The W-Cu functionally graded material (FGM) interlayer is considered an effective approach to mitigate thermal mismatch between W and CuCrZr, but achieving robust interfacial bonding between W and W-Cu FGM remains a key technical challenge. In this work, an interface-strengthening strategy combining W surface sandblasting with spark plasma sintering (SPS) was developed to reinforce the interfacial bonding of joints. The impact of W surface sandblasting on the interfacial morphology, element diffusion, and comprehensive performance of the joints was thoroughly evaluated. Results reveal that the formation of a serrated interface structure significantly enhances interfacial bonding strength and alters the crack propagation path. Furthermore, surface defects introduced by W surface sandblasting, such as grain boundaries and dislocations, serve as fast diffusion channels, thereby promoting elemental diffusion and strengthening the interfacial bonding. Notably, the joint fabricated with a sandblasting pressure of 0.7 MPa achieves a shear strength of 223.35 MPa, corresponding to a 55.77 % increase over the untreated joint. Additionally, the sandblasted joint also exhibited improved thermal conductivity and interfacial bonding rate at elevated temperatures, indicating superior thermal stability. This work provides a practical and scalable strategy to achieve reliable W/CuCrZr joints in plasma-facing components (PFCs).

Additive manufacturing (AM) of cemented carbide is attracting a progressively greater focus within the scope of production research. Among various AM techniques, direct ink writing (DIW) stands out for its operational simplicity, elimination of laser systems, and room-temperature processing capability. However, the challenges in regulating the rheological properties of high-solid-content aqueous WC-Co slurries and achieving sintering densification remain key bottlenecks hindering its widespread application. This study has formulated an aqueous WC-8Co slurry containing 92 wt% solids with rheology performance favorable for DIW, using deionized water as the solvent while controlling additive type and proportion. Subsequent debinding and sintering of printed green bodies achieved a relative density of 98.55% and a hardness of 1825 ± 29 HV30. These promising properties could be attributed to their refined microstructure featuring uniform submicron grains (0.57 ± 0.01 μm) and negligible porosity, which fully validates the feasibility of preparing high-performance WC-8Co cemented carbides via aqueous-based DIW technology.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable interest as electrode materials of great promise for next-generation applications. However, the practical use of MOFs is hampered by key challenges: poor conductivity, significant volume expansion, and poor cycling stability. This review systematically outlines the recent progress in MOF-based materials for lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes, with a focus on their unique lithium storage mechanisms and the key modification strategies employed to overcome these limitations. These strategies—such as coating modification, nanostructure design, heterointerface construction, and defect engineering—effectively enhance the electronic/ionic conductivity, structural integrity, and interfacial compatibility, leading to improved electrochemical performance. Furthermore, this review highlights emerging frontiers including flexible MOFs and machine-learning-guided material design. Despite the remarkable potential demonstrated in laboratory settings, the industrialization of MOF-based electrodes still faces obstacles such as high synthesis costs, complex processes, and a lack of standardization. Future efforts should focus on developing intelligent, multifunctional, and environmentally benign MOF materials to facilitate their practical integration into next-generation high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

Y-doped BaZrO3 (BZY) is a promising electrolyte for protonic ceramic fuel cells, but its poor sinter-ability usually requires high-temperature treatment and may cause phase instability. In this work, BZY electrolytes containing 1 wt

Magnetron sputtering inorganic NiOx hole transport layer (HTL) has become a practical method in the industrial production of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), owing to its advantages of large-area fabrication and high process controllability. However, the relatively poor conductivity and high defect density of HTL hinder further improvements in device performance. In this work, to address the above issues of sputtered NiOx, the composite HTL of CuOx/NiOx was innovatively deposited by sequential sputtering of Cu and NiO targets with the easy industrial production. Subsequently, through the optimization of the sputtering process parameters (time, atmosphere, and annealing temperature), the composite HTL demonstrated superior photoelectric performance compared to the single NiOx. Meanwhile, the introduction of CuOx effectively reduced the defect density of the PSCs, thereby improving the carrier transport dynamics. Finally, this viable industrialization strategy boosted the PCE of MA0.85FA0.15PbI3 PSCs from 15.3 % to 17.86 %, which was prepared without spin-coating fragile selfassembled monolayers (SAMs) under open-air conditions, demonstrating promising potential for commercial applications.

