To address issues such as ground pressure manifestation, rock beam fracture, and overburden displacement caused by multi-level sublevel filling mining of gently inclined medium-thick ore bodies, this study adopts the Fankou Lead-Zinc Mine as the engineering background. Through a combination of numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, it systematically reveals the movement behavior and the mechanism of surface subsidence of the overburden under the disturbance of multi-level sublevel filling mining. Mechanical models of the stress “pressure relief arch” and “bearing arch” are established, along with a mechanical model of the filling body and roof under combined disturbance effects. The results indicate that multi-level sublevel filling mining induces nonlinear superposition effects in the stress unloading-loading cycles. The disturbance of adjacent stopes induces an alternating development pattern of “pressure relief arch” and “bearing arch”. The activation of potential slip surfaces under combined disturbance is a key controlling factor contributing to asymmetric surface settlement. The disturbance zone can be divided into three types: a direct disturbance zone influencing the settlement magnitude of the overburden; a compound disturbance zone that alters the transmission pattern of mining-induced stress and the height of the stress arch; and a potential slip zone prone to shear and tensile failure. The stope layout pattern significantly influences the transmission pattern of mining-induced stress and the disturbance range. Under the intermittent mining mode, the overburden experiences uneven deformation within a height range of less than 150 m, whereas under the continuous filling-mining mode, uneven deformation extends to a height of up to 220 m.

Groundwater seepage has a significant impact on the stability of the slope of the waste dumping site. In order to explore the instability characteristics of the waste dumping site of Zijinshan Gold and Copper Mine under the action of groundwater seepage, this paper uses physical and mechanical property testing, theoretical analysis of groundwater seepage field, and numerical simulation methods to explore and analyze. The results show that: (1) the internal structure of the rock and soil foundation soil of Zijinshan Gold and Copper Mine waste dumping site softens under seepage, the permeability increases, the pore water pressure increases, the friction between particles decreases, the mechanical strength decays significantly, and the strain softening characteristics are obvious. (2) Under the condition of no seepage, the maximum sliding amount of the slope of the waste dump is 7.82 m, and under seepage, the maximum sliding amount is 10.23 m. The development of cracks on the slope of the waste dump is mainly concentrated within 15 m of the slope surface, and they develop and penetrate upwards at an angle of about 45° at the bottom of the slope, forming a relatively complete sliding surface. The sliding surface is approximately “C” shaped, and the instability radiation range and degree are more obvious. Under seepage, the total number of cracks inside the slope increased by 68.29% compared to without seepage. (3) The seepage effect destroys the structural stability of the slope of the waste dump, and the peak of seepage pressure appears at the bottom corner of the slope. When the internal structural planes of the slope weaken and cannot resist the shear stress generated by external forces, the slope of the waste dump experiences sliding instability. (4) The minimum safety factor of the slope of the waste dump in the research area under groundwater seepage conditions is 1.031∼1.104, and the slope of the waste dump is prone to slip. The proposed “anchor net + grouting” anti-seepage and anti-skid scheme has a good control effect on the stability of the waste dump slope under seepage.

On February 22, 2023, at 13:12, a major landslide occurred at the Xinjing open-pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia, resulting in 53 fatalities, 6 injuries, and a direct economic loss of approximately 200 million RMB. This incident highlights the high risk of instability posed to gently dipping anti-dip rock layers by excavation activities under complex geological conditions. Herein, a three-dimensional slope analysis method integrating high-resolution terrain modeling, automated structural plane identification, and InSAR monitoring is proposed. Initially, high-resolution aerial imagery was used to generate a surface model with millimeter-level precision. An automated structural plane recognition system was then employed to identify 1327 structural joints and major faults, pinpointing potential hazard zones and confirming that wedge failure is the primary instability mode of this slope. Subsequently, InSAR data were used to capture surface deformation acceleration leading up to the landslide event. A three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation was conducted to assess slope deformation characteristics and stability variations at different excavation depths. At excavation depths exceeding 90 m, slope deformation considerably intensifies, and fault activation causes a rapid decline in the safety factor, greatly increasing the risk of instability. To ensure long-term slope stability, a mitigation strategy combining slope cutting and wide platform installation is proposed. This study demonstrates the benefits of high-precision 3D analysis in slope stability assessment, providing critical technical support for slope design and protection under complex geological conditions.

