Lodging is one of the main factors that reduces rice yields. The application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer at an appropriate ratio and plant growth regulators (PGR) can affect the relationship between stem lodging and yield. We conducted a 2-year field experiment with three different N fertilizer ratios (N1, decreased panicle N rate; N2, medium panicle N rate; N3, increased panicle N rate) and two PGR (P1, paclobutrazol; P2, chitooligosaccharide) and a control (water). Compared with the control, both PGR significantly improved the lodging resistance and yield of rice. The pushing resistances force (PRF) of the rice stem in the P1 and P2 treatments was increased by 3.06

Cold stress is a critical factor affecting rice production worldwide. The application of cold-resistant agents may improve the cold resistance and yield of crops. To screen for suitable cold-resistant agents for machine-transplanted early rice, the effects of uniconazole, abscisic acid, and zinc-amino acids chelate and their spraying times (seed soaking stage, one leaf and one heart stage, two leaves and one heart stage, 7 days before the transplanting stage, and regreening stage) on the yield and cold resistance of machine-transplanted early rice were investigated. Moreover, the application method (spraying amount: 750 and 1125 g ha−1; spraying time: 7 days before the transplanting stage, transplanting stage, regreening stage, and transplanting stage and regreening stage) for the most suitable cold-resistant agent was optimized. The zinc-amino acids chelate was better than the other two cold-resistant agents for promoting rice tillering and increasing the leaf area index, dry matter weight, antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD, POD) and yield (i.e., 9.22% and 7.14% higher than uniconazole and abscisic acid, respectively), especially when it was applied in the regreening stage. The examination of spraying amounts and times indicated that the zinc-amino acids chelate dosage had no significant effect on the yield and cold resistance of early rice. However, the rice yield and antioxidant enzyme activities were highest when samples were sprayed once in the transplanting stage and the regreening stage. On the basis of the study results, 750 g ha−1 zinc-amino acids chelate applications in the transplanting and regreening stages of machine-transplanted early rice plants may be ideal for increasing cold stress resistance and yield.

Screening for pollution-safe cultivars (PSCs) is a cost-effective strategy for reducing health risks of crops in heavy metal (HM)-contaminated soils. In this study, 13 head cabbages were grown in multi-HMs contaminated soil, and their accumulation characteristics, interaction of HM types, and health risks assessment using Monte Carlo simulation were examined. Results showed that the edible part of head cabbage is susceptible to HM contamination, with 84.62% of varieties polluted. The average bio-concentration ability of HMs in head cabbage was Cd > > Hg > Cr > As >Pb. Among five HMs, Cd and As contributed more to potential health risks (accounting for 20.8% -48.5%). Significant positive correlations were observed between HM accumulation and co-occurring HMs in soil. Genotypic variations in HM accumulation suggested the potential for reducing health risks through crop screening. G7 is a recommended variety for head cabbage cultivation in areas with multiple HM contamination, while G3 could serve as a suitable alternative for heavily Hg-contaminated soils.

Biochar shows great potential in soil cadmium pollution treatment, however, the effect and mechanisms of biochar on cadmium passivation (CP) during the long-term process of soil from flooding to natural air-drying are not clear. In this study, a 300-day experiment was conducted to keep the flooded water level constant for the first 100 days and then dried naturally. Mechanisms of CP by lignin biochar (LBC) were analyzed through chemical analysis, FTIR-2D-COS, EEMs-PARAFAC, ultraviolet spectroscopy characterizations, and microbial community distribution of soil. Results showed that application of LBC results in rapid CP ratio in soil within 35 days, mainly in the residual and Fe-Mn bound states (total 72.80%). CP ratio further increased to 90.89% with water evaporation. The CP mechanisms include precipitation, electrostatic effect, humus complexation, and microbial remediation by promoting the propagation of fungi such as Penicillium and Trichoderma. Evaporation of water promoted the colonization of aerobic microorganisms and then increased the degree of soil humification and aromatization, thereby enhancing the cadmium passivation. Simultaneously, the biochar could reduce the relative abundance of plant pathogens in soil from 1.8% to 0.03% and the freshness index (β/α) from 0.64 to 0.16, favoring crop growth and promoting carbon sequestration and emission reduction.

