为科学指导新型冠状病毒肺炎(以下简称新冠肺炎,COVID-19)疫情期间集中隔离医学观察场所内感染防控工作,在早期有效识别感染者的同时,有效避免集中隔离医学观察场所内的交叉感染,中华预防医学会医院感染控制分会、中国医院协会医院感染管理专业委员会、中国感染控制杂志编辑部组织有关专家共同制定本共识.本共识适用于确诊病例、疑似病例、无症状感染者的密切接触者、密切接触者的密切接触者,以及入境人员或其他根据防控工作需要"应隔尽隔"人员开展集中隔离医学观察时所设置的集中隔离医学观察场所,指导其工作人员正确做好个人防护及防止感染传播工作,避免发生场所内感染及传播.本共识借鉴医疗机构内新型冠状病毒感染防控的基本原则、文件规范,结合集中隔离医学观察场所的特点与实际工作情况,对不同区域工作人员、工作环节开展新型冠状病毒传播的风险评估,并据此对集中隔离医学观察场所的感染防控组织架构、选址布局、人员防护、人员闭环管理、清洁消毒、环境核酸监测、人员健康监测、职业暴露处理及交叉感染判定原则等感控相关工作给予指导.

盛夏时节,北京的气温居高不下,加上最近雨水足、湿度大,是肠道传染病和食物中毒等食源性疾病发病的高峰期,给大家的健康带来了很大的威胁.一些肠道传染病属于国家法定的甲、乙类传染病,这些肠道传染病传播速度快、传染性强,一旦发生暴发流行,不仅危及人民的健康和生命,而且还会影响社会的稳定和经济的发展;食物中毒一年四季都可发生,但夏季易发生细菌性食物中毒.

Objective The study aimed to get the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance mutations in newly diagnosed treatment-naive patients in beijing,2016.Methods One-step RT PCR and Nested-PCR were used to amplify the pol gene.Through analysis of 712 pol sequences,the distribution of HIV subtype and the composition of HIV transmitted drug resistance mutations were obtained.Results The rate of HIV transmitted drug resistance mutations in Beijing is 4.2％.Among 712 patients,CRF01_AE was the predominant subtype,accounting for 49.3％,followed by CRF07_BC (28.8％)and subtype B (10.3％).Conclusions We observed a decline in the prevalence of TDR resistance among newly diagnosed treatment-naive patients.Compared with previous study in Beijing,our study reveals a low-level prevalence of TDR in Beijing.

Global literature revealed that seropositive men who have sex with men (MSM) posed an even higher risk compared to their seronegative counterparts. Identifying risk factors that contribute to HIV-risk behaviors will help to curb the rapid HIV transmission among this group. Our hypothesis was that MSM with substance use were more likely to conduct HIV-risk behaviors, even after accounting for repeated measures. In the current study, we employed a cohort study design by following a group of 367 HIV-positive MSM up to four visits for one year to collect information regarding their sexual behaviors and history of substance use in the past three months. We used Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) models to account both within- and between-subject variation when assessing associations between substance use and HIV-risk behaviors. A total of 367 MSM were included at the baseline with a mean age of 29.6 years. After accounting for potential confounders and time-varying effects, our models indicated that drug and alcohol use increase HIV risks at the population level by increasing risks of drinking alcohol before sex, having unprotected sex with men and seropositive partners, having more lifetime female sex partners and having a higher number of male sexual partners in the past three months. The current study is one of the first studies with repeated measures to evaluate the association between substance use and sexual risk behaviors among MSM in China. Findings in the current study have several implications for future research. We call for more rigorous study design for future research to better capture changes of risky behaviors among this at-risk population.

Beijing has seen a rising epidemic of HIV among students. However, little information was known about the molecular epidemiologic data among HIV-infected students. In this study, the diversity and the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in pol sequences derived from 237 HIV-infected students were analyzed. TDR mutations were found in five men who have sex with men (MSM) population among students. The overall prevalence of TDR in students was 2.1%, comprising 1.3% of protease inhibitors and 0.8% of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Our finding indicates a low-level prevalence of TDR mutations among students in Beijing.

