The erect leaf plays a crucial role in determining plant architecture, with its growth and development regulated by genetic factors. However, there has been a lack of comprehensive studies on the regulatory mechanisms governing wheat lamina joint development, thus failing to meet current breeding demands. In this study, a wheat erect leaf mutant, mths29, induced via fast neutron mutagenesis, was utilized for QTL fine mapping and investigation of lamina joint development. Genetic analysis of segregating populations derived from mths29 and Jimai22 revealed that the erect leaf trait was controlled by a dominant single gene. Using BSR sequencing and map-based cloning techniques, the QTL responsible for the erect leaf trait was mapped to a 1.03 Mb physical region on chromosome 5A. Transcriptome analysis highlighted differential expression of genes associated with cell division and proliferation, as well as several crucial transcription factors and kinases implicated in lamina joint development, particularly in the boundary cells of the preligule zone in mths29. These findings establish a solid foundation for understanding lamina joint development and hold promise for potential improvements in wheat plant architecture.

Novel genetic variations can be obtained by inducing mutations in the plant which help to achieve novel traits. The useful mutant can be obtained through radiation mutation in a short period which can be used as a new material to produce new varieties with high yield and good quality wheat. In this paper, the proteomic analysis of wheat treated with different doses of 12C and 7Li ion beam radiation at the seedling stage was carried out through a Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) tagging quantitative proteomic analysis platform based on high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the traditional 60Co-γ-ray radiation treatment for reference. A total of 4,764 up-regulated and 5,542 down-regulated differentially expressed proteins were identified. These proteins were mainly enriched in the KEGG pathway associated with amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, carbon metabolism, photosynthesis, signal transduction, protein synthesis, and DNA replication. Functional analysis of the differentially expressed proteins showed that the oxidative defense system in the plant defense system was fully involved in the defense response after 12C ion beam and 7Li ion beam radiation treatments. Photosynthesis and photorespiration were inhibited after 12C ion beam and 60Co-γ-ray irradiation treatments, while there was no effect on the plant with 7Li ion beam treatment. In addition, the synthesis of biomolecules such as proteins, as well as multiple signal transduction pathways also respond to radiations. Some selected differentially expressed proteins were verified by Parallel Reaction Monitoring (PRM) and qPCR, and the experimental results were consistent with the quantitative results of TMT. The present study shows that the physiological effect of 12C ion beam radiation treatment is different as compared to the 7Li ion beam, but its similar to the 60Co-γ ray depicting a significant effect on the plant by using the same dose. The results of this study will provide a theoretical basis for the application of 12C and 7Li ion beam radiation in the mutation breeding of wheat and other major crops and promote the development of heavy ion beam radiation mutation breeding technology.

Although proton irradiation is ubiquitous in outer space as well as in the treatment of human diseases, its effects remain largely unclear. This work aimed to investigate and compare the composition of gut microbiota composition of mice in different species exposed to high-dose radiation. Male Balb/c mice and C57BL/6J mice were irradiated at a high dose (5Gy). Fecal specimens before and after irradiation were subjected to high-throughput sequencing (HTS) for the amplification of 16S rRNA gene sequences. We observed substantial changes in gut microbial composition among mice irradiated at high doses compared to non-irradiated controls. The changes included both the alpha and beta diversities. Furthermore, there were 11 distinct alterations in the irradiation group compared to the non-radiation control, including the families Muribaculaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136, Bacteroides, Alistipes, Clostridiales, Muribaculum, and Alloprevotella. Such alterations in the gut microbiome were accompanied by alterations in metabolite abundances, while at the metabolic level, 32 metabolites were likely to be potential biomarkers. Some alterations may have a positive effect on the repair of intestinal damage. Simultaneously, metabolites were predicted to involve multiple signal pathways, such as Urea Cycle, Ammonia Recycling, Alpha Linolenic Acid and Linoleic Acid Metabolism, Ketone Body Metabolism, Aspartate Metabolism, Phenylacetate Metabolism, Malate-Aspartate Shuttle, Arginine and Proline Metabolism and Carnitine Synthesis. Metabolites produced by proton irradiation in the microbial region play a positive role in repairing damage, making this area worthy of further experimental exploration. The present work offers an analytical and theoretical foundation to investigate how proton radiation affects the treatment of human diseases and identifies potential biomarkers to address the adverse effects of radiation.Importance:The space radiation environment is extremely complex, protons radiation is still the main component of space radiation and play an important role in space radiation. We proposed for the first time to compare the feces of Balb/c and C57BL/6J mice to study the changes of intestinal flora before and after proton irradiation. However, the effect of proton irradiation on the gut microbiome of both types of mice has not been previously demonstrated. After proton irradiation in two kinds of mice, we found that the characteristics of intestinal microbiome were related to the repair of intestinal injury, and some metabolites played a positive role in the repair of intestinal injury.