In recent years, the ground based deformation monitoring radar (GB-SAR), as an emerging remote sensing deformation monitoring technology equipment, has become a research hotspot in the field of open pit mine slope safety and landslide geohazard prevention and control. In this paper, for the fuzzy problem of spatial localization of pixel units in the superimposed mask area of radar image, the Bayesian statistical framework is introduced into the spatial geographic coding of foundation deformation monitoring radar for the first time, and the maximum a posteriori probability function model is established on the basis of the incidence angle of the target of the slope feature and the elevation angle of the antenna's vertical direction map, so as to realize the three-dimensional visualization of landslide deformation hazardous areas, and to give full play to the technological support of the early warning of landslide disaster by foundation deformation monitoring radar.

Accurate landslide time prediction holds critical significance for ensuring safety and efficient production in open-pit mining operations. While the inverse velocity method serves as a prevalent data-driven forecasting approach, conventional single-point monitoring implementations frequently yield substantial deviations. This study proposes a multi-point collaborative inverse velocity landslide time prediction methodology using nonlinear least squares, which is based on slope radar multi-point group displacement monitoring data. Systematic stability evaluations were conducted for both single-point predictions and multi-point ensemble forecasts. Experimental results demonstrate that single-point-based predictions generally confine errors within 5 h, including the case of traditional smoothing treatments of velocity curves. The developed multi-point collaborative methodology achieves prediction errors below 1 h, with temporal forecast position variations and spatial point quantity adjustments inducing marginal error fluctuations under 2 h based on strict data exclusion. Enhanced data volume implementation significantly improves prediction accuracy and stability. These findings will provide substantive technical references and methodological guidance for advancing landslide temporal prediction research in open-pit mining engineering.

为更加准确地描述岩石初始蠕变阶段的非线性特征,采用非线性黏性元件替代汤姆逊体(Poyting-Thomson)中的线性黏性元件,建立非定常参数的汤姆逊体.将改进后的汤姆逊体与黏性元件及考虑损伤变量的黏塑性体串联,建立 1 种新的岩石非线性黏弹塑性流变模型,并推导出该模型的一维及三维蠕变本构方程.研究结果表明:该模型能充分反映岩石蠕变阶段的损伤破裂过程.结合 Levenberg-Marquardt算法对蠕变曲线进行分析和模型参数识别,新的岩石非线性黏弹塑性流变模型与蠕变试验数据拟合结果相关系数在 0.96 以上,表明该模型能够准确地描述岩石在低应力下减速蠕变阶段、等速蠕变阶段,能够更准确描述岩石在高应力下的加速蠕变特征.研究结果可为岩体工程的长期稳定性研究提供理论依据.

根据东欢坨矿2085孤岛综采工作面的实际情况,确定了具体的观测方案,对巷道围岩变形进行了详细的观测和分析,掌握了巷道表面变形规律,并且从沿工作面走向和沿工作面倾向2个方面研究了巷道深部变形规律,为巷道围岩变形治理提供了可靠依据,有效保证了人员安全和正常生产.