目的 了解北京市美沙酮维持治疗(methadone maintenance treatment,MMT)人员脱失情况及影响因素.方法 利用北京市“社区MMT系统”收集2010年1月1日～2014年12月31日期间入组的病例资料,运用SPSS 18.0进行统计分析.结果 共收集病例1 923例,脱失率为42.38％.离异或丧偶者与已婚有配偶者相比,脱失风险较高(OR=1.47,95％ CI:1.11～1.99);与吸毒朋友交往的频率中,经常(OR=1.45,95％ CI:1.05 ～2.01)、每天(OR=1.86,95％ CI:1.34 ～2.59)与偶尔交往者相比,脱失风险较高;参加治疗天数≤720 d者与＞720 d者相比,脱失风险较高,其中参加治疗31～90d者(OR=22.25,95％ CI:12.38～39.96)脱失风险最大;治疗期间尿检阳性率越高,脱失风险越大.结论 MMT门诊应加强服药期间尿吗啡检查,对于尿检阳性率高、参加治疗时间短的患者加强心理行为干预,从而降低脱失率.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the serological infection rate of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in general population aged over one year old in Beijing and to provide information for control and prevention of the disease.METHODS:A multistage randomized cluster sampling was carried out in general population of Beijing, aged over one year old. Every study subject's hepatitis B immunization history and main risk factors were investigated through questionnaire. Venous blood samples were collected and then tested for five hepatitis B serological antigens and antibodies by means of Abbott Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassy method.RESULTS:The prevalence rates of HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc and total HBV infection rate were 3.49% (95% CI:2.99-3.99), 37.79% (95% CI: 36.46-39.12), 35.04% (95% CI: 33.72-36.35) and 35.09% (33.78-36.40) respectively. The age standardized rates were 3.02% ,42.47% ,26.86% and 26.90% respectively.CONCLUSION:Achievement in hepatitis B control and prevention was made in Beijing since the prevalence rate of hepatitis B surface antigen had been below 1% for children aged less than 5 years old. As for the general population, the prevalence rate of hepatitis B surface antigen had reduced to

Background: The HIV epidemic continues to expand among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. The NIMH Project Accept/HPTN 043 trial suggested a borderline significant trend toward HIV incidence reduction among persons with higher testing rates. Methods: We assessed HIV testing histories and infection status among a community-based Beijing MSM. HIV serostatus was lab confirmed. We ascertained demographic/behavioral factors through questionnaire-based interviews. Associations of previous HIV testing with odds of current HIV infection were assessed, seeking improved like-with-like risk comparisons through multivariable logistic regression analysis with propensity score adjustment and restricted cubic spline modeling. Results: Among 3588 participants, 12.7% were HIV infected; 70.8% reported having ever tested for HIV. Compared with MSM who never tested, those ever testing had a 41% reduction in the odds of being HIV positive [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.59; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48 to 0.74. Higher HIV testing frequencies were associated with a decreasing trend in the odds of being infected with HIV vs. a referent group with no previous testing [>6 tests (aOR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.41); 4–6 (aOR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.78); 2–3 (aOR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.45 to 0.82); P for trend <0.001]. The multivariable-adjusted model with restricted cubic spline of HIV testing frequency showed a higher frequency of previous HIV testing associated with lower odds of HIV infection, particularly among men with ≥10 lifetime male sexual partners. Conclusions: Using risk probability adjustments to enable less biased comparisons, frequent HIV testing was associated with a lower HIV odds among Chinese MSM.

OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiological characteristics of the first confirmed imported case of yellow fever in China. METHODS This case was reported through the Infectious Disease Surveillance Program. Information on epidemiology and clinical manifestation of the case was collected through case interview and related medical records. Blood and saliva samples of the case were collected and tested by real-time PCR. RESULTS The patient was male, 32 years old, and suffered a sudden onset of fever without other symptoms, on March 8(th), 2016. The patient arrived in Beijing at midnight on March 10(th). Condition of the patient got progressively worsened, with both liver and renal failures, hepatic encephalopathy, multiple organ failures and DIC, finally died on March 16(th). Serum of the case was positive for yellow fever virus by real time PCR. The patient was bit by mosquitoes six days before the onset of fever in Luanda, Angola. CONCLUSION This report summarized related information on the first confirmed but imported case of yellow fever in China that was helpful to the management of other imported yellow fever cases in the future.

OBJECTIVE To understand the infection status of enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (Cox A16) among children receiving health examination for child care setting entrance in Beijing and their related medical care seeking practice and provide evidence for the estimation of disease burden caused by hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD). METHODS Serological survey was conducted in the local children receiving health examination for child care setting entrance. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to detect anti-EV71 and anti-Cox A16 IgG and IgM. RESULTS A total of 813 children were surveyed (mean age: 3.5 ± 1.0 year old). The seropositive rate was 61.9% and 4.4% for anti-Cox A16 IgG and IgM. The seropositive rate was 9.3% and 1.1% for anti-EV71 IgG and IgM. No significant difference was observed in sex specific seropositive rate (P > 0.05). However, significant differences were found in seropositive rate among different age groups (P < 0.05). Among the children who were anti-Cox A16 positive, 7.8% had ever had rashes on their hands and feet, mouth or buttocks (HFMD-like rashes). Among the children who were anti-EV71 positive, 10.7% had ever had HFMD-like rashes. For the children who were anti-Cox A16 or anti-EV71 positive, only 7.1% were brought to see doctors by their parents. However, among the seropositive children with rashes, 80.5% were brought to see doctors. CONCLUSION In the healthy children at the age to go to child care setting in Beijing, most had ever infected with Cox A16. The anti-EV71 positive rate was much lower than the anti-Cox A16 positive rate. It was necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of EV71 infection in child cares settings.

