Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus, a major cause of invasive aspergillosis, threatens public health. Known drivers include cyp51A/B mutations (e.g., TR34/L98H and TR46/Y121F/T289A), yet existing studies have largely focused on clinical isolates and known genetic determinants, leaving gaps in understanding broader genomic contributions. This study aimed to develop a machine learning–based framework to overcome limitations of traditional GWAS and identify novel resistance loci beyond cyp51A. A global collection of 590 A. fumigatus strains was analyzed, including whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from 15 countries and resistance phenotypes using CLSI/EUCAST guidelines. Phylogenetic analysis revealed four clades without geographic clustering. Clade III harbored the highest proportion of resistant strains (ITR: 51.89%, POS: 50.48%, VOR: 38.68%), predominantly linked to cyp51A tandem repeats. In contrast, Clade IV strains frequently carried point mutations but showed lower resistance rates. GWAS was performed using PLINK and GAPIT frameworks, and 7,098 high confidence SNPs were selected for ML modeling. Ten classifiers were evaluated using repeated random 80:20 train-test splits, with five-fold cross-validation used for RFECV-based feature selection and model tuning where applicable. RF and XGBoost achieved superior performance, with mean AUCs > 95% and accuracy > 88% across all azoles. Penalized logistic regression outperformed SVM and AdaBoost. Decision trees exhibited the lowest accuracy. The SNP SCM000172.1_1781459 was identified as a key predictor for all three azoles. Cross-resistance analysis revealed significant overlap between ITR and POS resistance loci, whereas VOR-associated loci were distinct, suggesting divergent mechanisms. The findings provide actionable insights for resistance surveillance, antifungal development, and tailored treatment strategies.

Tulips are globally renowned for their ornamental value. Colors of tulips are critical attributes, with the rare black tulip tepal pigmentation being particularly linked to the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. Transcriptomic analysis and functional assays revealed that TgbHLH1 directly bound to the TgANS promoter, identifying it as a key positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in ‘Queen of Night’. We further identified two complexes (TgbHLH1-TgMYB1 and TgbHLH1-TgMYB2) associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis. The interaction between TgbHLH1 and TgMYB1 resulted in an observable accumulation of anthocyanins after the budding stage. During these stages, the TgMYB1-TgbHLH1 complex enhanced the transcriptional capacity of TgbHLH1 to upregulate the anthocyanin biosynthesis. During the green bud stage, the negative regulator TgMYB2 repressed the transcriptional capacity of TgbHLH1 by interacting with TgbHLH1. Taken together, our results demonstrated TgbHLH1 formed two complexes with TgMYB1 and TgMYB2 to balance anthocyanin biosynthesis during floral development. The regulatory network provides a new mechanistic explanation for black tulip tepal pigmentation, and prepares for genetic breeding of tulips with more valuable cultivars.

Specialized structures in medicinal plants underpin the spatial regulation of secondary metabolism, determining the biosynthesis, accumulation, and storage of pharmacologically active compounds. Specialized structures, such as glandular trichomes, roots, rhizomes, laticifer, heartwood, and so on, have evolved distinct developmental programs and metabolic regulatory networks, enabling efficient synthesis, storage, and secretion of bioactive compounds. Understanding how these tissues originate, differentiate, and coordinate metabolism is essential not only for elucidating the molecular basis of plant chemical diversity but also for decoding the biosynthetic pathways of active ingredients and improving their yields through metabolic engineering. This study summarizes recent advances in elucidating the developmental and regulatory mechanisms underlying the formation and function of specialized structures in medicinal plants, including genetic, hormonal, and environmental controls. Moreover, it also highlights the technologies that have advanced the exploration of tissue-specific metabolism, development, and differentiation mechanisms. Together, this review summarizes recent progress in elucidating the types of specialized structures responsible for active compound biosynthesis and the underlying developmental mechanisms in medicinal plants, offering new perspectives for precision breeding and metabolic engineering of medicinal plants.

IntroductionAspergillus fumigatus is a major airborne fungal pathogen that causes invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals. This study aims to elucidate the autophagic mechanisms activated following the internalization of A. fumigatus conidia in human bronchial epithelial cells.MethodsSpecifically, we investigated the role of ULK1 and the autophagic processes in Beas2B cells upon A. fumigatus conidia internalization. The Beas2B cell line was used to assess the protein expression of ULK1, phosphorylated ULK1, and LC3-I/II via Western blotting. Autophagosome structures were examined using transmission electron microscopy. Gene silencing of ULK1 using siRNA and pharmacological inhibition with SBI-0206965 were performed. Secreted inflammatory cytokines were quantified using specific immunoassays.ResultsA. fumigatus conidia induced a time- and dose-dependent conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, indicating autophagic activation resembling LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). ULK1 expression significantly increased post-infection, whereas genetic silencing of ULK1 reduced LC3-II conversion. Notably, common fungal polysaccharides and Dectin-1 did not influence this process, but the loss of complement receptor 3 (CR3) elevated both basal and conidia-induced autophagy, correlating with increased AMPK expression.DiscussionThis study reveals a novel ULK1-dependent autophagic response similar to LAP during A. fumigatus internalization, highlighting potential therapeutic targets for managing invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients.