将采用地面三维激光扫描(terrestrial laser scanning,TLS)、地基合成孔径雷达干涉测量(ground-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar,GB-InSAR)和无人机航空摄影测量(unmanned aerial vehicle photogra-phy,UAV)的综合遥感方案应用于崩塌体应急监测.引入迭代最近点法(iterative closest point,ICP),首先实现TLS点云和UAV影像离散点云配准;然后,利用几何映射方法实现GB-InSAR二维形变图与TLS点云三维匹配;针对崩塌体应急缺少人工目标辅助校正几何映射偏差的问题,综合目视解译以及峰值相关性分析提取各数据间的同名特征点,根据同名特征点计算空间坐标变换参数,建立变换方程来完成误匹配纠正.利用所提的匹配方法处理模拟数据及某滑坡崩塌残余体实际监测数据,结果表明实测匹配精度达像素级,满足应急监测需求.

To enhance the scientific nature and the reliability of physical modeling of tailings dams, the present developments and main achievements are discussed from four perspectives: dam break, downstream evolution, stability evaluation and protection tests. The experiment materials, methods of measurement and instruments used are summarized. The problems and shortcomings of physical model tests are investigated in terms of the difference between a physical model and a prototype, nature of the experiment, methods of measurement, etc. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and 3D printing to improve safety of tailings dams are discussed. The scope of the review embraces environmental impact of tailings dams in case of accidents.

为避免露天矿地质灾害对矿山及周边城市安全带来严重影响,提升灾害发生后的应急响应速度,以抚顺西露天矿为背景,提出西露天矿地质灾害应急救援智能调度系统的设计思路,按照"统分结合、集中管理"的模式,构建救援力量装备库、地理数据库、地质灾害链数据库,设计御灾保障体系模块及应急救援调度模块,研发地质灾害应急救援智能调度系统.研究结果表明:构建高效率的地质灾害应急救援智能调度系统具有重要的意义,可为我国露天矿山安全及防灾减灾体系建设提供实用工具.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology has been widely used in landslide deformation monitoring in the past decade. It has the advantages of high monitoring accuracy, a wide range, and flexibility allowing all-weather continuous monitoring. The self-developed S-SAR synthetic aperture radar (slope radar) is the first completely domestic-made radar used in slope deformation monitoring equipment in China, and its performance and technical parameters are equal to or better than similar products made abroad. The characteristics of deformation data collected by S-SAR slope radar deployed in the front open pit mine are analyzed to further develop a spatio-temporal landslide prediction method which is applicable to the massive monitoring data within the monitoring range of slope radar. The intersection points of short-term moving average velocity curve and long-term moving average velocity curve of slope deformation, which are onset of acceleration (OOA) and termination of acceleration (TOA). When OOA occurs, the deformation will accelerate, and when TOA occurs, the deformation will tend to stabilize. The OOA can identify areas at risk in the monitored area before failure, so that the spatial position prediction of landslide early warning can be realized. Based on the assumptions of the inverse velocity method, a T -log ( t ) logarithmic model is established, and the updated monitoring data are corrected to approximate the time of failure, thus improving the accuracy of landslide location and time prediction. In an open-pit copper mine in Serbia, the accurate prediction of landslide location and time has been successfully applied, guaranteeing safe mining.

对矿山或自然土质和岩质边坡而言,大多数滑坡预报都是基于边坡变形三阶段蠕变理论,并根据临滑前加速变形阶段即开始加速点(onset of acceleration,OOA)之后的位移进行滑坡时间预测研究.在分析S-SAR型边坡雷达连续监测的位移后,发现以OOA作为速度倒数法(inverse velocity method,INV)分析的开始点(starting point,SP),所预测的滑坡时间具有一定滞后性.基于变形速度随机变量在斜坡处于匀速变形阶段时服从正态分布特征,提出一种应用正态分布置信区间来动态识别SP位置的方法.通过将S-t坐标系统一量纲后转换成T-t坐标系,建立一种T-lgt的滑坡时间预测模型,此模型应用SP位置后的位移数据可以效提高滑坡预测时间准确性.