The scarcity of arable land and the problem of food security urgently called for a strategy of Remediation-byProduction (RBP). Biochar is a promising method for addressing Cd-contaminated soils, but the time required for remediation and the variability of long-term performance have a direct impact on the realization of the RBP strategy. We have developed a novel approach for remediating cadmium-contaminated flooded soil by utilizing lignin biochar (LBC) in combination with safe rice cultivation. The addition of 1 % LBC achieves efficient Cd passivation (CP: 90.89 %) before rice Cd uptake peaks. Meanwhile, LBC can increase soil organic matter and alter microbial community structure, decreasing the relative abundance of soil pathogenic bacteria from 5.12 % to 4.03 % while raising nutritional bacteria from 15.18 % to 28.82 %. Furthermore, LBC successfully reduced the accumulation of Cd in rice grains by 31.3 % similar to 54.6 %, making rice dwarf, sturdy, and greener, and lowering the health risk coefficients of Cd across various age groups by Monte Carlo simulations. This study elucidated the critical role of humic substances of LBC in remediation time and performance and laid a solid theoretical foundation for promoting the application of biochar in soil contamination remediation and simultaneously realizing the safe production of crops.

The ratoon rice planting area is gradually expanding, and decreasing Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in ratoon rice is important for food safety and human health. In this study, conventional indica rice (HHZ, Huanghuazhan), three-line indica–japonica hybrid rice (YY-4149, Yongyou 4149), and two-line indica hybrid rice (LY-121, Liangyou 121) were compared regarding ratoon rice yield and Cd uptake, transport, and accumulation. The distribution of Cd at different nodes in the ratoon crop was also examined. The rank-order of the Cd contents in each part (root, stem, leaf, stubble, and spike) of the main and ratoon crops of the tested cultivars was HHZ > LY-121 > YY-4149. The rank-order of the Cd content in each plant part at different nodes in the ratoon crop was HHZ > LY-121 > YY-4149. The Cd content in each plant part increased as the node position (i.e., according to the germination position of regenerated seedlings, the nodes are divided into the second, third, and fourth or fifth node from the top in stubble) was lowered. The redundancy analysis indicated that the low-node brown rice Cd content had the largest effect on the total brown rice Cd content in the ratoon crop. Accordingly, indica–japonica hybrid cultivars should be selected for the production of ratoon rice in mildly Cd-polluted areas, and the height of the main crop stubble should be maximized during harvest.

Introduction: The ratoon rice planting area is gradually expanding, but there has been relatively little research on ratoon rice grains contaminated with Cd. Methods: In this study, five ratoon rice varieties were selected and divided into three groups according to early-maturity (growth duration: 100-110 days), mid-maturity (growth duration: 110-120 days) and late-maturity (growth duration: 120-130 days) varieties. Field experiments were done to study the differences in Cd accumulation among ratoon rice varieties with different growth duration. Results: The results showed that the Cd accumulation and concentration of grains spikelet at each growth stage in the main crop were in the order of late-maturity > mid-maturity > early-maturity varieties. However, the trends in Cd concentration and accumulation in grains spikelet during the ratoon crop were the opposite. Analysis found that as the growth duration of the variety extended, the accumulated temperature and daily average temperature in the main crop increased, which significantly increased the translocation factors of Cd from root, stem, and leaf to grains spikelet, and increased the daily average Cd accumulation rate in grains spikelet. The daily average temperature in the ratoon crop increased as the growth duration shortened. The early-maturity variety had higher Cd accumulation in stubble, which promoted the translocation of Cd from the root, stem, and leaf of the plant to the grains spikelet. Discussion: Therefore, appropriately shortening the growth duration of the main crop and extending the growth duration of the ratoon crop are important ways to reduce Cd accumulation in ratoon rice in areas with mild Cd pollution.

