China and CIMMYT have collaborated on wheat improvement for over 40 years and significant progress has been achieved in five aspects in China. A standardized protocol for testing Chinese noodle quality has been established with three selection criteria, i.e., gluten quality, starch viscosity and flour color are identified as being responsible for noodle quality. Genomic approaches have been used to develop and validate gene-specific markers, leading to the establishment of a KASP platform, and seven cultivars have been released through application of molecular marker technology. Methodology for breeding adult-plant resistance to yellow rust, leaf rust and powdery mildew, based on the pleiotropic effect of minor genes has been established, resulting in release of six cultivars. More than 330 cultivars derived from CIMMYT germplasm have been released and are now grown over 9% of the Chinese wheat production area. Additionally, physiological approaches have been used to characterize yield potential and develop high-efficiency phenotyping platforms. CIMMYT has also provided valuable training for Chinese scientists. Development of climate-resilient cultivars with application of new technology will be the priority for future collaboration.

The objective of this paper is to review the progress of wheat production, breeding, and crop management in China from establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 to present. Wheat production can be divided into four periods, recovery period from 1949 to 1957, stable increase from 1958 to 1978, rapid increase from 1979 to 1999, and synchronized improvement of yield and quality from 2000 to present. A brief summary was made in breeding activities before 1949. Significant progress was achieved in varietal development, and three periods were recognized, i.e., improving disease resistance, reducing plant height and increasing yield potential, and improvement of yield, processing quality, and resource use efficiency. Utilization of dwarfing genes such as Rht1, Rht 2, Rht 8, and Rht 24, as well as 1B/1R translocation has made significant contributions to wheat improvement. Milestone varieties such as Bima 1, Taishan 4, Yangmai 158, Yumai 21, and Jinmai 22 have promoted 8-9 times varietal replacements. Progress in yield improvement in the Yellow and Huai Valley and improvement for scab resistance in the Yangtze Region are internationally recognized. Other aspects include genetic resource collection, wide cross, utilization of Ms 2 gene, quality improvement, adult plant resistance based on minor genes, and genomics. Four stages in improving crop management are observed, i.e., management of planting density in 1950s, characterization of wheat developmental stages and application in increasing yield performance in various regions in 1960s and 1970s, establishment of crop cultivation models in various regions in 1980s, and improvement of processing quality and application of information technology in 1990s. Major challenges for wheat production in China in the future include improving quality, reducing production costs, and protecting environment, while the major constrains are climate changes, increased occurrence of diseases, and needs of better varieties. Research priorities in the future include development of milestone varieties through application of new technologies, integration of crop management with plant protection, soil science, and machinery application.

<正>中麦415是中国农业科学院作物科学研究所国家小麦改良中心培育的高产、稳产小麦新品种,组合是京411/贵农11//京411。2010年12月通过国家品种审定,审定号为国审麦2010016。

During the last ten years,Chinese wheat breeding has mainly made progresses in three aspects,i.e.,(1) two sets of cultivars with high yielding potential,improved quality,and multi-resistance to various diseases were developed and extended;(2) three elite parents,viz.Zhou 8425B,Lumai 14,and 6VS/6AL translocation line played a leading role in cultivar development;and(3) a significant progress has been achieved in breeding methodology and applied research.Main constrains on wheat breeding were also summarized.The development and utilization of molecular markers such as SSR marker and functional maker,was reviewed from breeding point of view,and the priority areas for the next five to ten years were proposed.It summarized the progress of wheat quality study which is closely associated with cultivar development,including laboratory evaluation methods and selection criteria for pan bread,cookie,Chinese noodles and steamed bread.China's strategies for wheat breeding were analyzed in four areas:(1) a draft points on improving Chinese wheat yield potential;(2) utilization of durable resistance for cultivar development;(3) more efforts on water use efficiency,tolerance to high temperature and traits associated with broad adaptation due to the serious impact of climate change;and(4) increased investment in breeding and seed marketing from private sector.

Stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici,and powdery mildew,caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici,are the devastating diseases in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide.Use of adult-plant resistance(APR) genes is an important method for the development of durable resistant cultivars.A total of 72 quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for APR to stripe rust and 82 QTLs for APR to powdery mildew were integrated into a linkage map based on the information of DNA markers linked to individual QTL.Eight gene clusters(≥5 QTLs) conferred resistance to both stripe rust and powdery powdery,among them,Yr18/Lr34/Pm38,Yr29/Lr46/Pm39,and Yr46/Lr67 showed resistance to stripe rust,leaf rust and powdery mildew.Yr18/Lr34/Pm38 and Yr36 have been cloned.Xiannong 4 and Xiaoyan 6 were very important resistant germplasm for APR to stripe rust and powdery midew.The application of APR to wheat breeding in China was summarized.The use of APR genes will be a major method for improving stripe rust and powdery mildew resistance in wheat breeding.The strategies for APR on wheat breeding were also discussed.

Improvement for yield potential is a top priority for wheat breeding programs in China.Significant progress has been made in developing high yield varieties using Jing 411 as a core parent.Three varieties including Zhongmai175 were released and the sowing area is increasing rapidly.This paper summarized the experience of our wheat breeding program in the last 20 years,and it was concluded that improvement of spike kernel weight through increased kernel number or kernel weight or both is an important approach for improving yield potential.

Quality improvement has become an important objective for wheat breeding,and the aim of this paper is to review the progress of quality evaluation and improvement methods of Chinese wheat during the last ten years.(1) A standardized quality evaluation system including end-use quality testing and use of molecular markers has been established,a laboratory protocol and evaluation method was developed for Chinese noodles,selection criterion and molecular markers were identified.Laboratory testing protocols for pan bread,north style steamed bread,an dcookie have also been optimized.(2) An acidic capillary electrophoresis method for separation of high molecular weight glutenin subunits(HMW-GS) and MALDI-TOF-MS for separation of high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits(HMW-GS and LMW-GS) were established.A water soluble protein,named WS-6,was found to be directly linked with gluten quality,and SDS-PAGE method was used to investigate the composition of HMW-GS and LMW-GS of Chinese wheat,and association between glutenin subunits and quality performance of pan bread and Chinese noodle quality were clarified.Y-type gene specific markers for discrimination of HMW-GS at Glu-B1 locus were established and the association between LMW-GS genes and alleles at Glu-D3 locus were identified.(3) Grain hardness distribution and occurrence of puroindoline alleles in Chinese wheat were characterized,and five new mutations were discovered.(4) A regional wheat quality proposal was developed and released by the Ministry of Agriculture.Three groups of parents were recommended to provincial wheat breeding programs.Future directions for quality improvement in China are also proposed.

根据生态因子对品质表现的影响,土壤质地、肥力水平及栽培措施对品质的影响,品种品质的遗传特性及其与生态环境的协调性,以及我国小麦的消费状况、商品率和可操作性的原则,将我国小麦产区分为3大品质区域,即北方强筋、中筋白粒冬麦区,南方中筋、弱筋红粒冬麦区和中筋、强筋红粒春麦区.还提出了推进优质专用小麦产业带建设的意见.

本文简要介绍了全国小麦生产情况，系统总结了“九五”期间超高产、优质、抗病抗逆等育种材料创造与方法研究及新品种选育方面的进展，并阐述了今后应重点加强的研究领域。

本研究选用矮变1号、冬协2号为主要矮源,通过株高的常规遗传分析、单体分析和赤霉酸(GA_3)鉴定,分析了矮源品种矮秆基因的遗传特点。结果表明:矮变1号受一对不完全显性矮杆基因控制,其株高和胚乳皆对 GA_3不敏感。蚰包的衍生系冬协2号、CA8333和农林10号的衍生系 G-230携带有相同的一对隐性矮秆基因 Rht2,且位于4D 染色体上,