Water stress significantly affects on rice yield and quality. Eight Japonica varieties from the first and second accumulated temperature zones of Heilongjiang Province were used as materials and four moisture gradients (0, −10, −25 and −40 kPa) were conducted at the grain-filling stage to clarify the effect of water stress on the rice yield and quality in cold regions. The results showed that the rice yield was reduced due to the decrease in the seed setting rate. Rice chalkiness was significantly increased by drought stress, especially under −10 kPa. The protein content of most varieties was significantly reduced and taste quality was increased under −25 to −40 kPa. The effect on protein components increased with increasing drought stress. The gel consistency decreased and the average chain length of amylopectin was less affected by drought. With an increase in moisture deficit, the rapid viscosity analyzer characteristics and chain length distribution of amylopectin showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing or decreasing and then increasing. The response of starch to mild and severe drought varied. Our study provides a theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of water and high quality and yield of Japonica rice.

Heilongjiang reclamation area has made great progress since its development and construction, among which the agricultural and forestry colleges in China have played a key role in the input of talents for the production of reclamation area, and the spirit of the Great Wilderness has important strategic significance for the cultivation of agricultural and forestry talents. Taking Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University as an example, this paper analyzes the ways of the Great Northern Wilderness Spirit for cultivating application-oriented undergraduate talents in agricultural and forestry colleges, improving the curriculum system of undergraduate talents through innovation, strengthening the cultivation of students' innovative ability, leading students' scientific research and academic level, and enhancing students' practical ability. To innovate the cultivation mode of application-oriented undergraduate talents in agricultural and forestry colleges under the guidance of the spirit of the Great Northern Wilderness, and to provide a reference mode for the cultivation of undergraduate talents in agricultural and forestry colleges in China.

Due to the increasing demand of seedling soil, the selection of substrate plate for seedling cultivation plays an important role in the sustainable development of agriculture. A two-factor random block group was used in the experiment. The test variety was Longjing 31, and the factor A was in four planting areas（Chahayang Farm, Fuyu Pasture, Qiqihar Pedigree Station and Tailai county in Heilongjiang province）. The factor B was seedling raising method（substrate plate seedling raising and conventional seedling raising）, the effects of substrate plate seedling raising and conventional seedling raising on rice seedling quality were discussed. The results showed that in comparison of rice seedling quality, the interaction between the test site and the seedling method had significant or extremely significant effects on eight seedling quality indexes, including plant height,first leaf length, second leaf length, third leaf length and so on. Except the 2-3 interoccipital interval was no significant difference, first leaf length, second leaf length and third leaf length were significant or extremely significant higher than those of the conventional seedlings, and the length of the first leaf, the third leaf and the root length were the most significant, increased by 28.01%, 29.20% and 33.10%, respectively. In comparison of rice yield and its components, the seed-setting rate of substrate was significantly higher than that of conventional substrate, increasing by 1.36%. In the comparison of rice quality indexes, there was no significant difference between substrate plate and conventional rice quality indexes.

The effects of biochar application on dry direct-seeded rice paddies remains unclear. Therefore, we applied biochar to dry direct-seeded rice paddy fields over 3 consecutive years to assess its effects on soil physicochemical properties and bacterial diversity (conventional fertilization [CK]; biochar + conventional fertilization [BC]). BC increased the content of 0.25–5 mm soil water-stable aggregate particles, but decreased that of <0.25 mm soil water-stable aggregates. At different soil depths, BC significantly reduced sand content and increased silt content. Compared to CK, BC significantly increased the available phosphorus and potassium content of the 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil layers. There were no significant differences in pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, or total potassium content between the treatments at different soil depths. Compared to CK, BC significantly increased soil neutral phosphatase and catalase activities. Furthermore, BC significantly increased bacterial richness, but had no significant effect on bacterial diversity. According to Qualcomm sequencing analysis, BC increased the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Nitrospirae, Verrucomicrobiae, Blastocatellia_Subgroup_4, and Anaerolineae in soil compared to CK. The soil bacterial genera in BC had stronger interrelationships than those in CK. According to redundancy analysis, organic matter was the main environmental factor influencing bacterial community structure. Overall, biochar could promote soil nutrient conversion in dry direct-seeded rice paddies, improve soil effective nutrient content, change the composition of soil bacterial communities, and increase soil bacterial richness. Applying biochar in dry direct-seeded rice cultivation could help realize low-carbon agriculture.