Radiation mutation breeding has been used for nearly 100 years and has successfully improved crops by increasing genetic variation. Global food production is facing a series of challenges, such as rapid population growth, environmental pollution and climate change. How to feed the world's enormous human population poses great challenges to breeders. Although advanced technologies, such as gene editing, have provided effective ways to breed varieties, by editing a single or multiple specific target genes, enhancing germplasm diversity through mutation is still indispensable in modern and classical radiation breeding because it is more likely to produce random mutations in the whole genome. In this short review, the current status of classical radiation, accelerated particle and space radiation mutation breeding is discussed, and the molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced mutation are demonstrated. This review also looks into the future development of radiation mutation breeding, hoping to deepen our understanding and provide new vitality for the further development of radiation mutation breeding.

Proton radiation (PR) and microgravity (μG) are two key factors that impact living things in space. This study aimed to explore the combined effects of PR and simulated μG (SμG) on bone function. Mouse embryo osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3-E1) were irradiated with proton beams and immediately treated with SμG for 2 days using a three-dimensional clinostat. All samples were subjected to cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and transcriptome assays. The results showed that cell viability decreased with increasing doses of PR. The peak ALP activity after PR or SμG alone was lower than that obtained with the non-treatment control. No difference in cell viability or ALP activity was found between 1 Gy PR combined with SμG (PR-SμG) and PR alone. However, 4 Gy PR-SμG resulted in decreased cell viability and ALP activity compared with those obtained with PR alone. Furthermore, Gene Ontology analysis revealed the same trend. These results revealed that PR-SμG may lead to reductions in the proliferation and differentiation capacities of cells in a dose-dependent manner. Our data provide new insights into bone-related hazards caused by multiple factors, such as PR and μG, in the space environment.

Cells exposed with irradiation can induce different biological effects in non-irradiated cells due to the cell-cell interactions. Herein, we investigated the bystander effect of different types of irradiation including gamma irradiation (GR) and lithium heavy ion irradiation (LR) on the model human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). The gamma and lithium ion irradiation induced different bystander effects on the SH-SY5Y cell line. The bystander effect induced by gamma irradiation promoted the cell proliferation through activating the ERK and AKT signaling pathways, but it could slightly influence the cell cycle of non-irradiated SH-SY5Y cells. Whereas, the bystander effect induced by lithium heavy ion irradiation inhibited the cell proliferation, arrested the cell cycle and activated the process of pro-apoptosis. The findings of this study confirm the diversified bystander effects of various irradiation on the non-irradiated cells, therefore it highlights the importance of revised strategy for clinical radiotherapy and radioprotection to reduce the damages caused by bystander effects. Further, the in-depth mechanism research on the cell proliferation influenced by the bystander effect of radiation will also be useful to understand the biological effects of radiation.