Understanding barriers to consistent condom use among men who have sex with men (MSM) requires consideration of the context in which risk behaviors occur. Anal sex position is one such context. This pooled cross-sectional study used survey data from 1,230 MSM and their 2,618 reported male sexual partnerships. Overall, nearly half of the participants engaged in unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with at least one of upto three partners in the past 6 months. “Insertive” men engaged in less UAI (39 %) than “receptive” (53 %) or “versatile” (51 %) men. Regardless of sexual position, UAI was associated with cohabiting with a male or female partner and perceiving great or moderate risk of HIV from male contact at the individual level, and steady (vs. casual) partnership at the dyad level. However, early MSM anal sex debut, high number of male partners, alcohol use, receiving and buying condoms, HIV testing, and MSM sex-seeking venues were found to be only statistically significantly correlated with UAI among some but not all sexual positions, implying that interventions to increase condom use should take into account how anal sex position may influence willingness and ability to engage in safer sex. Dyad level data appear to provide additional insight into the influence of sexual positions, and should be used to complement individual data for future intervention designs.

The HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) has been increasing at an alarming rate in most areas of China in recent years. Many Chinese MSM still lack sufficient access to HIV prevention services, despite ongoing scale-up of comprehensive HIV testing and intervention services. The purpose of this study was to investigate utilization of HIV testing and prevention services, and related factors that influence the MSM people to access HIV test or other services to prevent HIV among MSM in Beijing, China.Three successive cross-sectional surveys of MSM were conducted in Beijing from September 2009 to January 2010, September 2010 to January 2011, and September 2011 to January 2012. Demographic and behavioral data were collected and analyzed. Blood samples were tested for HIV and syphilis. Three models were established to analyze factors associated with HIV testing and preventive services.Of the 1312 participants, prevalence of HIV and syphilis was 7.9% and 15.4%, respectively. Sixty-nine percent ever had an HIV test, 56.2%, 78.7%, and 46.1% received HIV test, free condom/lubricants, and sexually transmitted infection services in the past 12 months (P12M), respectively. MSM with larger social networks and who knew someone infected with HIV were more likely to receive HIV testing and preventive services; lower degrees of stigma and discriminatory attitudes toward HIV/AIDS were positively associated with having an HIV test, whereas unprotected anal intercourse in the past 6 months (P6M) was associated with less preventive services participation. The most reported barriers to HIV testing were fear of testing HIV positive (79.3%) and perceiving no risk for HIV (75.4%). Almost all participants felt that ensuring confidentiality would encourage more MSM to have an HIV test. The two main reasons for not seeking HIV test was not knowing where to go for a test (63.2%) and perceiving low risk of HIV infection (55.1%).Given a high prevalence of HIV, syphilis, and risky behaviors and a relatively low HIV testing rate among MSM in Beijing, more efforts are urgently needed to address barriers to HIV testing and improve accessibility of prevention services.