Abstract It is important to ensure the nutritional quality and safe production of rice. Here, plot experiments were used to analyze the effects of three soil amendments—10 t ha−1 of biochar (BC), 1.5 t ha−1 of lime (LM), and 2.25 t ha−1 of silicon–calcium fertilizer (SC)—on the soil characteristics, rice yield and quality of double-cropping rice grown in mildly cadmium-polluted paddy fields. Compared with the control treatment (CK), the BC and SC treatments significantly improved rice processing, appearance and nutritional quality, but reduced cooking quality. All three soil amendments significantly reduced cadmium (Cd) content in brown rice. Soil amendments could significantly increase soil pH and reduce soil available Cd content. The application of the BC and SC treatments increased the content of each nutrient index in the soil (SOM, NN, AP, AK). Correlation analysis showed that the improvement in rice processing, appearance, and nutritional quality was mainly affected by the comprehensive effects of soil SOM, NN, AP and AK; the hygiene quality was mainly affected by soil pH and available Cd. In terms of benefit analysis combined with cost, the SC treatment had the highest benefit effect. Taken together, in mildly cadmium-polluted paddy fields, the application of silicon–calcium fertilizer improved the soil quality, thereby increased the yield and quality of rice, and had the best effect on increasing income.

Excessive heavy metals in soils can threaten food security and soil health. New practical technology is urgently needed to remediate cadmium (Cd) contaminated paddies in many parts of the world. Chinese milk vetch (M), rice straw (R), and soil amendments can reduce Cd activity in soil; however, the mechanism underlying this reduction is not well understood. This study explored the impact of co -incorporation of milk vetch, rice straw, and either lime (L), sesbania biochar (B), or sepiolite on soil Cd bioavailability through field experiments. The results indicated that the rice grain Cd concentrations in soil treated with milk vetch + rice straw + fertilizer (MRF, 16.6 %), milk vetch + rice straw + fertilizer + sesbania biochar (MRFB, 50.1 %), and milk vetch + rice straw + fertilizer + lime (MRFL, 48.3 %) were significantly lower than those in soil treated with fertilizer (F). The acid -soluble Cd concentrations influenced rice grain Cd uptake and were 33.9 % and 47.5 % lower for the MRFB and MRFL treatments, respectively, than for F alone. A decrease in acid -soluble Cd (Aci - Cd) was accompanied by a decrease in Eh and increases in pH, Fe 2 + , cation exchange capacity, and dissolved organic carbon. The MRFB treatment promoted iron plaque (IP) formation on the rice root surface. The relative abundances of Desulfobacterota and Verrucomicrobiota were higher for the MRFB treatment than for the other treatments. A partial least squares path model confirmed that Aci-Cd and low -crystalline IP (IP-Feh) influenced the rice grain Cd concentration.

Objectives: In order to find out the differences in source–sink characteristics of ratooning rice and main season rice and find approaches to increase the grain yield of ratooning rice, a sowing-by-stage method was adopted to synchronize main season rice with ratooning rice and induce their key growth stages under similar environmental conditions. The source–sink characteristics of four varieties under similar ecological conditions of main and ratooning rice were examined in 2019 and 2020. Results: The main results were: (1) The leaf area index (LAI) of the ratooning rice ranged from 0.54 to 1.44, while that of the LAI of main season rice was 4.67–7.71. The LAI of ratooning rice was much smaller than that of the main season rice; the former was only approximately 1/7–1/5 of the latter. (2) The photosynthesis (Pn) and net assimilation rate (NAR) of the ratooning rice were significantly higher than those of the main season rice before the milking–maturing stages. Still, at the late maturing stage, no definite tendency existed. (3) Ratooning rice transported 14C-assimilate from the flag leaf to the panicle at an estimated 81.43%, while main season rice transported 63.95%. The main stem’s top first and second internodes have been observed to be a major location for the 14C-assimilate in main season rice. (4) The grain yield of main season rice was 6029–7929 kg ha−1 while the grain yield of ratooning rice ranged from 2363–3297 kg ha−1. The sink capacity of the main season rice was approximately 2.4–3.6 times that of ratooning rice. The catalase activity of the rachis branches of the ratooning rice was higher than that of the main season rice. (5) The grain/leaf area (sink/source) ratio in the ratoon season rice was 1.69–2.46 times higher than that of the main season rice. Conclusions: The grain yields of ratooning rice were determined by the interaction of source and sink capacity while those of main season rice were mainly increased by enhancing sink capacity. Choosing varieties with heavier 1000 grain weight, exerting the advantages of higher photosynthetic rate and net assimilation rate of ratooning rice, promoting leaf area, and improving the transportation capacity of carbohydrate are the main approaches to increase the grain yield of ratooning rice.