Strip mining in mines is one of the main mining methods to control surface subsidence and protect the ecological environment. In recent years, strip mining has induced frequent rock burst accidents due to the increase in mining intensity and mining depth. Based on two typical deep strip mining accidents, the characteristics of the changes in spatial structure of the overlying strata caused by strip mining are studied, and the influencing factors of the occurrence of strip mining rock burst are analyzed. A support pressure calculation model is proposed, and estimated and verified in a mine after an analysis of the change law of the overlying strata structure in strip mining and research on the distribution and evolution law of support pressure. Based the above research, a risk evaluation model of the strip mining face is proposed based on the possibility index method, the 4203 working face of a mine is evaluated. Compared with the numerical simulation results, this method is well consistent with the theoretical calculation model. It can be seen that this method has strong practicability and is of great significance for studying the rock burst characteristics of coal seams in strip mining and evaluating the risk of rock burst of coal seams.

Coal seam hydraulic fracturing (CSHF) has recently been applied to mitigate frequent regional rockburst risk in deep mines before mining practice, as an effective substitute for conventional labor-intensive and time-consuming rockburst prevention measures. Due to the complex nature of CSHF microseismic signals—e.g., nonstationary, transient, and low signal-to-noise ratio—conventional denoising methods tend to yield undesirable results that may preclude reliable evaluation of hydraulic fracturing performance using microseismic data. We propose an advanced denoising method MWPT-IHHT to achieve twice denoising in a fine and adaptive manner. This method combines a multithreshold wavelet packet transform (MWPT) and an improved Hilbert-Huang transform (IHHT), with each being improved compared to their conventional counterparts. A quantitative comparison using synthetic signals suggests the outperformance of the proposed method over the commonly used denoising methods in suppressing noises in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, signal similarity, and energy percentage. The desirable denoising results of two typical real CSHF signals in a CSHF test at Huafeng Coal Mine further demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed MWPT-IHHT method.

Traditional two-dimensional radar images can only reflect the target azimuth and slant range and thus suffer problems of geometric deformation and overlapping. The unique three-dimensional (3D) imaging capability of ground-based real-aperture radar can more accurately and directly achieve correlation between the radar image and the slope monitoring scenarios, thus providing reliable information for the early warning and forecasting of landslides and collapse disasters. The latest method of selecting a slope target from a high-resolution range profile includes two indexes: maximum amplitude and coherence, which will affect the accuracy of displacement measurement when there is an interference target. We present a three-dimensional slope imaging method based on smoothness constraints. On the basis of the latest method, the objective fact of the practically smooth and continuous distribution of slope surfaces is considered. This method can be used for image interpretation on strongly scattered targets within the slope. The independently developed ground-based real-aperture slope radar system was deployed in the Heidaigou Open-Pit Coal Mine in Inner Mongolia to carry out 3D slope imaging experiments. The effectiveness of this method in slope monitoring and imaging was confirmed by comparing the surface roughness and the spatial positions of the targets with the high-density point cloud data in the projective plane obtained during the same time period. We used RMSE function and roughness as two measures. It shows that the method presented in this paper is more suitable for actual three-dimensional slope imaging.

Conventional deformation monitoring means are limited by data accuracy, monitoring range, applicable environment and other factors, which seriously restrict the early warning and forecasting of landslide and collapse disasters.The microwave remote sensing method based on differential interference technology is an advanced technology for high precision monitoring of small displacements on non-contact surfaces nowadays.The self-researched ground-based real aperture radar system was applied in the research.This paper, based on the analysis of the signal model, summarized the process of target echo data processing with strong scattering characteristics and proposed a method applicable to verify the deformation monitoring accuracy of this type of radar system.Point target stationary and displacement experiments based on triangular plate angle reflector were carried out accordingly.Through the radar echo amplitude analysis and point cloud data fitting, the pre-defined target space position was discriminated and the target displacement standard value was determined, which proved the effectiveness of the method and the 0.1mm monitoring accuracy of the system.A slope monitoring experiment was carried out in Heidaigou open-pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia which combined with some point target deformation data illustrated the good practicality of the system.

