the upregulation of the "PPAR signaling pathway" in both the gut and liver, suggests enhanced immune homeostasis. For the mucosal surface in the sinomenine-supplemented group, we observed not only control of pathogenic Camparilobacterota and Aeromonas but also an increase in Actinobacteria, which may enhance mucosal immunity. Due to the influence of the gut-liver axis, hepatic metabolism was altered, particularly with an upregulation of "fatty acid degradation" and "tryptophan metabolism". Subsequently, the fish in the sinomenine group exhibited a significantly higher survival rate after a 7-day immersion challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, with less inflammatory CD4 signals in the gills. Hepatic hypoxia and low respiratory efficiency in the gill may be a side effect. In summary, sinomenine demonstrated a protective effect on the mucosal immunity of the gut and gill, thereby preventing enteritis and subsequent bacteria challenges. Therefore, sinomenine could be employed in aquaculture as phytotherapy, at the very least through dietary supplementation in fish.

Pseudokabatana alburnus is a xenoma-forming fish microsporidium, firstly described from the liver of the Culter alburnus from Poyang Lake in China. In the present study, P. alburnus was firstly reported from the ovary of 6 other East Asian minnows, including Squaliobarbus curriculus, Hemiculter leucisculus, Cultrichthys erythropterus, Pseudolaubuca engraulis, Toxabramis swinhonis, and Elopichthys bambusa. Genetic analysis revealed high sequence diversity in the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Rpb1) loci of P. alburnus isolated from different hosts and locations. The variation of Rpb1 mainly occurred in the 1,477-1737 bp regions. The presence of a wide variety of Rpb1 haplotypes within a single fish host, together with evidence of genetic recombination suggested that P. alburnus may have the intergenomic variation and sexual reproduction might be present in other hosts (possibly freshwater shrimp). Phylogenetic analysis and population genetic analysis showed that there was no geographical population divergence for P. alburnus. Homogeneity and high variability of ITS sequences indicates that ITS may be a suitable molecular marker to distinguish different P. alburnus isolates. Our data confirm the broad geographical distribution and host range of P. alburnus in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Additionally, we emendated the genus Pseudokabatana to exclude the infection site, liver as one of the taxonomic criteria, and proposed that fish ovary was be the general infection site of P. alburnus.

Five aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, short rod bacteria strains, designated as C3-1-R+6T, C3-2-M9, B3-2-R-7, B3-2-R-21 and C3-2-M2, were isolated from shore soil of LungmuCo Lake in Tibet of China. The 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons confirmed their affiliation to the genus Parapedobacter of the family Sphingobacteriaceae, and showed that they were most closely related to Parapedobacter lycopersici KACC 18788T with 94.26 % similarities. The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between them and the validly published Parapedobacter species were all below the thresholds for delineating species, supporting that they were novel species of genus Parapedobacter. The ANI, AAI and dDDH values between strains C3-1-R+6T and Parapedobacter lycopersici KACC 18788T were 72, 75, and 18% respectively. Meanwhile, the ANI/AAI and dDDH values between these five isolates were higher than the threshold values, showing that they belonged to the same species of Parapedobacter. According to genome comparison, the novel isolates have some special biosynthetic gene clusters of secondary metabolites including bacteriton, aryl-polyene, lantipeptide and t1pks, which were absent from their most related phylogenetic neighbours P. lycopersici KACC 18788T and P. pyrenivorans CGMCC 1.12195T. The main polar lipids contained phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, one unidentified aminolipid, one unidentified glycolipid and five unidentified lipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1  ω7c and/or C16 : 1  ω6c) and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The genome size of strain C3-1-R+6T was 5 984 948 bp, and its genomic DNA G+C content was 46.21 mol%. To sum up, the five strains were identified as a novel species of the genus Parapedobacter, for which the name Parapedobacter tibetensis sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain was C3-1-R+6T (=CGMCC 1.19194T=KCTC 92150T).

We reported a new microsporidium Neoflabelliforma dubium n. sp. from the adipose tissue of Diaphanosoma dubium in China. The infected daphnids generally appeared opaque due to the presence of numerous spore aggregates located in the adipose tissue. All developmental stages were in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm. Multinucleate sporogonial plasmodia developed into uninucleate sporoblasts by rosette-like fashion. Mature spores were pyriform and monokaryotic, measuring 4.02 ± 0.24 (3.63-4.53) µm long and 2.27 ± 0.15 (2.12-2.57) µm wide (N = 40). The polaroplast was bipartite with a tightly packed anterior lamellae and a loosely aligned posterior lamellae. Isofilar polar filament was coiled 9-11 turns and arranged in 2-3 rows. The phylogenetic analysis based on the obtained SSU rDNA sequence indicated that the N. dubium n. sp. clustered with the freshwater oligochaete-infecting N. aurantiae to form an independent monophyletic group, positioned at the base of Clade 4. In addition, we analyzed the genetic diversity in three N. dubium n. sp. isolates based on the rDNA (SSU rDNA, ITS and LSU rDNA) and Rpb1 gene. The genetic variation among the rDNA sequences was not distinct, however, high nucleotide diversity could be observed in Rpb1 gene, and a wide variety of Rpb1 haplotypes were identified within each isolate. Genetic recombination detected in the Rpb1 sequences presumes cryptic sexual process occurring in N. dubium n. sp. Statistical evolutionary analyses further indicated that the purifying selection eliminated mutations in the Rpb1 gene.

With the rapid growth of the aquaculture production since the 1980s, there has been a concomitant increase in disease outbreaks. The injudicious and/or incorrect use of antimicrobial agents against diseases of farmed aquatic species poses a considerable threat to the development and growth of a successful and sustainable aquaculture industry. An increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an important consequence, resulting to the difficulty in treating common bacterial diseases in populations of aquatic organisms, combined with the presence of antibiotic residues in food fish and their products, leading to import refusals and negative impacts on international trade. To reduce the frequency of AMR, good aquaculture and effective biosecurity practices should include the prudent and responsible use of antibiotics and also consider the use of alternatives to antibiotics, in addition to disease prevention management. This article reviews the literature discussing the scope of the problem pertaining to antibiotic use, the emergence of AMR in aquaculture and to consider and discuss viable alternatives (e.g., vaccination, bacteriophages, quorum quenching, probiotics and prebiotics, chicken egg yolk antibody and medicinal plant derivative). We also discuss lessons learnt, from specific case studies such as the vaccination of farmed salmon in Norway and the use of 'specific pathogen-free' seed-as primary and essential part of a biosecurity strategy.