Rice cultivated in Cd-polluted acidic paddy soil poses important health risks in China. Decreasing Cd accumulation in rice is important for food safety and human health. Early rice cultivar ZY-819 and late rice cultivar XWX-13 with low Cd-accumulation potentials, and early rice cultivar LY-996 and late rice cultivar YZX with high Cd-accumulation potentials, were grown in mildly polluted double-cropping paddy fields (Cd content 0.3–0.6 mg kg−1). The effects of adding biochar (10 t ha−2), lime (1500 kg ha−2), and silicon–calcium fertilizer (SC; 2250 kg ha−2) and foliar spraying with silicon fertilizer solution (Si; 1500 g ha−2) on Cd uptake and transport in rice, were assessed in plot experiments. The soil amendments and foliar spraying decreased the Cd content of brown rice from the high Cd-accumulation potential cultivars. The soil amendments decreased the Cd content of LY-996 and YZX brown rice by 25.24–32.40% and 32.99–44.16%, respectively, and SC decreased the Cd content most. Foliar spraying with Si decreased the Cd content of LY-996 and YZC brown rice by 23.79% and 26.40%, respectively. When soil amendments and foliar spraying were combined, the Cd content of brown rice was decreased most by the SC–Si treatment. Compared with the control, the SC–Si treatment decreased the Cd content of LY-996, ZY-819, YZX, and XWX-13 brown rice by 45.63%, 35.67%, 52.79%, and 32.03%, respectively. Soil amendments can effectively decrease Cd uptake by rice roots and Cd migration from roots to shoots. Compared with the control, the soil amendments increased the soil pH and decreased Cd availability. The strongest effects were for the lime and SC treatments. Foliar spraying with Si can effectively decrease Cd translocation through stems and leaves to brown rice. Applying SC fertilizer and foliar spraying with Si is the best method for decreasing the Cd content of rice grown in mildly Cd-polluted paddy fields.

The majority of crop-growing areas in China have low or medium fertility levels, which limits the yield of crops grown in those areas. Fertilizer application can improve soil quality, but the effects of such treatments vary depending on the base soil fertility. However, the specific differences associated with the application of different fertilizer types to soils of varying fertility levels have yet to be clearly delineated. Here, the influences of several fertilizer types on physical, chemical, and biological soil indicators were assessed in rice fields in the red soil area of Hunan Province with varying base fertility levels: Hehua (low fertility), Dahu (medium fertility), and Longfu (high fertility). Four treatments were applied to these fields: no fertilizer, standard fertilizer, 60% chemical fertilizer + 40% organic fertilizer, and 100% chemical fertilizer. Across the three sites and treatment groups, the largest increases in total nitrogen and phosphorus contents were in Hehua and Longfu, respectively. Soil organic matter content increased most significantly in Hehua. Application of any type of fertilizer increased the total and fast-acting nutrient content in the low-yielding fields, whereas organic fertilizers increased the nutrient content and soil biological indicators more than chemical fertilizer alone did; the effect of organic fertilizer application on the combined enzyme activity of the soil was also higher than that of chemical fertilizers alone. Overall, these experiments provide a theoretical basis and technical support for rational fertilizer application and improvement of Hunan's red soil quality based on the natural soil fertility levels.

Cadmium (Cd) pollution poses a growing threat to rice production in acidic paddies. In south China, a common agricultural practice involves the combined utilization of Chinese milk vetch (M) and rice straw (R). However, it is unclear how the addition of lime to these amendments affects Cd bioavailability and accumulation in soil. Control (CK), chemical fertilizer (F), Chinese milk vetch + rice straw + chemical fertilizer (MRF), and Chinese milk vetch + rice straw + chemical fertilizer + lime (MRFL) treatments were applied to develop a kind of green, efficient, and practical amendment for acidic paddies. We conducted a microplot experiment to explore Cd immobilization in paddy soil and the Cd content in rice grains with these treatments. The results showed that compared with F, the rice Cd in the MRF and MRFL treatments were significantly decreased by 51.7% and 65.2% in early rice and 23.0% and 43.3% in late rice, respectively. Both the MRF and MRFL treatments significantly reduced soil available Cd and weak acid-extractable cadmium (Aci-Cd) concentrations and increased soil organic matter (SOM), exchangeable cation concentrations, and pH, which converted Cd into a stable form in soil. In addition, the MRF and MRFL treatments increased soil pH value by reducing soil exchangeable hydrogen ion concentration (E-H). Additionally, recombination of Cd forms was the primary factor in the reduction in available Cd concentration according to partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) analysis. The Cd concentration of rice grains was primarily associated with soil available Cd, soil pH value, and SOM. Overall, these results provide useful data and novel insights into reducing rice grain Cd in south China.