Abstract With increasing coal mining depths in China, the number of mines experiencing rock burst is increasing. The conditions in which a mine can reach the critical impact-mining depth remain theoretically unknown, which hampers the determination of the depth at which rock burst prevention can begin in coal mines. Based on different mining boundary conditions of rock bursts occurring in coal mines, this study proposes the concepts and calculation methods of three critical depths of rock bursts in coal mining. The strength criterion for rock mass impact of medium–hard and hard coal is used to evaluate the failure strength and stress state of the coal rock mass under dynamic loading conditions. Then, the value of the dynamic stress coefficient of the coal rock mass is determined. The research team applied this method to numerous mines in China to test rock bursts under different types of working face conditions with a coincidence rate of 100%. Results verify the rationality of the calculation formula of the critical impact depth and the value of the dynamic stress coefficient. The findings of this research can provide a basis for evaluating rock bursts.

Landslides are the most critical types of geological disasters in China, seriously threatening the safety of life and property of the inhabitants in the surrounding areas. Most landslides in China are large and giant rock landslide slope failures of large and giant rocks. Brittle failure of multiple locking sections usually accompanies rock slope failure. The locked section is significant for the early identification of rock slopes, slope deformation control, and slope failure prevention. This study uses the ground-based synthetic aperture radar technology to obtain the surface deformation data of the entire process of slope failure. By analyzing the development law of slope surface deformation before landslide failure, the dynamic process and evolution model of the time–space evolution of slope deformation and failure are proposed. The finding of the research shows that the deformation time-series curve of slope failure with multiple locking sections completely differs from the typical three-stage theory of slope failure deformation with creep characteristics. The failure process of each locking segment before the failure of the critical locking segment is accompanied by the transverse expansion of the shear failure of the sliding surface and the pulling failure of the trailing edge. After the failure of the last key-locking section, the final landslide failure will be formed. The entire process is a process of energy accumulation and downward movement, manifested by the stage displacement of the sliding mass, the mixed deformation characteristics of oscillation, and rising trend of the monitoring curve. Based on the characteristics of the entire surface deformation data in the landslide failure process, the research results prove the typical failure mode of rock slope with three sliding-tension cracking-shearing sections. The research results are critical in identifying the failure mode, analyzing slope stability, predicting landslide failure, and judging the scale of the landslide.

Objectives Landslide early warning and prediction is the key and difficult problem in landslide dynamic disaster research. The timeliness and accuracy of early warning are two key indicators to evaluate the effect of landslide early warning and prediction. Methods Remote sensing monitoring is an important technology for landslide disaster prevention and control. Ground-based SAR(synthetic aperture radar)provides an advanced technology for remote sensing monitoring of landslides in short distance, and provides a wealth of data sources for accurate positioning of landslides, delineating the scale of landslides, analysing and judging the risk of landslides and predicting the time of landslides. Based on the classic three-stage theory of slope deformation evolution, we adopt the monitoring data of ground-based SAR, which has the characteristics of near real-time, coverage monitoring area and surface deformation information. Combined with the characteristics of the short period, high density and surface coverage of slope monitoring data, a dual index landslide early warning method based on deformation speed and deformation area is proposed. According to the negative correlation between deformation velocity time series curve and slope stability, we put forward the processing methods of velocity inversion, de-limit and unequal period smooth processing, and establish the landslide prediction model with fast convergence of stability. Results The landslide early warning method with double indexes of deformation velocity and deformation area can effectively improve the accuracy rate of landslide warning, and then the accuracy of landslide prediction can be effectively improved by taking the reciprocal of velocity, removing the limit value and unequal period smoothing treatment. Different periods of data processing methods have their own applicability, short processing cycle processing data curve, the prediction of landslide occurrence time is more accurate, the prediction of landslide occurrence time is late, long processing cycle is opposite. Conclusions Through the field practice and application of the open pit slope, it shows that the early warning and prediction method has strong practicality and accurate prediction results.