抗生素的过度使用对环境造成了持久性的污染，光电催化是降解抗生素的环保、高效技术，其中光电极的设计尤为重要。为提高抗生素降解速率，采用电化学还原和光还原法制备了Ag-Ti3+-TiO2纳米锥复合光电极，并用于模拟可见光照射下光电催化降解四环素的过程，考察其光电催化性能。结果表明，由于Ti3+自掺杂和Ag纳米颗粒的局域表面等离子体共振效应，复合电极有效地抑制了光生电子-空穴对的复合，并表现出更低的电荷转移电阻，提高了光电催化性能。复合光电极在可见光照射下，90 min后可降解87.9%的四环素，且5个循环后降解率保持在82.5%。这些结果表明，Ag-Ti3+-TiO2纳米锥复合光电极具有高降解效率、良好的稳定性和可持续的循环利用性，有望实现高效环保地光电催化降解抗生素。

As a common pollutant in surface and groundwater，nitrate causes serious pollution to the environment. Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to ammonia promotes nitrogen cycle in water. The research progress of transition metal，noble metal and non-metal catalysts for nitrate reduction to ammonia was reviewed. A large number of cases in this field were collected，and the reasons for the high efficiency of electrode materials were analyzed. The reaction mechanism，electrode preparation method，operating conditions，nitrate removal rate and selectivity of electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to ammonia were reviewed. The influencing factors such as electrode potential，nitrate concentration，pH，current density and supporting electrolyte were analyzed. The reactor form of electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to ammonia and the production process of product ammonia were compared. The production energy consumption in the example was compared. Finally，the challenges and prospects in this field were discussed.

采用曝气强化管式膜超滤高岭土混合液,考察了低膜面流速下曝气对强化膜分离过程影响,探讨了曝气对膜面水力特征及膜污染过程影响,并对过滤介质影响及膜污染阻力构成进行了研究.结果表明,在低膜面流速下,通过向管式膜引入曝气使膜表面形成气液两相流,可实现膜通量稳定保持在15L/(m2·h)以上.不仅如此,曝气的引入使膜表面雷诺数由1800～2500增至3300～4500,显著增强了膜表面湍流程度,并且实现了低膜面流速下使膜污染指数控制在较低水平,节省了运行能耗.此外,曝气的引入主要减轻了膜表面滤饼污染,使膜过滤总阻力减小且对高岭土截留效率影响不大,但强烈的膜面传质使高岭土粒径有减小趋势,并且膜表面形成污染阻力以不可逆污染层为主,不利于膜污染长周期控制.

由氧化还原法成功合成出了MnO2/石墨烯(MnO2/Gh)复合材料.利用SEM、XRD、TGA等技术表征了该纳米粒子的表面形貌、晶型和热稳定性.考察了MnO2/Gh非均相电-Fenton体系对亚甲基蓝的降解效果.结果表明,在非均相体系中,δ-MnO2/Gh的催化效果优于γ-MnO2/Gh,在最优条件下,MnO2/Gh-0.8非均相电-Fenton体系对亚甲基蓝的去除率可达100％,COD的去除率可达89.61％,与传统的电催化反应相比分别提高了约40.99％和60.68％.该反应主要发生在催化剂的表面,并且循环使用5次后催化效果仅下降了6.37％,具有较高的稳定性.

为使海上平台生活污水处理装置出水达到IMO.MEPC 227（64）规定的排放标准,考察了电催化氧化和光-电耦合催化氧化工艺的处理效果,并分析了运行成本。结果表明:光-电耦合工艺最佳条件为电流密度600 A/m~2,海水添加比例50%,电解时间1.5 h,紫外光辐照强度50μW/cm~2。光-电耦合催化氧化工艺的COD降解效果、工艺条件和运行成本均优于电催化氧化工艺。

文中通过吸附法有效去除反渗透浓水COD,从而实现反渗透浓水的达标排放.试验从多种吸附材料中筛选出对反渗透浓水具有最佳吸附性能的活性炭,考察了活性炭投加量、温度和pH对吸附性能的影响,确定了静态吸附试验的活性炭最佳投加量以及最适宜吸附温度和pH条件.通过分析活性炭孔径分布和反渗透浓水的有机物分子量分布区间,从微观结构上分析了活性炭吸附处理反渗透浓水的理论可行性.对于吸附饱和的活性炭采用生化处理的方式实现其再生和重复利用.

1,2-dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene (DMNB) was selected as an additive to improve the charge-discharge efficiency in lithium-ion batteries.The base electrolyte was 1 mol/L LiPF6,/EC+DEC+EMC (1∶1∶1,as volume ratio).Constant current chargedischarge test,linear sweep voltammetry (LSV),and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) were used to investigate the influence of electrochemical stability window and the compatibility of DMNB with LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode.The results showed that the electrolyte with DMNB had a lower oxidative stability than base electrolyte and thus decomposed firstly,and the stable and compact SEI film was formed on LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li cells with DMNB.Charge-discharge efficiency,capacity retentionat room,and high temperature of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li cell using electrolyte with 0.2％ (mass fraction) DMNB were all improved.

在锂离子电池电解液1 mol/L六氟磷酸锂/碳酸乙烯酯+碳酸二甲酯+碳酸甲乙酯(体积比为1∶1∶1)溶液中添加丁二酸酐作为提高电池充放电效率的添加剂.采用恒流充放电测试、循环伏安曲线、线性伏安曲线和电化学阻抗谱等手段,研究了添加剂丁二酸酐对电解液电化学稳定窗口的影响,以及丁二酸酐与锰酸锂材料的相容性.结果表明:在电解液中添加2％(质量分数)的丁二酸酐,提高了LiMn2O4/Li电池常温和高温容量保持率.丁二酸酐可以优先于基础电解液发生少量氧化分解,从而降低了LiMn2O4/Li电池的极化.同时,丁二酸酐也可降低电池循环过程的阻抗.

在1 mol/L六氟磷酸锂/[碳酸乙烯酯(EC)+碳酸二甲酯(DMC)+碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)(体积比为1∶1∶1)]的电解液中加入添加剂丁二腈(SN),用循环伏安(CV)、恒流充放电、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等方法,研究了丁二腈对电解液的电化学窗口、电池的比容量、电池的首次充放电效率和电池的循环性能的影响.结果表明,在电解液中加入一定量的高纯度丁二腈,能提高电池的比容量、首次充放电效率和拓宽电解液的电化学稳定窗口,从而提高电解液的热稳定性,改善电解液的循环性能.

The formation of solid electrolyte interface(SEI) film on the surface of LiCoO2,the cathode material of lithium ion battery was investigated by cyclic voltammetry curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).Cycle voltammetry curves showed the SEI film of LiCoO2 formed in the first cycle.EIS results showed the SEI film formed at low rate and normal temperature were denser and had lower resistance value.The storage time also had influence on the resistance of lithium ion battery,and the resistance value with 7 storage days was lower than that of 1 day.

Fluoroethylene carbonate(FEC) with a volume ration of 10% was added to the electrolyte containing 1 mol·L-1 LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate(EC),dimethyl carbonate(DMC),and methyl ethyl carbonate(EMC)(1:1:1 by volume).The effects of FEC on electrochemical windows,LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li and Li/MCMB lithium ion battery were researched by cyclic voltammetry(CV),charge-discharge cycle performance,and electrochemical impedance spectra(EIS).The results indicated that the application of a 10%(volume ratio) of FEC improved electrochemical windows of the electrolyte and formed an excellent solid electrolyte interphase(SEI) film on the MCMB electrode.The discharge capacity of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li remained 97.31% after running for 50 cycles at 1 C rate and room temperature.