Objective:Acne conglobata (AC) is a severe inflammatory skin condition with limited therapeutic options that can provide rapid and sustained remission. This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of a combination therapy of twice-weekly red-blue light-emitting diode (LED) phototherapy with a shortened 4-week course of oral minocycline, compared to a conventional polypharmacy regimen for AC. Methods:We analyzed clinical data from 28 outpatients diagnosed with AC. The study group (n = 15) received LED phototherapy (640 nm red and 460 nm blue light) and oral minocycline (100 mg/day for 4 weeks). The control group (n = 13) was treated with a heterogeneous conventional regimen, including oral isotretinoin and/or extended minocycline (8 weeks) plus topical agents. Efficacy outcomes, including Symptom Score Reduction Index (SSRI), Global Acne Grading System (GAGS), and Pruritus Visual Analog Scale (P-VAS), were assessed by blinded dermatologists at baseline and over 8 weeks. Safety and tolerability were also evaluated. Results:Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. The LED-minocycline combination resulted in significantly superior and more rapid clinical improvement. At week 8, 100% of patients in the study group achieved cure (SSRI ≥90%), versus 0% in the control group (p < 0.001). The mean SSRI in the study group was 92.1 ± 2.37% compared to 23.1 ± 4.35% in the control group (p < 0.001). The study group also showed significantly lower post-treatment GAGS scores (7.01 ± 2.01 vs. 9.03 ± 2.36, p = 0.022) and P-VAS scores (1.2 ± 0.6 vs. 4.8 ± 1.1, p < 0.001). Adverse events were mild and transient, with no significant difference in the incidence of skin irritation between groups (93.3% vs. 84.6%, p = 0.583). Conclusion:Combining red-blue LED phototherapy with a 4-week course of minocycline is a rapid, highly effective, and safe therapeutic strategy for AC, outperforming conventional polypharmacy while halving the duration of systemic antibiotic exposure. Despite the inherent limitations of a retrospective design, these findings support the integration of LED therapy to optimize the management of severe acne.

ABSTRACT Background Keloid treatment is a pressing challenge in clinical practice. We aim to comprehensively summarize the knowledge structure, research topics, and research trends. Methods This study retrieved articles published between 1995 and 2025 from the Science Citation Index Expanded within the Web of Science Core Collection. Additionally, clinical trials indexed in PubMed were selected to evaluate progress in clinical research. Using bibliometric analysis tools and methods, such as VOSviewer, Scimago Graphica, and CiteSpace, we systematically explored the current research landscape. Results China has the most significant number of articles, and the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College are the most productive institutions. Bayat, A, is the most prolific author. Co‐citation clustering analysis identified research clusters encompassing molecular pathway analysis, comprehensive management and clinical guidelines, pathogenesis and fibroblast research, genetic susceptibility, synergistic drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, and novel compound therapies. Keyword burst analysis highlights the field's comprehensive advancement toward precision targeting, evidence‐based medicine, and renewed understanding of disease essence. Conclusions Overall, this study indicates that keloid treatment focuses on precision targeting and systemic management, with frontiers expanding to delivery systems, molecular biomarkers, extracellular vesicles, metabolic reprogramming, and evidence‐based management centered on guidelines and quality of life. Novel and combined treatment approaches require further exploration.

Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a heterogeneous inflammatory skin disorder driven by immune dysregulation. This study aimed to identify novel immune-related signatures and molecular subtypes to advance precision medicine in AD. Methods Transcriptomic datasets were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses were conducted to elucidate biological pathways. Differential expression analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and machine learning algorithms were utilized to identify and validate hub differentially expressed immune-related genes (DEIRGs) through receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, as well as in vivo and in vitro experiment validations. CIBERSORT and single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), and consensus clustering analysis were employed to evaluate immune cell infiltration and classify AD subtypes. Results Among 25 DEIRGs associated primarily with cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and chemokine signaling pathway, IL-24 and S100A2 were identified as hub DEIRGs with high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Both genes were upregulated in AD lesions, MC903-induced AD mouse models, and TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells. Immune infiltration analysis showed that their expression correlated with dendritic cells activated. Subtype analysis revealed two distinct AD clusters characterized by differential immune cell infiltration and pathway activation. Functional studies confirmed that knockdown of IL-24 or S100A2 in HaCaT cells attenuated the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, TSLP, CCL17). Conclusion IL-24 and S100A2 represent crucial DEIRGs involved in AD pathogenesis, demonstrating strong potential for patient stratification and diagnosis. These findings offer new perspectives for developing targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in AD.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), also known as acne inversa (AI), is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit that primarily affects intertriginous areas and is characterized by recurrent, painful, deep-seated inflammatory lesions. The pathogenesis of HS/AI is multifactorial, involving genetic susceptibility, immune dysregulation, microbial imbalance, and obesity. HS/AI remains difficult to manage, and current treatment aims to reduce the frequency and duration of flares, decrease disease severity, and improve quality of life. Treatment selection should be guided by disease severity and activity. Pharmacologic therapies include antibiotics, biologics, small-molecule agents, retinoids, and immunosuppressants, while adjunctive approaches include surgical interventions and energy-based therapies. This updated consensus aims to standardize the diagnosis and management of HS/AI in China and to improve clinical practice by providing a stepwise, multidisciplinary treatment framework in which interventions are stratified according to disease severity and recommendation strength. Recommendation strength was determined by expert voting: an agreement rate of ≥85% indicated “Should be recommended,” ≥75% to <85% indicated “Could be recommended,” ≥50% to <75% indicated “May be considered,” and <50% indicated “No consensus reached.” Key recommendations reaching the ≥85% agreement threshold included severity-based treatment selection, topical clindamycin for mild localized disease, systemic tetracyclines for mild-to-moderate HS/AI, and biologics, including adalimumab, secukinumab, and bimekizumab, for moderate-to-severe disease. The consensus has been registered on the International Practice Guidelines Registry Platform (No: PREPARE-2025CN1964).

Background Dupilumab relieves inflammatory response and alleviates skin itch by blocking interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-13 (IL- 13) in relevant signalling pathways. It also needs further research into efficacy and safety of dupilumab as a pruritus relieving agent in specific populations. Objective This study aimed to observe the efficacy and safety of dupilumab as a pruritus relief agent in specific populations. Methods Thirty-one patients with pruritus (28 systemic and 3 idiopathic) were treated with subcutaneous injections of dupilumab. Efficacy was assessed before treatment, at 4 weeks post-treatment, and at 8 weeks post-treatment. Results After 4 weeks of treatment, the effectiveness rate was 70.4%, and after 8 weeks of treatment, the effectiveness rate was 96.3%; compared with before treatment, the NRS scores of pruritus decreased after 4 weeks of treatment and 8 weeks of treatment significantly. The difference of NRS scores was statistically significant (F= 103.679, P<0.001). The adverse reactions were few and mild. Conclusions For pruritus, especially for extreme itch caused by tumors, severe renal dysfunction, diabetes, and other diseases in special patients, the short-term results show that dupilumab had a good efficacy and acceptable safety in this small case sequence study. However, because of the absence of a control group and the open label feature, the present results are preliminary. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm its role.

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder frequently accompanied by multisystem involvement, with increasing concern regarding its association with renal impairment. The advent and widespread use of biologic agents in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis have transformed therapeutic strategies, yet their effects on renal function and the underlying mechanisms remain a critical area of investigation. This review synthesizes current clinical and experimental evidence on the renal impact of biologics used in psoriasis management, focusing on the safety profiles of different biologic classes and their roles in modulating kidney-related complications. We explore how immune regulation, inflammation suppression, and cell death pathways contribute to both renal protection and injury, highlighting the influence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors, interleukin (IL) -17 and IL-12/23 inhibitors. By integrating recent clinical studies and basic research findings, this article aims to provide clinicians with a theoretical basis for the rational selection of biologic therapies in psoriasis patients with renal concerns and to stimulate further research into optimizing treatment strategies that safeguard kidney health.