秸秆还田是目前广泛应用的秸秆处理方式,但存在腐解效率低、易发生病虫害和释放有机酸等问题.汽爆膨化技术具有破坏秸秆纤维间聚合力,增大秸秆比表面积,使其更易被微生物降解、消灭秸秆自身携带的病虫卵的作用.故采用膨化秸秆和常规秸秆两种形态还田,于2020—2021年进行盆栽试验,探究两种还田形态在不同还田量下对水稻氮素积累与转运、产量以及稻米品质的影响.以'垦粳8号'水稻为供试材料,秸秆不还田作为对照(CK),以当地秸秆还田7500 kg·hm-2为基准,各还田形态分别设置4种还田量,即25％、50％、75％和100％,共9个处理,采用单因素完全随机设计.结果表明:氮素积累量在齐穗期表现为膨化还田>CK>直接还田,并随还田量的增加而降低,25％秸秆膨化还田2 a间较CK分别提高了10.92％和11.66％,秸秆直接还田较CK略有降低;在成熟期,25％秸秆膨化还田处理地上部氮素积累最多,2 a间分别较CK增加1.11％和10.54％,75％直接还田处理在2020年试验中较CK显著提高4.99％,在2021年50％直接还田处理最佳,较CK增加了8.51％.2 a间秸秆还田均提高了水稻产量,秸秆膨化还田表现为25％还田量处理增产效果最佳,较CK分别增加5.54％和8.93％;秸秆直接还田以75％还田量处理增产效果最佳,较CK分别增加6.65％和9.14％;2 a间秸秆膨化还田处理和秸秆直接还田处理均改善了稻米的加工品质、营养品质和食味品质,其中25％、50％秸秆膨化还田稻米的食味评分均高于同施用量下秸秆直接还田处理,但各处理间差异未达显著水平.综上,秸秆膨化还田量为25％的处理有利于水稻产量和品质的提高,秸秆直接还田量为75％的处理次之.

为揭示寒地水稻叶片SPAD值及其衍生值与稻米蛋白质含量的关系,于 2020-2021 年在水稻拔节期(T1)、孕穗期(T2)、齐穗期(T3)测定顶部 3 片叶的SPAD值,依据盆栽试验(试验1 和试验2)的数据资料建立SPAD值衍生指标与稻米蛋白质含量之间的关系模型,利用大田试验(试验 3)数据资料对建立的模型进行验证.结果表明,2020 年氮肥试验中A8 水平(氮素施用量 362.07 kg?hm-2)稻米蛋白质含量较A1～A7 水平(A1～A7 氮素施用量分别为 0、51.72、103.45、155.17、206.90、258.62、310.35 kg?hm-2)分别极显著增加 34.55%、27.44%、26.39%、22.19%、18.07%、14.39%、12.23%,而A8 水平食味值较A1～A7 水平分别极显著降低 8.10%、5.06%、4.99%、4.10%、3.45%、2.96%、2.28%,2021 年蛋白质含量、食味值变化趋势与前者相同.两年品种试验 6 个品种稻米蛋白质含量比较中,C6 品种(三江 6 号)蛋白质含量较C5(龙粳21)、C4(垦粳8 号)、C3(龙稻203)、C2(松粳16)、C1(松粳22)分别极显著提高 2.99%、12.23%、10.43%、5.04%、15.63%,C6 食味值较 C5、C4、C3、C2、C1 分别极显著降低 1.17%、12.09%、3.54%、2.89%、7.93%.品种差异及施氮量对不同生育时期水稻顶部 3 片叶的SPAD值分布规律有较大影响,但水稻冠层叶片出现的两次"黑黄交替"现象不受品种的影响,其中单片叶的SPAD值受品种差异的影响,与蛋白质含量不存在相关性,借助指标SPAD(L1+L2+L3)/3、SPADL2×L3/mean可有效降低品种及环境差异对蛋白质含量预测结果的影响,指标SPAD(L1+L2+L3)/3与蛋白质含量在T1～T3 期(拔节期、孕穗期、齐穗期)的拟合方程分别为:Y=0.24X-1.94,R2 为0.75??、Y=0.25X-1.69,R2为 0.74??、Y=0.27X-2.45,R2为 0.72??;SPADL2×L3/mean拟合方程分别为:Y=0.22X-1.05,R2为 0.75??、Y=0.27X-2.43,R2为 0.72??、Y=0.26X-2.24,R2为 0.72??(Y为蛋白质含量,X为SPAD衍生值),拟合方程均达到极显著水平.稻米蛋白质含量和食味值评分变现为线性负相关,回归方程为Y=-4.21X+113.32(Y为食味值,X为蛋白质含量),拟合优度R2 =0.93??,达到极显著水平.综上,借助指标SPAD(L1+L2+L3)/3和SPADL2×L3/mean能够实现快捷、无损和实时预测稻米蛋白质含量,在一定程度上判定出稻米蒸煮食味品质的优劣,达到按质收获以及对品质实时监测的要求,促进优质寒地水稻的可持续发展.