Background: Although poppers are increasingly popular among MSM in China, little is known about the patterns of poppers use. The objectives of this study were to describe the patterns of poppers use and examine its association with sexual behaviors and HIV infection among MSM in Beijing, China.Methods: As part of a multi-component HIV intervention trial, 3588 MSM were surveyed between March 2013 and March 2014 in Beijing, China. Blood samples were collected and tested for HIV and syphilis. The questionnaire collected information about socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the correlates of poppers use.Results: Over a quarter of men (27.5%) reported having used at least one type of drugs in the past three months. Poppers were the most popular one (26.8%). Poppers use was correlated with a higher HIV prevalence [odds ratio (OR): 1.38, 95% confidence interval (Cl): 1.11-1.70]. Demographic and sexual behavioral factors associated with poppers use included: younger age [adjusted OR (AOR): 1.56, 95% CI: 1.25-1.94], higher education (AOR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.33-1.96), alcohol use (AOR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.10-1.60), seeking male partners mainly via the internet (AOR: 1.60, 95% Cl: 1.28-2.00), multiple male sex partnership (AOR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.90-2.60), and unprotected receptive anal intercourse (AOR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.28-1.81).Conclusions: In this study, poppers use was positively associated with HIV infection and unprotected anal intercourse. Intervention efforts should be devoted to promote safer sex and HIV testing and counseling among MSM who use poppers. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of norovirus infection on diarrhea patients from the enteric clinics in Beijing.METHODS:From April 2013 to March 2014, 1 892 fecal specimens and related epidemiological information were collected among diarrhea patients visiting the enteric clinics in Beijing. Norovirus was detected by real time RT-PCR, and data was analyzed under the descriptive epidemiological method.RESULTS:A total of 269 positive cases were found among 1 892 diarrhea patients, with a positive rate as 14.2%. Norovirus caused diarrhea mainly occurred in seasons with lower temperature. Higher positive rates of norovirus were found in northwest mountainous area. Norovirus diarrhea was more commonly seen in children between 6 month and 5 years old, with differences between the two groups statistically significant (P = 0.006). Compared with other occupation, a higher infection rate was identified in children, with differences between the two groups statistically significant (P = 0.025). Nausea and vomiting appeared more common in diarrhea patients with norovirus infection, with differences between the two groups statistically significant (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:Norovirus was an important pathogen which causing diarrhea in patients visiting the enteric clinics in Beijing. The virus was seen more in patients aged between 6 months and 5 years old. Nausea and vomiting were the common symptoms seen in patients with norovirus diarrhea.

目的 分析医疗机构主动提供艾滋病检测咨询(PITC)的情况,了解PITC实施的可行性和医疗机构重点科室的检测率及阳性率,为制定北京市艾滋病防治策略提供依据.方法 在北京市所有二级及以上医院的重点科室均开展PITC,并且每季度收集按照科室来源填报的季度报表,运用SPSS 13.0进行描述性分析、卡方检验等.结果 PITC实施以后,医务人员主动提供艾滋病病毒(HIV)检测的科室的HIV检测率由高到低依次为:住院部47.04％、男科16.28％、产科11.36％、皮肤性病科8.89％、妇科7.39％、肛肠科7.15％、其他科室6.11％、泌尿科5.98％、透析科5.62％和感染科4.09％.HIV阳性检出率由高到低依次为:皮肤性病科5.11‰、男科4.14‰、其他科室1.85‰、感染科1.31‰、肛肠科1.09‰、泌尿科0.48‰、住院部0.45‰、透析科0.10‰、妇科0.07‰、产科0.07‰.三级医院除感染科外,其余各重点科室的HIV检测率均高于二级医院,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);三级医疗机构皮肤性病科、男科、产科、透析科、感染科和其他科室的HIV检测阳性率高于二级医院;泌尿科、肛肠科、住院部的检测阳性率低于二级医院,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).结论 医疗机构开展PITC,有助于HIV扩大检测工作的开展,是艾滋病防治的一项有效策略.

Objective To project the HIV/AIDS epidemics among men who have sex with men (MSM) under different combinations of HIV testing and linkage to care (TLC) interventions including antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Beijing, China. Design Mathematical modeling. Methods Using a mathematical model to fit prevalence estimates from 2000–2010, we projected trends in HIV prevalence and incidence during 2011–2020 under five scenarios: (S1) current intervention levels by averaging 2000–2010 coverage; (S2) increased ART coverage with current TLC; (S3) increased TLC/ART coverage; (S4) increased condom use; and (S5) increased TLC/ART plus increased condom use. Results The basic reproduction number based upon the current level of interventions is significantly higher than 1 ( confidence interval (CI), 1.83–2.35), suggesting that the HIV epidemic will continue to increase to 2020. Compared to the 2010 prevalence of 7.8%, the projected HIV prevalence in 2020 for the five prevention scenarios will be: (S1) Current coverage: 21.4% (95% CI, 9.9–31.7%); (S2) Increased ART: 19.9% (95% CI, 9.9–28.4%); (S3) Increased TLC/ART: 14.5% (95% CI, 7.0–23.8%); (S4) Increased condom use: 13.0% (95% CI, 9.8–28.4%); and (S5) Increased TLC/ART and condom use: 8.7% (95% CI, 5.4–11.5%). HIV epidemic will continue to rise () for S1–S4 even with hyperbolic coverage in the sensitivity analysis, and is expected to decline () for S5. Conclusion Our transmission model suggests that Beijing MSM will have a rapidly rising HIV epidemic. Even enhanced levels of TLC/ART will not interrupt epidemic expansion, despite optimistic assumptions for coverage. Promoting condom use is a crucial component of combination interventions.