BackgroundPlasma applications can lead to effective therapy for numerous skin diseases. We aim to systematically review the available data and map the plasma medicine in dermatology.MethodsPublications relevant to plasma medicine in dermatology, published from 1996 to 2024, were retrieved from the Science Citation Index-Expanded of the Web of Science Core Collection. Visual maps were conducted regarding annual production, collaborating countries or institutions, productive authors, core journals, co-cited references, and keyword bursts.Results460 articles were identified, and the number of publications has increased rapidly since 2008. Germany was the most influential country. Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology was the most productive institution. Weltmann, K. D. was the most prolific author. Wound healing, air plasma, dielectric barrier discharge, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), antimicrobial, antifungal, argon plasma, plasma physical parameters, nitric oxide, and transdermal drug delivery were the top 10 clusters in the cocitation cluster analysis. Keyword burst analysis suggests that current research hotspots include CAP, nonthermal plasma, expression, and apoptosis.ConclusionThis study provides an overview of plasma sources and their applications in dermatology. Plasma mechanisms and effects are currently hot topics. Most plasma applications focus on wound healing, infectious skin diseases, immune-mediated skin diseases, and skin cancer. The parameter settings and treatment protocols of plasma for various skin diseases require further exploration. The present study maps the research landscape of CAP in dermatology and identifies directions for future investigation.

Psoriasis relapse is frequently characterized by more pronounced inflammatory responses compared to the initial onset; however, the underlying mechanisms that drive disease recurrence remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate whether secondary cutaneous exposure to imiquimod (IMQ) or other irritants exacerbates psoriasiform inflammation through the phenomenon of inflammatory memory. BALB/c mice were initially treated with IMQ to induce psoriasiform dermatitis, followed by a recovery period. Subsequently, secondary challenges were administered using IMQ, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Disease severity was evaluated through clinical scoring, histopathological changes (H E staining), and immunohistochemical markers. Cytokine levels in the serum and lesional skin were quantified via ELISA, protein expression was analyzed via Western blotting, and gene expression was assessed via RT‒qPCR. Secondary stimulation resulted in significantly more severe skin inflammation compared to the initial exposure, as evidenced by greater clinical severity scores, increased epidermal thickness, enhanced inflammatory cell infiltration, and elevated expression levels of IL-17 A, TNF-α, and additional markers. This exacerbation was observed regardless of whether the secondary challenge was conducted with IMQ or alternative irritants, suggesting the presence of cross-stimulus inflammatory memory in the skin. Repeated cutaneous exposure to IMQ or irritants aggravates psoriasiform inflammation through inflammatory memory. These findings establish a valuable experimental model for studying the mechanisms of disease relapse and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions.

Background Epidermoid cysts are common benign cutaneous tumors. Current diagnosis of infection relies on nonspecific imaging, causing diagnostic delays and financial burdens. Therefore, a practical tool using routine clinical data to stratify infection risk is needed. Objective To develop and validate a clinical prediction model for pathological infection risk in epidermoid cysts to inform treatment decisions and prevent complications. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 3613 patients with pathologically confirmed epidermoid cysts. Patients were randomly split into training (n = 2529) and validation (n = 1084) sets. A predictive model was developed using logistic regression with variables from univariate analysis. Results Pathological findings classified 73.48% (2655) as noninfected groups and 26.52% (958) as infected. Independent predictors of pathological infection included age, course of disease, cyst location, infection history, and antibiotic exposure. In the validation set, the model achieved an AUC of 0.780 (95% CI: 0.746-0.813), with a maximum Youden index of 0.474, sensitivity of 0.645, and specificity of 0.829. The AUC demonstrated a significant improvement (> 0.12) compared to previous models. Conclusions The proposed model, incorporating five key clinical features, exhibits robust performance in identifying high-risk epidermoid cyst patients, guiding early intervention and clarifying treatment indications.

BACKGROUND:Acute herpes zoster (HZ) neuralgia impairs quality of life and may progress to postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Existing analgesics are often limited by adverse effects in older adults. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate Cobratide injection for moderate-to-severe acute HZ neuralgia and explore its potential effect on PHN incidence. METHODS:In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled exploratory trial, 80 patients aged 50-70 years were assigned 1:1 to intramuscular Cobratide injection or oral Pregabalin for 28 days. The primary endpoint was change in average Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain score from baseline to day 28. No formal power calculation was performed. RESULTS:At day 28, least-squares mean NRS reductions were 6.00 with Cobratide injection and 5.63 with Pregabalin (between-group difference, 0.37; P = .186). At week 12, PHN occurred in 0/27 and 3/27 evaluable patients, respectively (P = .236). Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 35.9% and 51.2% of patients, respectively. LIMITATIONS:Exploratory design, small sample size, and lack of systematic collection of zoster vaccination history and rash-onset timing limited inference. CONCLUSIONS:Cobratide injection showed a similar magnitude of pain reduction to Pregabalin, with a favorable tolerability signal. Larger adequately powered trials are needed.