In 2021, field experiments using‘Longjing 31’ were carried out on the branch farms of Jiansanjiang Company. The effects of stacked pan in darkroom and conventional seedling breeding mode at different locations on the quality and yield of cold region rice seedlings were compared and analyzed. The results showed that, the plant height, leaf age, root number, stem base width, aboveground fresh mass, underground fresh mass, aboveground dry mass and underground dry mass of 100 plants in the 1.5 leaf stage of the stacked pans in darkroom mode were increased by 46.83%, 47.06%, 64.78%, 14.28%, 71.23%, 25.60%, 67.44%, and 17.48% respectively compared with the conventional seedling raising. The plant height, leaf age, root number, stem base width, aboveground fresh mass, underground fresh mass, aboveground dry mass and underground dry mass of 100 plants before transplanting in the stacked pans in darkroom mode were 2.84%, 9.21%, 12.08%, 10.53%, 12.51%, 14.63%, 10.83%, and 8.90% higher than those of conventional seedling raising, respectively. The seedling emergence rate, seedling rate and standard seedling rate of the stacked pans in darkroom mode were significantly higher than those of conventional seedlings, which were increased by 5.21%, 5.64% and 7.77%, respectively. The amount of rice transplanting was significantly lower than that of conventional seedlings by 8.37%. Compared with conventional seedlings, the theoretical yield and the measured yield of the stacked pans in darkroom mode were increased by 6.32% and 5.07%, respectively. The one year’s multi-point experiment found that the seedling quality of stacked pans in darkroom mode was significantly better than that of conventional seedling raising, and the effect of stacked pans in seedling raising in Qianshao farm was better than that of the other eight experimental frams. In the production practice, stacked pans in darkroom seedlings raising technology should be promoted.

[目的]分析膨化秸秆还田对寒地水稻养分积累、运转、分配及产量的影响,筛选膨化秸秆适宜的还田量,为探索水稻秸秆资源的高效利用提供理论和技术支持.[方法]采用盆栽试验,以水稻品种垦粳8号为试验材料,以秸秆不还田(秸秆用量为0)为对照(CK),设25％、50％、75％和100％(当地常规秸秆还田量7500 kg/ha)4个膨化秸秆还田量处理,分析不同处理间水稻植株氮、磷、钾的吸收、运转、分配及产量差异.[结果]不同水稻秸秆还田处理中,均以25％处理的地上部氮、磷、钾积累量最高或较高,2020和2021年成熟期地上部氮积累量分别较CK提高1.10％和10.53％;2021年磷和钾积累量较CK提高1.30％和3.04％.25％处理能促进茎叶氮、钾向籽粒运转,进而提高氮、钾的转运量、转运率和贡献率,有利于成熟期叶片、茎鞘和穗中氮、钾的积累.从产量及其构成因素来看,膨化秸秆还田通过增加水稻穗粒数和结实率,进而提高水稻产量,其中,25％处理的产量显著高于CK及其他秸秆还田处理,2020和2021年分别较CK提高5.54％和8.93％.[结论]25％膨化秸秆还田量处理能促进寒地水稻的氮、磷、钾积累及植株营养器官氮和钾向籽粒转运,且产量较高,可尝试在寒地水稻生产中推广应用.