为筛选出江苏滨海盐碱地超级稻品种'湘两优900'的适宜机插密度,研究了不同机插密度(高密度,T1:25.0×104穴/hm2;中密度,T2:19.9×104穴/hm2;低密度,T3:16.6×104穴/hm2)对水稻各指标的影响,并动态监测了土壤及田间水盐分的变化.结果表明:水稻种植能够显著降低土壤可溶性总盐含量,降幅可达28.68％;随机插密度变小,水稻单穴的分蘖数、干物质重能够显著提高,而群体的分蘖数和干物质重会相应的显著降低;水稻SPAD值在生殖生长期时,随密度下降呈增加的趋势,而叶面积指数在所有生育期均呈降低的趋势;机插密度下降能够显著增加单穴钠钾离子积累量和显著降低群体的钠钾离子积累.相关分析表明,不同机插密度水稻实际产量与单株钠离子积累量呈显著负相关,与群体有效穗数、群体干物质积累量呈显著正相关,与每穗总粒数、群体钾离子积累量呈极显著正相关.本试验条件下,江苏滨海盐碱地'湘两优900'的适宜机插密度为25.0×104穴/hm2.

Double-cropping rice cultivation reduces soil fertility, and the extensive use of chemical fertilizers has harmful effects on both the environment and grain yield. The application of organic materials could be used as a practical strategy to maintain soil fertility and improve grain yield in a double-season rice cropping system. For this purpose, field experiments with six growing seasons over three years, from 2016 to 2018, were conducted to assess the effects of five organic materials (biochar, Chinese milk vetch, rice straw, rapeseed cake fertilizer, and manure) on the grain yield and soil fertility, aiming to save about 25% of the chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer required for all rice growing stages. The result showed that, compared with CK (the most common dose of fertilizer in this study region; 100% chemical fertilizer without organic fertilizer), the grain yield and soil fertility of double-cropped rice were increased after applying organic fertilizers for three consecutive years. Specifically, the CRC treatment (Chinese milk vetch (10.77 t ha−1 in fresh)/rice straw (26.51 t ha−1 in fresh) + 75% chemical fertilizer) showed significantly higher rates of effective panicles (4.65–10.92%) and annual grain yield (8.00–8.82%). The total N, total phosphorus (P), total potassium (K), alkaline N, and available P content in the CRC soil were significantly increased by 11.85%, 12.22%, 15.08%, 23.32%, and 41.04%, respectively, relative to CK. The decomposition of the applied Chinese milk vetch and rice straw combined with 75% chemical fertilizer resulted in more soil humus (9.50 g kg−1), humic acid (3.19 g kg−1), fulvic acid (3.26 g kg−1), and active organic carbon (5.78 g kg−1) and a significantly higher carbon pool management index (13.5%), as well as significantly higher soil urease activity (18.10%) and acid phosphatase activity (17.64%). Therefore, in this study, Chinese milk vetch (10.77 t ha−1 in fresh) in the early rice season/rice straw (26.51 t ha−1 fresh) in the late rice season + 75% chemical fertilizer treatment was the optimal dose for the double-season rice cropping system. It resulted in higher rice yields and has the potential to be used for more sustainable soil fertility.

The necessity to explore high-efficiency and high-value utilization strategy for biomass-waste is desirable.Herein,the strategy for direct conversion biomass-waste（rice husks） to Si/C composite structure anode was built.The Si/C composite materials were successfully obtained via the typical thermal reduction with magnesium,and the Si nanopa rticle was uniformly embedded in carbon frame,as revealed by Raman,X-ray diffraction（XRD） and transmission electron microscope（TEM） measurement.The carbon structure among rice husks was effectively used as a protective layer to accommodate the volume variation of Si anode during the repeated lithiation/delithiation process.Benefitting from the structure design,the batteries show a superior electrochemical stability with the capacity retention rate above 90% after 150 cycles at the charge/discha rge rate of 0.5 C（1 C=600 mAh/g）,and hold a high charge capacity of 420.7 mAh/g at the rate of 3 C.Therefore,our finding not only provides a promising design strategy for directly conversion biomass-waste to electrochemical storage materials but broadens the high-efficiency utilization method for other biomass by-products.