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease with systemic manifestations that include renal complications. Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) represents the most common autoimmune glomerular disease worldwide. Growing epidemiological and genetic evidence supports a clinically relevant association between psoriasis and IgAN, particularly in patients with moderate-to-severe or arthropathic psoriasis. However, current knowledge remains limited by heterogeneous observational data and the absence of systematic renal screening in most psoriasis clinical trials. This review synthesizes evidence linking psoriasis and IgAN across multiple levels. Mendelian randomization studies point to a shared genetic basis, and transcriptomic analyses have uncovered overlapping immune signatures. Several inflammatory pathways may drive the production of galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) and facilitate glomerular immune complex deposition. Aberrant IgA1 glycosylation driven by psoriatic inflammation, together with tonsillar immune activation, is proposed as a key connection between skin and kidney disease. Important knowledge gaps persist. Routine urinalysis is not performed in most psoriasis trials. Tonsillectomy data derive largely from East Asian populations, and no large-scale international registries are currently available. We therefore propose a clinical screening framework and advocate for the establishment of dedicated registries, along with the integration of urinary tests into future trials. Addressing these gaps will enable mechanism-based, personalized management of psoriasis-associated IgAN.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease involving immune dysregulation, abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes(KCs), and neurogenic inflammation, with its molecular mechanisms not yet fully elucidated. Ion channels, as core components of cellular signal transduction, play a pivotal regulatory role in these pathological processes. This article systematically summarizes recent advances in the roles of transient receptor potential(TRP)channels, potassium channels, calcium channels, purinergic P2X receptors(P2XR), and mechanosensitive Piezo channels in the dysfunction of KCs, immune-mediated inflammation, and neuro-immune-skin interactions in psoriasis. For the first time, it proposes a“Ca2+ signaling pathway network-chronic inflammation loop-neural sensitization”cascade amplification integration model, illustrating how different types of ion channels synergistically drive disease progression within the psoriatic microenvironment. Additionally, this review summarizes advances in the clinical translation of ion channel-targeted therapies, with a focus on the development status and challenges of candidate agents such as Kv1.3 inhibitors, calcium release-activated calcium(CRAC)channel antagonists, and TRPV channel modulators, aiming to provide new insights for precision-targeted treatment of psoriasis.

To investigate the role and molecular mechanism of the NECTIN3-TIGIT axis in melanoma lymph node metastasis. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on human primary melanoma and lymph node metastatic tissues. A tumor lymph node metastasis-on-a-chip model incorporating vascular, lymphatic, and dual-tumor modules was constructed, along with in vitro coculture systems using CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells. Functional blockade was achieved via NECTIN3 knockdown, TIGIT inhibitor (Tiragolumab), and combined antiPD1 therapy. The NECTIN3-TIGIT axis was identified as a core immune ligand-receptor pair in the highmetastasis subgroup, associated with increased regulatory T cell infiltration and CD8+ T cell exhaustion. Both NECTIN3 and TIGIT expression were significantly elevated in metastatic lesions and correlated with reduced overall survival. The chip model recapitulated melanoma lymphatic migration and confirmed the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Mechanistically, the NECTIN3-TIGIT axis induced CD8+ T cell exhaustion via the SHIP-1/TRAF6 pathway and promoted regulatory T cell activation by inhibiting AKT/mTORC1 signaling. NECTIN3 knockdown or Tiragolumab treatment suppressed tumor lymphatic migration, while combined antiPD1 and Tiragolumab most effectively reversed T cell exhaustion, impaired regulatory T cell function, and reduced metastasis. The NECTIN3-TIGIT axis promotes melanoma lymph node metastasis by remodeling the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Combined blockade of NECTIN3-TIGIT and PD1 pathways represents a promising therapeutic strategy.

