Objective To study the relationship between cognitive impairment and white matter lesions in bipolar disorder (BD) type I in stable period patients. Method A total of 68 consecutives as BD type I in stable period patients were enrolled in the observation group and other 60 healthy persons in the control group;Then to compare cognitive impairment by digit symbol test, digit span test, visual reproduction test, trail making test, verbal fluency test, Wisconsin card sorting test-modified and tower of Hanoi, the white matter lesions by diffusion tensor imaging. Results The cognitive impairment by the seven tests were all worse in observation group than control group (P<0.05).The FA values of corpus callosum, temporal lobe and basal ganglia in observation group were all significantly lower, while ADC values correspondingly higher (P<0.05).But those of frontal lobe, occipital lobe and cerebellum were no statistical differences between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The patients with BD type I in stable period have cognitive impairment in a certain extent, which may be related to white matter lesions of corpus callosum, temporal lobe and basal ganglia.

Objective:To explore the status of attitude towards mental disorders among residents in Zhangjiakou and its influencing factors .Methods:Using convenient sampling ,103 young residents from several communities in Zhangjiakou ,Hebei province ,were investigated by the questionnaire about attitude to mental illness .Results:The score of residents'attitudes to mental disease was(33 6.2 ± 5 9.7) .There were no statistically significant differences in total points of attitudes towards mental illness among different gender and education groups ,but there were statisti‐cally differences in certain aspects of attitudes towards mental illness among them (P< 0 .05) .The female treated mental disorder more inclusively(t=‐2 0.22 ,P<0 0.5) ,and was more actively to accept the psychiatric professional aids;Educated residents were more inclined to believe that the recovered psychopaths were reliable (t=‐2 1.00 ,P<0 0.5) .Conclusion:The discriminatory and misunderstanding attitudes to mental disorder are serious in Zhangjiakou . Therefore ,it is necessary to step up publicity efforts of mental health knowledge from the base ,improve the aware‐ness and acceptance of mental disorder among the grassroots .

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">目的:比较不同当前任务对慢性精神分裂症患者基于事件的前瞻性记忆（EBPM）的影响,探讨其EBPM的加工机制及特点。方法:选取符合精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版（DSM-IV）诊断标准的慢性精神分裂症患者48例及正常对照51例,采用实验室PM范式,考察慢性精神分裂症患者及正常对照两组被试在图片材料、数字材料两种当前任务条件下的EBPM表现,统计正确率和反应时。结果:控制年龄影响后,精神分裂症组当前任务正确率、前瞻任务正确率均低于正常对照组[（90.3±12.6）%vs.（93.8±4.3）%,（78.3±29.9）%vs.（86.9±22.6）%;均P&lt;0.05];精神分裂症组当前任务反应时、前瞻任务反应时均长于正常对照组[（1700.4±501.4）ms vs.（1549.5±435.0）ms,（2514.8±842.1）ms vs.（2064.4±657.5）ms;均P&lt;0.05];当前任务不同对精神分裂症组及正常对照组前瞻任务正确率的影响不同（P&lt;0.05）。结论:慢性精神分裂症患者存在EBPM损害,慢性精神分裂症患者与正常对照对特定EBPM任务的加工方式存在差异,其EBPM自动加工过程存在一定程度的损伤。</span>

Objectives To compare prospective memory (PM) deficits with retrospective memory (RM) deficits and to explore the correlation between PM and RM in chronic schizophrenia. Methods Fifty chronic schizophrenia pa?tients and fifty healthy controls were recruited. The PM performance [event-based PM (EBPM) and time-based PM (TB?PM)] were evaluated by the Chinese version of the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (C-CAMPROMPT); working memory (WM) was evaluated by the digital span subtest (DS);immediate auditory logical memory (IALM), delayed audito?ry logical memory (DALM), immediate visual reproduction memory (IVRM) and delayed visual reproduction memory (DVRM) were evaluated by the logical memory and visual reproduction subtest. The score of each test was transformed to comparable standard score. Results Patients performed significantly worse on EBPM [(7.9 ± 3.4) vs. (13.7 ± 2.9)], TBPM [(6.9±3.6) vs. (13.0±3.2)], DS [sequence:(5.8±2.0) vs. (7.5±2.2);backward:(6.5±1.9) vs. (8.2±2.8)], IALM [(8.3±3.1) vs. (11.9 ± 2.5)], DALM [(7.4 ± 3.7) vs. (11.8 ± 2.6)], IVRM [(8.0 ± 2.7) vs. (11.2 ± 3.8)], and DVRM [(7.7 ± 3.5) vs. (10.8 ± 2.7)] scores than controls (P<0.05). The extent of deficits of EBPM and TBPM were greater than those of DS (sequence and backward), IALM, DALM, IVRM and DVRM (P<0.05), but not DALM (P>0.05). The performance of PM in chronic schizophrenia was significantly related to DS (sequence and backward), IALM, DALM and DVRM (P<0.05), but not IVRM (P=0.155). Conclusion:There are greater prospective memory deficits than retrospective memory deficits in chron?ic schizophrenia and the prospective memory deficits are correlated with the retrospective memory deficits in chronic schizophrenia.