Although WCu functionally graded material (FGM) interlayers have shown potential in mitigating the thermal-expansion mismatch between W and CuCrZr, insufficient bonding strength at the W/W-Cu FGM interface limits their applications in plasma-facing components (PFCs). Here, femtosecond laser texturing was introduced into the fabrication of W/W-Cu FGM/CuCrZr joints to improve interfacial bonding. The relationships among interfacial morphology, thermo-mechanical performance, and residual stress distribution were systematically established. At an optimized laser power of 6 W, regular pit arrays were generated on the W surface and subsequently evolved into a periodic interlocking W/W-Cu FGM interface during SPS. Consequently, the laser-treated joint at 6 W achieved a shear strength of 242.48 MPa, which is 1.68 times that of the untreated joint. Finite element analysis (FEA) further reveals that the interlocking architecture at the W/W-Cu FGM interface redistributes the residual-stress field and mitigates stress concentrations. Compared with the untreated joint, the laser-treated joint exhibits improved interfacial structural stability after thermal conductivity testing up to 600 °C. These findings provide a practical route to fabricate reliable W/W-Cu FGM/CuCrZr joints for engineering applications.

Proton concentration scales positively with Ca 2+ ratio, peaking at 0.112 mol% for BFC20 at 600 °C, which achieves the best performance with 0.4 Ω cm 2 resistance and demonstrating that proton plays a critical role in electrode reaction.

In recent years, Ag2BiI5 has attracted intensive attention as one of promising candidates for replacing organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites in the fields of photovoltaics, optoelectronics, and photocatalysis thanks to its intrinsic non-toxicity and excellent stability. In this work, on the basis of the green and low-cost solvothermal synthesis of Ag2BiI5 powders, Ag2BiI5 films have been prepared by spray coating and the morphology dependent optoelectronic performance has been investigated. The film with the highest apparent porosity presents the highest photocurrent density and the enhancement mechanism is determined to be due to the improved carrier transport efficiency resulting from the filling of electrolyte. This work could pave a way to develop Ag2BiI5-based photodetectors and photovoltaic devices with dual functionality in energy conversion and mechanical flexibility.

High-efficiency and low-pollution energy conversion devices as protonic ceramic fuel cells have attracted the interest of a wide range of researchers, and the air electrode materials play vital roles in the operation of fuel cell and also dominate the electrolysis of steam to hydrogen process. Here we report the triple conductor Ba0.95La0.05Fe0.8Zn0.2O3-delta (BLFZ) with high proton concentration as air electrode to evaluate its electrochemical performance. The BLFZ powder could remain its cubic structure with the lattice parameter of 4.063 angstrom in humid air at 700 degrees C. The electrical conductivity relaxation measurement proves that the proton uptake in BLFZ could be taken in hydrogenation method, but shows slower proton uptake kinetics than oxygen ion. And in symmetrical cell test, the BLFZ electrode exhibits obvious competition in oxygen and water molecular adsorption, where the addition of steam in air could result in higher polarization resistance and shows better electrochemical performance in humid pure O-2 atmosphere. When apply the BLFZ as air electrode in fuel cell, it shows 0.623 Wcm(-2) power density at 700 degrees C, and in electrolysis mode, the BLFZ air electrode shows good catalytic activity for water electrolysis with 0.5 Acm(-2) current density at 1.3 V under 600 degrees C.

To address the thermal mismatch between W and CuCrZr in plasma-facing components (PFCs), the W–Cu functionally graded material (FGM) as an interlayer was incorporated into W/CuCrZr dissimilar joints through spark plasma sintering (SPS) in this study. The microstructural evolution, mechanical, and thermal performance of joints with the W–Cu FGM interlayer were systematically analyzed. Results indicate that the W/W–Cu FGM/CuCrZr joint bonded at 1000 °C exhibits strong interface bonding with the shear strength of 144.35 MPa. The compositional and thermal expansion gradients provided by the W–Cu FGM interlayer may effectively relieve thermal stress concentrations at the interface of the joints, thereby enhancing interfacial reliability and thermal shock resistance. Compared to the OFCu interlayer under the identical bonding conditions, introducing the W–Cu FGM interlayer significantly improves high-temperature thermal conductivity of the joint and maintains structural integrity after undergoing 200 thermal shock cycles at 600 °C-RT. This work confirms that the W–Cu FGM interlayer provides an effective strategy for preparing high-performance W/CuCrZr joints.

The development of high-performance wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells (WBG PSCs) is particularly crucial for advancing tandem solar cell technology. However, the rapid crystallization of bromine-rich WBG perovskite films leads to poor film quality, which severely limits further improvements in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term stability of the PSCs. Herein, we innovatively introduced two functional additives, butanammonium formate ionic liquids (BAFA ILs) and methylammonium thiocyanate (MASCN), simultaneously into the MAPb(I0.9Br0.1)3 films to regulate the film crystallization dynamics and passivate vacancy defects. The introduction of volatile MASCN additives into the MAPb(I0.9Br0.1)3 precursor effectively improves the crystallinity and grain size of the films. Meanwhile, the introduction of BAFA ILs passivates undercoordinated Pb2+ cation defects (halide vacancies) and undercoordinated I-/Br- anion defects (methylammonium (MA) vacancies), suppressing nonradiative recombination. Notably, when MASCN and BAFA ILs additives are introduced simultaneously, they exhibit a synergistic optimization effect. Consequently, the WBG PSCs attained a PCE of 20.54% and an open-circuit voltage (V oc) of 1.19 V. Meanwhile, semitransparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs) were successfully fabricated, achieving a PCE of 18.61% while maintaining an average near-infrared (NIR) transmittance exceeding 80%.