Secukinumab, an interleukin-17 A inhibitor widely used in psoriasis and related disorders, has been linked to opportunistic infections. Candida infections are a key safety concern, yet their real-world clinical profiles, risk distribution, and onset patterns remain insufficiently characterized. To evaluate the clinical characteristics, severity, onset patterns, and risk factors of Candida infections associated with secukinumab, thereby informing risk stratification and patient management. A retrospective pharmacovigilance analysis was performed using the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from Q1 2004 to Q1 2025. Secukinumab reports were retrieved, and Candida-related adverse events were identified using a predefined Candida-specific MedDRA Preferred Term dictionary. Disproportionality analyses were conducted using reporting odds ratios (RORs) with 95

OBJECTIVES:To explore the risk factors for malnutrition in patients with ulcerative colitis complicated with pyoderma gangrenosum and establish a nutritional risk prediction model for these patients. METHODS:A total of 277 patients with ulcerative colitis complicated with pyoderma gangrenosum treated from 2019 to 2024 were divided into malnutrition group (n=185) and normal nutrition group (n=92) according to whether malnutrition occurred. The data of 25 potential related factors pertaining to general demography, living and eating habits, and disease-related data were compared between the two groups. Lasso regression was used to screen the risk factors, and a nomogram model was established based on the screened factors and its prediction performance was assessed. RESULTS:The patients in the malnutrition group and normal nutrition group showed significant differences in 21 factors including gender, age, education level, BMI, place of residence, course of disease, and SAS language score (P<0.05). Lasso regression analysis identified 6 factors associated with malnutrition in these patients, namely the duration of ulcerative colitis, activity of ulcerative colitis, duration of pyoderma gangrenosum, number of chronic diseases, SAS score, and sleep quality. The nomogram prediction model established based on these 6 factors had an AUC of 0.992 (95% CI: 0.984-1.000) for predicting malnutrition in these patients, and its application in 14 clinical cases achieved an accuracy rate of 100%. CONCLUSIONS:The duration of ulcerative colitis, activity of colitis, duration of pyoderma gangrenosum, number of chronic diseases, anxiety, and sleep quality are closely related with malnutrition in patients with ulcerative colitis complicated by pyoderma gangrenosum, and the nomogram prediction model based on these factors can provide assistance for predicting malnutrition in these patients.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are prevalent skin infectious diseases. While there are no specific anti-HPV drugs available, understanding the viral mechanisms could lead to novel therapeutic strategies. Verruca vulgaris, a common HPV infection, is frequently encountered in dermatological clinics. The HPV E2 protein, an early viral protein, has been implicated in high-risk HPV infections by interacting with fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) to inhibit viral DNA replication. However, the role of HPV E2 and FGFR3 in low-risk HPV infections remains elusive. Our study takes HPV2, a common subtype of verruca vulgaris, to explore the proliferation and immune regulatory effects of HPV2 E2 on keratinocytes. By overexpressing FGFR3 in HPV2 E2 stable expressing keratinocytes, we assessed changes in interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) level and cell proliferation. Our findings revealed that HPV2 E2 induced phosphorylation of FGFR3 could activate JAK1-STAT1 pathway, thereby enhancing antiviral immunity through the upregulation of ISGs. Furthermore, we observed co-localization and interaction between FGFR3 and HPV2 E2 in keratinocytes. In conclusion, our study underscores the crucial role of FGFR3 in innate antiviral immunity against HPV2 infection in keratinocytes. These findings may provide a potential therapeutic target for HPV infections.

Psoriasis is a chronic, systemic, autoimmune disease with a high rate of progression and relapse, making treatment a challenge and requiring new therapeutic options. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a promising therapeutic modality for hematological malignancies. Several clinical cases have found that psoriasis in patients with hematological tumor was effectively controlled after HSCT and did not have experienced recurrence during follow-up. HSCT shows considerable promise in the treatment of psoriasis and prevention of its recurrence because of its potential immunomodulatory activity. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of HSCT in patients with psoriasis through a systematic literature review (SLR). We systematically searched the PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science (WOS), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang databases to identify studies published before May 31, 2023. All types of clinical studies were considered: patients ≥ 12 years old with hematologic malignancies and psoriasis undergoing HSCT therapy. We included studies if they reported on the outcomes of interest. Exclusion criteria: animal models, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) transplants, narrative reviews, letters to the editor. MeSH and “Key word” terms were used. The level of evidence and the quality rating were rated Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) lists. We initially identified 90 articles, of which 20 were finally included (1 case series and 19 case reports). These twenty articles included 41 patients (33 male and 8 female, age range 12–67 years). The level of evidence was mostly 4 (JBI); the quality of evidence was met (≥ 50