目的 研究100 MeV质子照射对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞线粒体氧化损伤及其作用机制.方法 采用中国原子能科学研究院100 MeV强流质子回旋加速器照射人宫颈癌HeLa细胞,剂量率为0.8 Gy/min.按照射剂量分为未照射组(0 Gy)、低剂量照射组(0.5 Gy)和高剂量照射组(8 Gy),分别于照射后24、48和72 h采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖情况,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡变化;DCFH-DA标记法检测照射后12～72 h活性氧(ROS)含量动态变化;线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅰ检测试剂盒检测照射后24和48 h线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅰ活性;mRNA芯片杂交检测分析8 Gy质子照射12和24 h后HeLa细胞的差异表达基因.结果 与未照射组相比,低剂量照射组细胞增殖、细胞凋亡、ROS生成以及线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅰ活性均无明显改变.高剂量照射组在照射后72 h细胞增殖显著降低;24、48和72 h细胞凋亡呈时间依赖性增加;细胞ROS含量在照射后16～24 h明显增加,36 h后逐渐下降;照射后24和48 h,细胞线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅰ活性降低.KEGG分析提示,8 Gy质子照射24 h后诱导表达差异变化明显的基因主要集中在丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路、PI3K/Akt信号通路和过氧化物酶体增殖物(PPAR)激活受体信号通路等.结论 100 MeV质子高剂量照射可抑制人宫颈癌HeLa细胞增殖,促进凋亡,且此改变可能与细胞氧化应激和线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅰ活性受到抑制有关.

Heavy-ion beam irradiation is an effective approach for mutation breeding. Understanding the damage effects and molecular variation induced by mutagenesis is of great significance for improving mutation breeding efficiency. The molecular changes induced by Li-7-ion beam irradiation in wheat have been scarcely reported. In this study, we compared the biological damage effects of different doses of Li-7-ion beam irradiation on the M-1 seedlings of two wheat varieties with different gamma irradiation sensitivities, Jing411 and Heyou1, and found that doses of 25, 50, 75 and 100 Gy significantly decreased the germination rate and seedling height. Moreover, transcriptome sequencing of three biological replicates of each irradiated sample and unirradiated control revealed that more single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) than small insertions and deletions (indels) were induced by various doses of Li-7-ion beam irradiation in both varieties. Substantially elevated frequencies of mutations relative to gene density were observed on 0-10 Mb of chromosome 1A, 80-90 Mb of chromosome 1B, 720-730 Mb of chromosome 2B, 280-290 Mb of chromosome 3B, 580-590 Mb of chromosome 3D, and 150-160 Mb of chromosome 5D, indicating that mutation hotspots existed in these regions. In addition, KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between control and irradiated wheat revealed pathways significantly enriched in both Jing411 and Heyou1, including "Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis", "Phenylalanine metabolism" and "Photosynthesis-antenna proteins". These pathways may play key roles in the response to Li-7-ion beam irradiation. The analysis of genes commonly upregulated under various doses of irradiation indicated that genes involved in antioxidant processes are active in the response to Li-7-ion beam irradiation. This transcriptome dataset provides a valuable public information platform for investigating the transcriptome sequence variation induced by Li-7-ion beam-induced mutagenesis and offers a basis for crop mutation breeding.

质子辐射生物学效应是太空放射生物学和质子束放疗研究的重要基础,可为空间环境下人员的危险性评估以及质子治疗优化设计提供科学依据.依托加速器建立相应的生物样本辐照技术是开展此类研究的前提条件.中国原子能科学研究院最近建立的100 MeV强流质子回旋加速器提供的中能质子束流为目前国内能量最高,特别适合用于太空放射生物学和质子治疗相关研究.本研究中,利用在束和离线等多种手段建立了中能质子束流诊断和剂量测量方法,对加速器引出的100 MeV质子照射野大小、均匀性等束流品质以及剂量测量系统准确性进行了分析和评估.结果表明,对光子剂量响应好的LiF(Mg,Ti)热释光探测器,对90 MeV质子同样具有良好的剂量响应关系,可作为中能质子剂量准确性评估的手段之一.在5.0 cm×5.0 cm照射野范围内,加速器引出的100 MeV质子束流的均匀性好于90％,在线剂量测量系统准确性好于93％,束流品质和剂量测量条件基本满足辐射生物学的要求,可为质子辐射生物学效应研究的开展提供可靠保障.

离子束的注量是宇航微电子器件重离子单粒子效应辐照试验截面测量的关键数据,本文结合北京HI-13串列加速器重离子单粒子效应试验,通过对束流光路调节和探测器计数测量的深入分析,给出注量测量误差的成因分析,并对误差的性质加以研究.其结果可以指导今后重离子单粒子效应辐照试验束流的规范调节,从而改善注量测量的准确性,也可以用于试验注量误差的定量计算与分析.