为探究不同耕作模式下穴苗数对水稻抗倒伏能力的影响,以垦粳8号为供试品种,采用二因素裂区设计,耕作方式2水平(A1,常规平作;A2,垄作双深)、穴苗数4水平(B1,每穴3苗;B2,每穴6苗;B3,每穴9苗;B4,每穴12苗)进行研究.垄作双深有效穗数极显著高于平作,增幅14.11％.不同耕作方式水稻抗折力差异显著,与平作相比,垄作双深抗折力、弯曲力矩减小,倒伏指数增大,抗倒伏能力降低.垄作双深各节间抗折力显著或极显著低于平作,N1、N2、N3、N4节间分别降低5.67％、12.93％、13.39％、11.97％.垄作双深弯曲力矩N2、N3、N4节间显著或极显著低于平作,分别降低8.94％、11.86％、9.31％,垄作双深倒伏指数高于平作,但未达显著水平.穴苗数因素水平间各节间抗折力均表现为每穴3苗＞每穴6苗＞每穴9苗＞每穴12苗,各节间倒伏指数水平间均表现为每穴12苗＞每穴9苗＞每穴6苗＞每穴3苗的趋势,各节间茎粗、茎壁厚度、充实度均表现为每穴3苗＞每穴6苗＞每穴9苗＞每穴12苗.各节间茎粗、茎壁厚度、充实度均表现平作大于垄作双深.说明随着有效穗数的增多,抗折力相关性状降低,倒伏指数升高.各穴苗数间随着穴苗数的增多其抗折力降低,倒伏指数增高,说明穴苗数越少各节间物质积累越充足,水稻植株的抗倒伏能力越强.

High input costs and poor management options have resulted in a large rice yield gap. Thus, there is a need to reduce production costs and improve resource-use efficiency by using new cultivation techniques at different locations. The objective of this study was to determine yield and utilization efficiency gaps in early maturing japonica rice under four treatments; no nitrogen application (N0), local farmer practice (FP), high-yield, high-efficiency practice (HYP), and super-high-yield practice (SHY). The average yields under N0, FP, HYP, and SHY were 5012, 7356, 8448, and 9629 kg ha−1, respectively. Differences among treatments were as: N0 to FP (gap 1); FP to HYP (gap 2); and HYP to SHY (gap 3). Yield gaps 1, 2, and 3 were 2337, 1092, and 1181 kg ha−1, respectively. Yield gap was positively associated with panicles per square meter. Yield under HYP and SHY was 14.8% and 30.9% higher than that under FP, respectively. This increase in yield was mainly associated with a higher number of panicles. For resources, gaps 1, 2, and 3 were as follows: water-use efficiency, 0.1706, 0.1513, and 0.1089 kg m−3; radiation-use efficiency, 0.3285%, 0.1780%, and 0.0941%; and heat-use efficiency, 1.8685, 1.0339, and 0.8798 kg °C−1 d−1 ha−1, respectively. The yield was positively correlated with water, radiation, and heat-use efficiencies. The differences in yield and resource-use efficiency were significant between sites. A reduction in yield and efficiency gaps can ensure sufficient panicle per square meter, stabilize grain number per panicle, and increase harvest index and biomass. Overall, HYP is a promising option to increase the yield of early maturing japonica rice yield in cold regions.