In this study, spark plasma sintering (SPS) was employed to achieve the simultaneous sintering and bonding of W-75Cu composite with CuCrZr alloy. The effects of the sintering temperature on the microstructure evolution and properties of the W-75Cu/CuCrZr joints were systematically investigated and their thermal shock resistance was evaluated. The results indicated that a dense and defect-free joint was obtained at 950 degrees C, demonstrating the maximum shear strength (216.5 MPa) and thermal conductivity (237.9 W/(m & sdot;K)). Fracture analysis revealed that failure predominantly occurred within the W-75Cu matrix, confirming robust interfacial bonding. Additionally, after 200 thermal shock cycles at 450 degrees C-RT, the W-75Cu/CuCrZr joint maintained a high joint strength (172.7 MPa) without visible cracks on the interface, thereby demonstrating excellent joint reliability and thermal shock resistance. This study highlights the advantages of SPS technology in promoting the densification of the matrices and achieving high-performance joints, providing valuable technical insights for achieving a reliable bonding between the W-Cu FGM (high Cu content) and the CuCrZr heat sink material.

Tungsten (W) for nuclear fusion reactors faces critical challenges including low-temperature brittleness and irradiation-induced embrittlement. This study fabricates W-La2O3 (WLO) composites via wet chemical synthesis combined with multi-pass hot rolling. Systematic investigations reveal that La2O3 particles are uniformly dispersed in the W matrix, forming thermally stable reinforcing phases. The WLO composite exhibits remarkable enhancement in high-temperature mechanical properties compared to pure tungsten (PW), with the tensile strength reaching 561.0 MPa at 500 degrees C, and the uniform elongation and section shrinkage reaching 10.64 % and 37.60 %, representing improvements of 20.2 %, 24.9 %, and 50.0 %, respectively. The ductile-to-brittle transition temperature in tensile tests (tensile-DBTT) decreases markedly from 200-300 degrees C for PW to 100-200 degrees C for WLO. The enhancement stems from La2O3 dispersion strengthening and the high fraction of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs, 82.37 %) in the WLO. Under helium ion irradiation, La2O3 exhibits synergistic mechanisms involving defect trapping, interfacial stress redistribution, and grain boundary stabilization, to suppress defect migration. Post-irradiation surface characterization reveals a 78.2 % reduction in surface roughness average for WLO (Ra = 19.8 nm) relative to PW (Ra = 90.9 nm), confirming superior irradiation resistance.

To enhance the performance of W/Cu divertor materials under high-temperature and irradiation conditions, this study utilizes oxide dispersion-strengthened tungsten (ODS-W) and CuCrZr alloy as base materials. A tri-layer ODS-W/W-50Cu/CuCrZr joint was fabricated using spark plasma sintering (SPS), incorporating a nanoporous surface treatment on the ODS-W surface and a W-50Cu interlayer between ODS-W and CuCrZr. The effects of the surface treatment and W-50Cu interlayer on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and irradiation resistance of the joints were systematically investigated. Results demonstrate that the nanoporous structure significantly enhances interfacial bonding, achieving a tensile strength of 227.6 MPa and a ductility of 5.82 %. Fracture analysis reveals a transition in failure mode. Fractures shift from the ODS-W/Cu interface to the W-50Cu interlayer, accompanied by a transition from brittle to ductile fracture behavior. The W-50Cu interlayer effectively mitigates the mismatch in thermal expansion and minimizes stress concentrations, thereby enhancing interfacial stability at elevated temperatures while maintaining excellent thermal conductivity and mechanical properties. Under irradiation, the W-50Cu interlayer acts as a "trap", capturing and neutralizing irradiation-induced defects. This mechanism reduces interfacial damage, mitigates hardening, and improves irradiation stability. These findings establish a framework for optimizing W/Cu divertor material design for high-temperature and irradiation-intensive applications.