To obtain a large uniform beam field for proton single event effect (SEE) experiments, the double-ring double scattering method (DDSM) is employed for spreading the 100 MeV proton beam provided by the 100 MeV proton cyclotron at China Institute of Atomic Energy. With the Geant 4 simulations, the fundamentals of the DDSM are further explored, the achieved effect of our DDSM scheme design is presented, and the influences of some possible factors in practice on the produced beam field are discussed. We find that the the outer part of the second scatter plays an important role in enlarging the area of the uniform field and improving its uniformity. We also find that the first scatter and the inner part of the second scatter play a decisive role in determining the proton flux of the uniform area. The scattering between the spread proton beam and the accelerator tube behind the second scatter damages the uniformity and leads the energy of the produced beam field to straggle. Therefore, the tube should be made as short as possible. The size of the initial beam spot on the first scatter affects the produced beam field to some extent. The spot should be focused as much as possible in a circle with a radius of 0.5 cm. At a larger distance, a larger uniform field can be produced due to the spreading of the proton beam along the space. The decrease in the incident proton energy causes the flux and uniformity to decrease, and also leads the energy loss to increase and the energy of the produced proton beam field to straggle. Using our DDSM schematic design, the simulations show that an 8-cm-diameter beam field with a uniformity of ±1.89% can be produced at a distance of 2.4 m, thereby meeting the need for an SEE experiment of a device-level sample, and that a 20-cm-radius beam field with a uniformity of ±5.32% can be created at a distance of 5.0 m, thereby meeting the need for an SEE experiment of a system-level sample of comparable size. By taking into consideration the uniformity and energy straggling, our design is basically applicable to the protons in the 70−100 MeV energy region that the accelerator can provide directly.

DNA double?strand break ( DSB) is a major and severe damage of genomic DNA induced by ionizing radiation. In case of the occurrence of DSB, the histone protein H2AX is phosphorylated and recruited at DSB site to form phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) foci as a DSB biomarker. The yield, size and dynamics of γH2AX foci in mouse MEF cells induced by different linear energy transfer ( LET) radiation including heavy ions 7 Li,12 C and 60 Coγ?ray were investigated. The results indicated that the average number ofγH2 AX foci per cell was changed as a function of time post?ir?radiation for all the radiations, and the peak of γH2AX foci formation appeared at 2h after irradia?tion. The persistence of increased number of foci was depended on the radiation type. The frequency of γH2AX foci production was associated with the LET value, the higher the LET, the greater the production frequency. The average size ofγ?H2AX foci induced byγ?rays was not changed with the post?irradiation times. An increase in the size of γH2AX foci induced by high LET ion beams was found, as compared with γ?rays irradiation. Moreover, the foci size increased with elevated LET.

用14 MeV快中子对Wistar雄性大鼠进行5 Gy的全身照射,观察其免疫系统损伤情况及氧化应激的相关变化.大鼠分为辐射组和对照组,分别在辐射后1,7,14d3个时间点取血液、胸腺和脾脏进行研究.结果表明,辐照后第1d,辐照组大鼠白细胞和淋巴细胞数量降至最低,照后第7、14d有所恢复,但仍不足正常组的1/2.血小板数在照后第1d开始减少,至第7d达到最低值,第14d仍与正常组有显著差异.而大鼠骨髓有核细胞总数辐照后14d明显低于正常组.另外胸腺和脾脏均出现萎缩,脏器指数明显减小.血浆、胸腺和脾脏的总抗氧化能力T-AOC、SOD酶活性及MDA值含量均有不同程度的升高趋势.说明快中子辐射影响血浆、胸腺和脾脏的抗氧化应激能力,诱导细胞凋亡或坏死,造成胸腺和脾脏的萎缩以及一系列组织形态的改变,从而严重影响大鼠的正常免疫功能.