Direct seeding of rice has emerged as a strategy for sustainable rice (Oryza sativa L.) production because of advantages, such as fewer production links, labor and farmland water-saving, easy mechanization, and high economic benefits. However, few studies have investigated the effects of different organic fertilizers on soil fungal community and rice yield in dry direct-seeded paddy fields. In order to select the best combination of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, field experiments were used to evaluate the role of no fertilizer (F0); CF, conventional NPK fertilizer, OF1, biochar + conventional NPK fertilizer; OF2, seaweed bioorganic fertilizer + conventional NPK fertilizer; OF3, Jishiwang bioorganic fertilizer + conventional NPK fertilizer; and OF4, attapulgite organic fertilizer + conventional NPK fertilizer on microbial structure and diversity and rice yield. Under Jishiwang bioorganic fertilizer + conventional NPK fertilization, the number of fungal OTUs was 365 and ranged from 1 to 9. The Ascomycota relative abundance was increased by 28.25% under Jishiwang bioorganic fertilizer application compared with CF, but the Basidiomycota decreased. Sordariomycetes and Leotiomycetes relative abundances were increased under organic fertilization. The relative abundance of dung saprotrophs, fungal parasites, and leaf saprotrophs was increased under organic fertilizer compared to CF, and animal pathogens decreased, but organic fertilizers also increased plant pathogens. Rice yield was increased under Jishiwang bioorganic fertilizer + conventional NPK fertilizer and was positively correlated with Ascomycota and Sordariomycetes relative abundances. The use of Jishiwang bioorganic fertilizer + conventional NPK fertilizer improves fungal community diversity and rice yield.

为阐明水稻品质在不同秸秆还田量和土壤渗漏条件下的表现,以垦鉴稻5号为材料,在盆栽条件下,采用二因素完全随机设计,进行3个渗漏量条件下4个秸秆还田量的试验研究.结果表明:A4处理和A2处理精米率和整精米率较A1处理分别提高1.10％和7.57％,B2处理整精米率较B1处理提高4.36％,秸秆还田与渗漏量二因素互作对加工品质指标显著或极显著.垩白粒率和垩白度在秸秆还田与渗漏量二因素互作间达到极显著水平,能够改善外观品质.A2处理蛋白质含量最低为7.700％,直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量在秸秆还田与渗漏量二因素互作间达到显著和极显著水平,A2处理食味值较A1处理提高1.95％,食味值在秸秆还田与渗漏量二因素互作间达到极显著水平.秸秆还田与渗漏量以二者对应最优指标为最优组合.

为明确生物炭连续还田对苏打盐碱土稻田的改良效果,于2014—2019年通过盆栽试验研究了生物炭连续还田对苏打盐碱土稻田养分含量、电导率、pH值、酶活性和腐殖质组分的影响.结果表明:生物炭还田量为7.5～16.5 t?hm-2时,土壤全氮、全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量分别提高19.09％～30.00％、34.58％～45.37％、19.04％～39.16％、38.65％～63.12％(P<0.05);生物炭还田量12.0～16.5 t?hm-2,土壤碱解氮含量提高5.34％～6.87％(P<0.05);土壤电导率随生物炭还田量增大呈先增后降的趋势,峰值在7.5 t?hm-2;土壤pH值与生物炭还田量显著正相关,并且生物炭12.0～16.5 t?hm-2 pH值显著高于不添加生物炭处理;生物炭年还田量7.5～12.0 t?hm-2时,有机质含量、腐殖质全碳量、胡敏素碳量分别较不添加生物炭处理提高48.74％～70.51％、47.40％～69.94％、68.94％～96.48％;HA/FA和PQ随生物炭还田量增大呈先增后降的趋势,峰值在12 t?hm-2;生物炭还田量7.5 kg?hm-2时,脲酶活性较不添加生物炭处理提高89.03％(P<0.05),碱性磷酸酶降低41.27％(P<0.05);生物炭还田量12.0 kg?hm-2时,脲酶活性提高53.33％(P<0.05),蔗糖酶活性提高41.84％(P<0.05).因此,生物炭连续还田能够有效改良苏打盐碱土稻田,7.5～12.0 t?hm-2为适宜生物炭还田量.

以垦粳8号为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究不同膨化秸秆还田量对寒地水稻产量、品质及氮素利用的影响.结果表明,膨化秸秆还田量为360 g/盆的处理对产量、氮素利用效果最好,较秸秆不还田处理增产1.68％,提高氮肥农学利用率6.61％;膨化秸秆还田量为180 g/盆的处理在加工品质、营养品质和食味值等方面表现最佳.试验结果可为寒地水稻秸秆高效利用提供技术支撑.