To address the challenges in joining immiscible W/Cu dissimilar metals, this study employs surface grinding to induce plastic deformation and coarsening on the W surface, thereby obtaining the reliable W/Cu joints through spark plasma sintering (SPS). The effects of surface grinding and bonding temperature on the interfacial microstructure, mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of W/Cu joints were systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that the micro-nano structure on the W surface is successfully introduced into the W/Cu interface via surface grinding combined with SPS, forming a serrated interface structure. Shear tests and fracture analysis reveal that this serrated interface structure effectively enhances the mechanical interlocking effect and changes the crack propagation path, thus improving the mechanical properties of W/Cu joints. At 1000 degrees C, the shear strength of the W/Cu joint after surface grinding reaches 214.17 MPa, which is 55.59 % higher than that of the joint prepared through direct bonding (DB). Furthermore, compared to the DB joint, the W/Cu joint after surface grinding maintains superior high-temperature thermal conductivity, which is 130.11 W/(m & sdot;K) at 600 degrees C. This work proposes a simple and effective mechanical surface treatment method to realize high-performance W/ Cu joints.

Optimizing the Fe content in BaZr 0.88− x Fe x Y 0.12 O 3− δ enhanced proton concentration (0.36 mol%) at 600 °C. The BZFY0.7 showed minimal polarization resistance and exhibited peak performance, showing superior catalytic activity for PCFC applications.

CsPbI3 is a promising light-absorbing material for photovoltaics due to its excellent thermal stability and optimal bandgap. However, poor film quality and interfacial defects severely restricted the improvement of such devices. In addition, systematic studies on the selection of hole transport layers for inverted CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells remain limited. In this work, we systematically compared the optoelectronic properties of four HTLs and their effects on the quality of CsPbI3 films, including NiOX, MeO-2PACz, and their composite films. Specially, the NiOX/MeO-2PACz composite HTLs demonstrated improved substrate coverage and enhanced charge transport characteristics, thereby improving the crystallinity of CsPbI3 films and the performance of the final device. Furthermore, dimethylammonium chloride (DMACl) compound was employed as a CsPbI3 surface passivator, with Cl- compensating for I- vacancies to suppress Pb0 defects and DMA+ improving moisture stability. Additionally, the energy level mismatch between the ETL and PVK was significantly reduced after DMACl passivation. Through this dual-side synergistic strategy, the best-performing inverted CsPbI3 PSCs achieve an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.05 % and a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 20.9 mA cm- 2. Additionally, the unencapsulated optimized device retains 80 % of its initial PCE after 800 h of storage in dry air.

Inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with outstanding thermal stability and appropriate optical band gap, are regarded as promising candidates for efficient single solar cells and the top sub-cell in tandem solar cells. Nevertheless, the substantial internal defect recombination and stringent preparation process conditions impede its further advancement. To obtain stable (3-CsPbI3 film under open-air conditions, 1,4-phenyldimethylamine iodine (PhDMAI2) is selected as additive for the first time to prevent water erosion and regulate the intermediate phase transition during annealing. The systematic experimental results reveal that PhDMAI2 can accelerate the rate of intermediate phase conversion to (3-CsPbI3 and build better energy level structure between perovskites (PVK) and hole transport layer (HTL), which effectively diminishes the quantity of pinholes and enhances the transportation and extraction of charge carriers at the interface. To further expand the application field in tandem or flexible devices, RbCl-doped SnO2 is adopted to replace the commonly used high temperature TiO2 as the electron transport layer (ETL), which not only enhances the electron transport capacity but also reduces the manufacturing temperature to below 200 degrees C. Finally, the CsPbI3 PSCs with a PCE of 18.54% was achieved via a doping solvent engineering, which is one of the highest PCE values of SnO2 based CsPbI3 PSCs fabricated in ambient air.

In recent years, there has been some interest in the use of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for the fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its satisfactory film-quality, high controllability and consistency, low equipment cost, and easy industrial scale-up. In this paper, the mixed-cation MA x FA1-x PbI3-y Br y perovskite light absorbing films were first deposited via a lead bromide (PbBr2) precursor doped CVD process, and the effect of bromine content on its material phase composition, film morphology, optical band gap, device photovoltaic characteristic, charge recombination, and carrier transport property were systematically studied. The experimental results show that introducing an appropriate PbBr2 doping amount can inhibit the formation of undesirable nonphotoactive gamma phase, which enhances the crystallization ability, increases the grain size and material band gap of perovskite films, and then suppresses the carrier recombination, reduces the contact resistance, and facilitates the carrier extraction and transport at the interface. This ultimately leads to an improvement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of the PSCs. Consequently, the optimized MA x FA1-x PbI3-y Br y PSCs with 0.05 M PbBr2 doping achieve an impressive PCE of 17.94%, which is significantly higher than that of the undoped devices (16.69%) and reaches the high level of PSCs with a hybrid chemical vapor deposition (HCVD) method.