Objective:To compare the results of two different measures assessing prospective memory (PM) in elderly schizophrenia,and explore their diagnostic validity.Methods:Fifty patients who were diagnosed as schiz-ophrenia according to the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition (DSM-Ⅳ)and 50 normal elderly people were enrolled in the study.Laboratory paradigm prospective memory task and the Chinese version of the Cambridge prospective memory Test (C-CAMPROMPT)were administered to measure thelevel of EBPM and TBPM.The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition,Continuous Performance Test-I-dentical Pairs were used to evaluate IQ and attention.Results:Whether in the laboratory paradigm or C-CAM-PROMPT,schizophrenia group performed worse than normal controls on PM total scores[7(0,16)vs.12(0,16),14 (4,34)vs.25(11,36)],EBPM[3(0,8)vs.6(0,8),7(2,16)vs.14(4,18)]and TBPM [3(0,8)vs.6(0,8),6(2,18) vs.12(4,18)],and patients had comparable performances in PM subtypes[-1.0(-2.2,1.0)vs. -1.0(-2.1, 0.8),-1.9(-3.4,0.8)vs. -1.8(-2.9,1.6)].In the C-CAMPROMPT,the scores of EBPM and TBPM were negatively related to age(r=-0.36 --0.40,P<0.001 ),but there was no significant relationship between PM performance and age in the laboratory paradigm task.The area under ROC curve of the laboratory paradigm and C-CAMPROMPT were 0.73 and 0.85.While 8 and 19 as the cut off value,the sensitivity were 0.60 and 0.74,and the specificity were 0.76 and 0.90,respectively.Conclusion:The two measures have confirmed that the elderly schizophrenia have comparable performances in EBPM and TBPM.Both the C-CAMPROMPT and the laboratory paradigm have moderate level of diagnostic validity,but the former is slightly higher and more susceptible to aging.

Objective To explore the reliability and validity of the computerized Chinese version of Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (C-CAMPROMPT) for assessment of prospective memory (PM) in chronic schizophrenia patients. Methods 50 patients and 50 healthy controls formed the study sample. PM performance was measured with computerized C-CAMPROMPT, while the Wechsler Adult Memory Scale-Forth Edition (WMS-IV), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Category Fluency Test (CFT) were administered to assess logical memory (LM), visual representation (VR), executive function and processing speed. Results The test-retest reliability (0.981, P<0.001), split half reliability (0.627, P<0.001) and internal consistency reliability (0.742) of C-CAMPROMPT were satisfied. The scores of C-CAM-PROMPT and its subtest in schizophrenia were lower than that in healthy control (P<0.001). The performance of PM in patients with schizo-phrenia closely related to the scores of LM, VR, WCST-CC and CFT (r=0.34~0.89, P<0.05). The sensitivity (86%) and specificity (92%) of the scale were satisfied. Factor analysis extracted 2 factors. Conclusion The computerized C-CAMPROMPT shows a good reliability and validity for assessment of PM function in chronic schizophrenia, and is a sensitive, adaptable, stable instrument.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">目的:初步探讨老年精神分裂症患者基于事件的前瞻性记忆（EBPM）和基于时间的前瞻性记忆（TBPM）的损伤阶段。方法:选取符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版诊断标准住院老年精神分裂症患者41例以及年龄、受教育程度相匹配的正常老年对照55例,采用自行编制的前瞻性记忆实验室范式评估EBPM总分、TBPM总分及各项内部指标得分,使用简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）与简明阴性症状量表（BNSS）评估患者的精神病性症状及阴性症状。采用持续注意测验（CPT）评估被试对信号/噪音的区分度d’;采用威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）和语义流畅性（CF）评估被试的执行功能,分别记录完成分类数和正确应答数。结果:精神分裂症组EBPM[4（0,8）vs.6（0,8）,P&lt;0.01]与TBPM得分[2（0,8）vs.6（0,8）,P&lt;0.01]均低于对照组;精神分裂症组EBPM任务替换分[2（0,8）vs.1（0,8）,P&lt;0.05]和TBPM任务漏报分[2（0,8）vs.0（0,6）,P&lt;0.01]高于对照组;此外,精神分裂症组TBPM回顾性再认分也明显低于对照组[7（0,7）vs.7（5,7）,P&lt;0.01]。结论:老年精神分裂症患者EBPM和TBPM均存在明显受损,受损阶段可能主要是自我启动的线索觉察与意图提取。此外,TBPM可能还在意图保持阶段有受损。</span>