汽爆膨化技术多在食品和动物饲料领域应用,但在大田生产领域的应用还未见报道.秸秆汽爆膨化具有破坏秸秆纤维间聚合力,增大秸秆内表面积,使其更易被微生物分解、消灭秸秆自身携带病虫卵等的作用.为明确三大作物秸秆汽爆膨化后对水稻种子萌发及根芽生长、秧苗素质的影响,采用室内和室外大棚相结合,以垦粳8号为供试品种,二因素完全随机设计开展试验研究,以期为秸秆还田水稻实现高产优质提供理论依据和技术支撑.

为提高水稻栽培过程中秸秆资源的高效利用,将膨化技术与秸秆还田相结合,以水稻品种垦粳8号为试验材料,进行盆栽试验,探讨秸秆膨化和未膨化2种还田形态在25％、50％、75％和100％还田量下对水稻产量、品质及土壤养分的影响.结果表明,与秸秆不还田(CK)相比,分蘖期秸秆还田虽抑制了水稻叶面积、干物质积累量以及根系性状,但膨化还田抑制小于未膨化还田,膨化还田水稻齐穗期叶面积指数和干物质积累量均高于其他处理,灌浆期水稻叶面积指数和干物质积累量呈膨化还田＞未膨化还田＞CK的趋势;2种还田处理对水稻产量均有促进作用,穗数和结实率的增加是其增产的主要原因.同时,膨化还田增加了稻米的精米率、钙和铁含量,降低了垩白粒率、垩白度和蛋白质含量,提高了稻米的食味;2种还田方式均提高了土壤中有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量,膨化还田和未膨化还田分别以100％和75％还田量提升效果最佳.总体来说,膨化还田对水稻前期生长抑制较小,有利于提高水稻后期产量、改善食味品质以及提高土壤养分含量.

为减轻黑龙江省半干旱区水稻稻瘟病及纹枯病的危害程度,应用农药配施硅肥技术开展综合防控试验.结果显示,在30 kg/hm2纯Si作底肥,分蘖末期喷洒2％春雷霉素水剂1 800 mL/hm2和孕穗末期喷洒27％戊唑·噻霉酮水乳剂450 mL/hm2的条件下,对稻瘟病和纹枯病的防控效果最好,防效分别为100％和96.59％;水稻产量最高,为9 145.50 kg/hm2,较对照增加5.03％,病害损失率降低5.03％.

Purpose In order to provide a scientific basis for the improvement of soda saline-alkaline paddy soil, the pot experiment was performed to explore the effects of rice straw and straw-derived biochar on the diversity of soil bacteria and community structure in soda saline-alkaline soil. Methods The experiment was four gradients of straw return (3 (RS1), 7.5 (RS2), 12 (RS3), and 16.5 (RS4) t/hm 2 ) and four gradients of biochar return (3 (RB1), 7.5 (RB2), 12 (RB3), and 16.5 (RB4) t/hm 2 ), using 0 t/hm 2 as a control (CK). After 5 consecutive years of measuring straw returns, high-throughput sequencing was used to determine the relative abundance, alpha diversity, and changes in the community structure of soil bacteria. Result Our results demonstrated that straw return significantly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Sphingomonas and significantly reduced the relative abundance of Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Parcubacteria, Anaeromyxobacter , Pontibacter , uncultured_bacterium_f_Draconibacteriaceae , and Bryobacter . Straw-derived biochar return significantly increased the relative abundance of uncultured_bacterium_f_Draconibacteriaceae and significantly reduced the relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Thiobacillus , and Anaeromyxobacter , indicating that both straw and its associated biochar return changed the relative abundance of the phyla and genera of some bacteria. Straw return affected bacteria phylum and genus more than straw-derived biochar. With the exception of the 16.5 t/hm 2 straw return, which reduced bacterial richness, the treatments did not significantly impact alpha diversity. Compared with straw-derived biochar return, straw return significantly changed the bacterial community structure, and the higher the straw return, the higher the impact on the bacterial community structure. Redundancy analysis (RDA) demonstrated that there was a significant correlation between the physicochemical properties of the soil and the community structure of its bacteria. A Mantel test demonstrated that the content of available phosphorus, available potassium, and organic matter was all important environmental factors affecting community structure. Conclusion We speculate that straw return regulates the physicochemical properties of the soil, which affects the bacterial community structure.