IbMYB1 was one of the major anthocyanin biosynthesis regulatory genes that has been identified and utilized in purple-fleshed sweet potato breeding. At least three members of this gene, namely, IbMYB1-1 , -2a , and -2b , have been reported. We found that IbMYB1-2a and -2b are not necessary for anthocyanin accumulation in a variety of cultivated species (hexaploid) with purple shoots or purplish rings/spots of flesh. Transcriptomic and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses revealed that persistent and vigorous expression of IbMYB1 is essential to maintain the purple color of leaves and storage roots in this type of cultivated species, which did not contain IbMYB1-2 gene members. Compared with IbbHLH2 , IbMYB1 is an early response gene of anthocyanin biosynthesis in sweet potato. It cannot exclude the possibility that other MYBs participate in this gene regulation networks. Twenty-two MYB-like genes were identified from 156 MYBs to be highly positively or negatively correlated with the anthocyanin content in leaves or flesh. Even so, the IbMYB1 was most coordinately expressed with anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. Differences in flanking and coding sequences confirm that IbMYB2s , the highest similarity genes of IbMYB1 , are not the members of IbMYB1 . This phenomenon indicates that there may be more members of IbMYB1 in sweet potato, and the genetic complementation of these members is involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. The 3′ flanking sequence of IbMYB1-1 is homologous to the retrotransposon sequence of TNT1-94 . Transposon movement is involved in the formation of multiple members of IbMYB1 . This study provides critical insights into the expression patterns of IbMYB1 , which are involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the leaf and storage root. Notably, our study also emphasized the presence of a multiple member of IbMYB1 for genetic improvement.

Polygonatum odoratum is a historically traditional Chinese medicine plant. However, the consecutive monoculture problem (CMP) widespread in other Chinese medicine limiting their cultivation on a large scale. In this study, the physiological data showed the adverse effect of CMP on the growth of P. odoratum under the consecutive cropping (CC) compared with the first cropping (FC). Then the high-throughput sequencing of miRNA and mRNA libraries of leaves and roots from FC and CC P. odoratum plants identified 671 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 184 differentially expressed miRNAs and revealed that the DEGs and target genes of the miRNAs were mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, phenylpropanoid and brassinosteroid biosynthesis. The KEGG analysis revealed that the DEGs between CC and FC roots were enriched in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway. This study provided the expression regulation of genes related to CMP of P. odoratum but also suggested that CMP may result in the serious damage of pathogens to roots and cause the slow growth in the consecutive cropping plants.

Soil heavy metal pollution, especially lead (Pb) and arsenic (As), is a global issue that requires urgent attention. In the present study, phosphate-modified ferric-based material (PFM) was used to remedy Pb and As co-contaminated soil. The remediation potential of PFM on Pb and As co-contaminated soil was studied by static culture experiments, and the effect on maize (Zea mays L.) seedling growth was studied using pot experiments. The results showed that the bioavailability of Pb and As in the soil and their accumulation in the seedlings were reduced when PFM was added to the soil. At 2–6 wt% PFM, the remediation rates of Pb and As reached 57%–82% and 62%–76%, respectively, and their accumulation in the seedlings decreased by 27.8%–68% and 55.6%–70%. The optimal amount of PFM was 4 wt% of the soil. There was a linear correlation between the amount of DTPA-extractable Pb or NaHCO3-extractable As in the soil and the amount of Pb or As accumulated by the seedlings. The correlation coefficients of Pb and As reached 0.7690–0.8166 and 0.9982–0.9779. Seedling growth was also promoted. Compared with the controls, the seedling emergence rate increased by 1.4%–4%, plant height increased by 4.1%–12.4%, plant weight increased by 29.6%–37%, and the root length increased by 5%–52%. In summary, PFM offers an environmentally friendly approach with excellent potential for the remediation of Pb and As co-contaminated soil.