Gibberellin (GA) is essential for determining plant height. Alteration of GA content or GA signaling results in a dwarf or slender phenotype. Here, we characterized a novel wheat mutant, quick development (qd), in which GA regulates stem elongation but does not affect mature plant height. qd and wild-type plants did not exhibit phenotypic differences at the seedling stage. From jointing to heading stage, qd plants were taller than wild-type plants due to elongated cells. However, wild-type and qd plants were the same height at heading. Unlike wild-type plants, qd plants were sensitive to exogenous GA due to mutation of Rht-B1. With continuous GA stimulation, qd seedlings and adult plants were taller than wild-type. Thus, the GA content of qd plants might differ from that of wild-type during the growth process. Analysis of GA biosynthetic gene expression verified this hypothesis and showed that TaKAO, which is involved in catalyzing the early steps of GA biosynthesis, was differentially expressed in qd plants compared with wild-type. The bioactive GA associated gene TaGA20ox was downregulated in qd plants during the late growth stages. Measurements of endogenous GA content were consistent with the gene-expression analysis results. Consistent with the GA content variation, the first three basal internodes were longer and the last two internodes were shorter in qd than in wild-type plants. The qd mutant might be useful in dissecting the mechanism by which GA regulates stem-growing process, and it may be serve as a GA responsive semi-dwarf germplasm in breeding programs.

AHH‐1 cell was irradiated with proton (21 MeV) at Q3D magnetic spectro‐meter of the tandem accelerator to study the dose‐and time‐effect of PIG3 gene mRNA expression in AHH‐1 cell .Real‐time quantitative PCR results show that PIG3 gene mRNA expression increases with doses at the different time after proton irradiation . And the PIG3 gene mRNA expression changes along with time at each dose .The peak of the PIG3 gene mRNA expression appears at 6 h for every dose except the 8 Gy at 12 h .T he results of cell cycle show that the percent of G 2/M first increases and then decreases with time . These results show that PIG3 gene mRNA expression in the application of biological dosimeter is potential .

7Li ion with high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation has been used in radiobiological research, which is key particle in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy(BNCT) and is applied in radiation mutagenic breeding. In present study, the new terminal had been established for radiobiological application, located at the end of R20 branch beam line of HI-13 tandem accelerator. The beam qualities of 7Li ions of 43 MeV generated by HI-13 tandem accelerator, including spot size, uniformity and particle fluence accuracy, were measured using different detection methods. The results showed that beam uniformity was 91.2% at 5.0 cm×5.0 cm area, the flux measured using different detectors had a good linear relationship as particle flux ranged from 4.2 × 104 particles/cm2/s to 1.5×105 particles/cm2/s and particle fluence accuracy was better than 90%. All the results showed that the beam qualities of 7Li ions basically met the requirements for radiation biological experiment. It provided important method to study biological effects in fundamental research and radiation therapy or radiation mutagenic breeding application associated with 7Li ions.

Based on the Beijing HI‐13 tandem accelerator proton beam source and techni‐cal improvements ,2‐15 MeV low energy proton beam was obtained .Single event upset (SEU) test of low energy proton was carried out on commercial 65 nm 4M × 18 bit large capacity SRAM . The test result shows that low energy proton can induce upset in SRAM through direct ionization mechanism ,and the SEU cross section caused by this mechanism is about 2‐3 magnitude order larger than that caused by nuclear reaction mechanism .With the test data ,the proton upset mechanism ,LET and range ,critical charge ,and on‐orbit soft error rate (SER) were analyzed .The results show that the critical charge of the tested SRAM is about 0.97 fC and the low energy proton SER can be a significant contribution to total proton SER in space .

In order to get the Beijing HI-13 tandem accelerator beam with the higher range and LET in silicon , the techniques of beam route simulating and pico-ampere beam diagnosing were developed .The magnetic rigidity simulation and electric rigidity simulation techniques combined with beam spot observing and beam intensity measuring techniques were used for getting 360 MeV 197 Au ion beam with the peak-to-total ratio of 80% in the spectrum .The range of 360 MeV 197 Au in silicon is 30.1μm and the LET is 86.1 MeV · cm2 · mg -1 .This meets the requirement of single-event effect test ,and the beam energy range and LET range in Beijing HI-13 tandem accelerator have been obvi-ously enlarged .