HIV is spreading among Chinese MSM and may possibly lead to infection of female partners. Pressure to marry may drive a greater proportion of Chinese MSM to have female partners than MSM elsewhere in the world. Measurement of the size of the potential risk to female partners of Chinese MSM is inconsistent in the literature. From samples of MSM in two Chinese cities, we documented numbers of sexual partners and sexual activity with those partners. About 500 MSM were sampled in each city. 11.0 and 12.6 % of men reported having any female partners in the past 6 months in Chongqing and Beijing, respectively. Men also reported that only 7.3 and 6.7 % of their entire partnerships were with women in Chongqing and Beijing, respectively. Defining transmission risk accounting for receptive anal sex among men and condom non-use with both male and female partners, 3.4 % of MSM in both Chongqing and Beijing would have the potential to transmit HIV to female partners. Only 9 (1.8 %) men in Chongqing and 2 (0.4 %) in Beijing were HIV-positive and also had unprotected intercourse with females. The majority of HIV transmission risk among MSM in China is not from MSM to females.

HIV感染早已成为危害全球的社会及公共卫生问题.监测HIV感染率对了解不同人群HIV感染状况和疾病分布有重要帮助,但要了解人群HIV发病趋势并重点布置于预措施,还需要了解目标人群的HIV新发感染状况.BED捕获酶联免疫法(BED-CEIA法)是近年来出现的一种可以区分HIV-1新发感染和长期感染的方法[1],其在监测并估算高危人群新发感染率方面发挥过重要作用,但相关的报道鲜见.本研究应用BED-CEIA法评估北京市2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日新报告的HIV新发感染者状况,现将研究结果报道如下.

目的 了解北京市男男性接触者人群(MSM)行为特征、艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况及影响因素.方法 利用北京市2009-2013年MSM人群监测数据进行HIV感染的单因素x2检验和多因素logistic 回归分析,P＜0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 本研究共调查2 992例MSM,HIV、梅毒抗体阳性检出率分别为7.72％ (231/2 992)和11.11％ (264/2 376).艾滋病基本知识总体知晓率为94.02％ (2 813/2 992).最近1年接受过安全套宣传和发放/艾滋病咨询与检测的比例为74.36％(2 225/2 992),接受过同伴教育的比例为35.93％(1 075/2 992),做过艾滋病检测的比例为55.08％(1 648/2 992).多因素分析显示,在本地居住时间≤1年(OR=1.779)、最近6个月与同性发生肛交性行为时未坚持使用安全套(OR=1.474)、最近6个月与同性发生过商业性行为(OR=1.826)、最近1年未做过艾滋病检测(OR=1.607)、梅毒检测结果阳性(OR=2.658)是MSM人群感染的危险因素.结论 北京市MSM人群中HIV感染率较高,存在同性商业性行为和安全套使用率低等危险因素,应采取有效的干预措施,降低HIV在MSM中的传播.

Objective To understand the epidemiologic characteristics on newly reported HIV cases and those recently infected HIV-1 cases in the past few years in Beijing so as to find out their correlates.Methods All the qualified newly reported HIV serum samples from both the first quarters of 2009,2010 and the second quarter of 2011 in Beijing,were tested using the BED HIV-1 incidence capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA) to identify those recent HIV-1 infection (BED positive) samples and related socio-demographic characteristics.The proportions of BED positives were determined and the correlates analyzed by SPSS software.Results The Annual qualified newly reported HIV serum samples of each year from Beijing were 274,236 and 356,with BED positive rate among them as 35.0％,31.8％ and 33.7％,respectively.The majority of newly reported HIV cases of each year were males (89.1％,88.6％,91.9％),range of age as 20-39 years (77.4％,75.8％,82.0％),Han nationality (77.7％,88.6％,85.7％),and most of them were not permanent residents of Beijing (74.1％,80.5％,2011 data missed).The proportions of patients through sexual transmission showed upward trend(67.5％,76.2％,86.8％).Especially in the ‘man having sex with man’ (MSM) group,it showed a significantly increase (44.9％,45.3％,62.6％).The proportions of injection drug users (15.3％,8.1％,9.0％) declined to some extent during this period.Data from statistics indicated that the proportions of BED positives among newly reported HIV cases of each year were significantly correlated to factors as patients' sex,transmission route and source of samples,but not significantly correlated to patents' age or marital status.Male cases accounted for 96.9％ and MSM accounted for 73.5％ of all the BED-positives during 2009-2011.Conclusion MSM accounted for both large portion of newly reported HIV cases and recent HIV-1 infections which suggested an increasing trend in 2009-2011.It seemed that the characteristic and changing trends of HIV epidemic in Beijing was oriented by MSM population in the last years.