通过盆栽试验,采用苏打盐碱土(A1)和黑钙土(A2)研究氮肥运筹[基肥∶分蘖肥∶调节肥∶穗肥为4∶3∶1∶2(B1),在B1基础上分蘖肥、调节肥、穗肥分别增施15％(B2、B3、B4)]对水稻产量和品质的影响,为苏打盐碱地水稻合理施肥提供理论依据.结果表明,与A2处理相比,A1处理水稻穗粒数、千粒质量、产量分别极显著降低了 39.22％、9.49％、24.67％.与B1处理相比,B2、B3、B4处理水稻穗粒数、千粒质量、产量均提高,以B4处理提高幅度最大,B2、B3、B4处理产量分别较B1处理极显著提高27.38％、30.97％、31.55％.与A2处理相比,A1处理极显著降低了稻米的加工品质和营养品质,糙米率、精米率、整精米率、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量分别降低5.53％、6.23％、21.52％、5.84％、3.25％;提高了稻米的外观品质和食味值,垩白粒率和垩白度分别降低91.47％、91.09％,食味值提高5.92％.与B1处理相比,B2、B3、B4处理垩白粒率、垩白度、蛋白质含量增加,直链淀粉含量和食味值降低.土壤类型与施氮量互作显著或极显著影响水稻产量、穗粒数、千粒质量、一次枝梗千粒质量、二次枝梗数、食味值.在A1条件下,与B1处理相比,B2、B3、B4处理水稻产量分别极显著提高54.85％、32.28％、91.89％,以B4处理效果最好,其穗粒数、千粒质量、一次枝梗千粒质量、二次枝梗数分别极显著提高19.39％、28.72％、20.83％、38.58％;B2、B3处理食味值分别极显著降低10.53％、10.50％,B4处理食味值降低4.65％,但差异不显著.在A2条件下,B1、B2、B3、B4处理间产量和食味值差异均不显著.综上,在常规施氮的基础上增施分蘖肥、调节肥、穗肥均能提高苏打盐碱地水稻产量,以增施穗肥效果最好,且不会显著降低稻米食味值.

为了探究新型耕作方式,解决水稻传统耕作方式全层施肥肥料利用率低、整个生产过程作业环节多、成本高的问题,拟开展旱平垄作双侧双深施肥试验,研究其对寒地水稻产量和品质的影响.2018年在齐齐哈尔市泰来县农研所,采用当地主栽水稻品种龙稻21,随机区组试验设计,设计13 cm和14 cm两种穴距,常规处理(P)行距均为30 cmx30 cm,旱平垄作双侧双深施肥处理(L)行距均为宽窄行13 cm×37 cm,分别在分蘖期、齐穗期与成熟期选取有代表性的植株4穴考种,计算理论产量,测定营养品质与食味评分.两种耕作模式下,13 cm穴距处理的产量均高于14cm穴距处理,L1、L2、L5、L6产量均极显著高于常规平作,垄作处理的产量平均较P1处理高6.24％,较P2处理高9.33％.在营养品质中,13 cm穴距处理的蛋白质含量均低于14 cm穴距处理,蛋白质含量:垄作速效肥＞常规平作＞垄作缓释肥.直链淀粉含量均呈13 cm穴距处理小于14 cm穴距处理,但旱平垄作模式与常规搅浆平作均未达到显著水平.旱平垄作与常规搅浆平作的食味评分中,14 cm穴距处理的食味评分值均小于13 cm穴距处理.食味评分表现为L1＞L3＞L2＞L5＞L4＞P1＞L6＞P2.本试验条件下,旱平垄作模式中施用中化缓释肥处理的产量显著高于常规平作处理,全层缓释肥处理品质的改良效果优于其他处理.