Artemisinin, an antimalarial sesquiterpene lactone, is biosynthesized in glandular trichomes of Artemisia annua. Although numerous transcription factors have been demonstrated to regulate artemisinin biosynthesis, the molecular mechanisms underlying the high expression of artemisinin-associated biosynthetic enzyme and transcription factor genes in young leaves and their marked decline during leaf maturation remain elusive. Here, we identify a trichome-enriched bHLH transcription factor, AabHLH93, through yeast two-hybrid screening using AaWRKY9 as bait. Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrate that AabHLH93 directly binds to the AaCYP71AV1 promoter. Furthermore, overexpressing AabHLH93 elevates artemisinin levels, while its RNAi suppresses artemisinin biosynthesis. In young leaves, elevated JA represses AaMYB7 expression and triggers 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of AaJAZ9. AabHLH93 physically interacts with AaWRKY9 through its C-terminal domain to form the AaWRKY9-AabHLH93 complex, enhancing the activation of artemisinin biosynthetic genes. Conversely, age-dependent accumulation of the R2R3-MYB repressor AaMYB7 in mature trichomes disrupts this synergy. In mature leaves, age-dependent JA depletion permits AaMYB7 upregulation and AaJAZ9 accumulation. AaMYB7 directly binds to AabHLH93's C-terminal domain, displacing AaWRKY9 and hindering the formation of the AaWRKY9-AabHLH93 activation complex. These findings elucidate how antagonistic AabHLH93-AaWRKY9 and AabHLH93-AaMYB7 modules, coupled with JA and developmental cues, dynamically control artemisinin biosynthesis.

Polyethylene (PE), one of the most widely used petroleum-derived polymers, has led to persistent environmental accumulation of plastic waste, posing a pressing global challenge. Biodegradation offers a promising solution to mitigate PE pollution, yet efficient microbial degraders remain scarce. In this study, we report the isolation of two novel bacterial strains, Gordonia sp. C1 and Bacillus sp. C2, from landfill-derived plastic waste, with Gordonia sp. C1 representing the first discovery of its kind for PE degradation. Both strains demonstrated the ability to degrade low molecular weight low-density polyethylene (LDPE) powder and commercial PE mulch films. Comprehensive analyses, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water contact angle (WCA), 13C NMR, thermogravimetric analysis, and high-temperature gel permeation chromatography (HT-GPC), revealed significant deterioration of PE films, characterized by surface cracks, increased hydrophilicity, reduced weight-average molecular weight, and decreased thermal stability. The carbonyl indices of LDPE powder degraded by C1 and C2 for 60 days reached 0.36 and 0.26, respectively, with similar degradation observed in PE films. The appearance of quaternary carbon and increased CO groups in treated PE indicated microbial oxidation and oxidative cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds. These findings highlight the potential of Gordonia sp. C1 and Bacillus sp. C2 as efficient PE degraders, offering a sustainable approach for bio-recycling and managing PE plastic waste.

Petal pigmentation in carnations is closely associated with the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. This biosynthetic process is tightly regulated by transcription factors, which activate or repress key genes involved in anthocyanin production. Here, we aim to explore the mechanisms involved in the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in carnation petals. We identified DcWRKY15 as a critical regulator influencing anthocyanin production in these petals. DcWRKY15 expression showed a strong correlation with the expression levels of genes associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis, peaking during early petal development stages. The findings from the dual-LUC, VIGS, Y1H and EMSA assays demonstrated that DcWRKY15 played a positive regulatory role in anthocyanin biosynthesis. DcWRKY15 achieved this by binding directly to the promoters of DcCHS and DcF3H, thereby enhancing their expression. Additionally, DcWRKY15 interacts with the repressor DcMYB2, which reduces its capacity to enhance anthocyanin biosynthesis, particularly during the later stages of petal development. These findings offer new insights into the molecular mechanisms responsible for petal coloration in carnations, highlighting the complex interplay between activator and repressor transcription factors.

Artemisinin-based combination therapies are the first-line treatment for malaria, but artemisinin resistance has been reported in multiple regions. Studies suggest that Artemisia annua powder reverses drug resistance, with flavonoids in the plant being the key components responsible for the synergistic effect. We conducted integrated transcriptomic-metabolomic analyses of A. annua with high and low artemisinin chemotypes, revealing a significant positive correlation between flavonoids and artemisinin at both transcriptional and metabolic levels. Multi-omics joint analysis indicated a co-regulatory relationship between artemisinin and flavonoid biosynthesis, identifying several potential transcription factors that simultaneously regulate the biosynthesis of two compounds. Dual-LUC assays confirmed that these transcription factors activated the promoters of artemisinin biosynthetic enzyme genes while upregulating flavonoid synthase genes, uncovering a synergistic regulatory mechanism in specialized metabolic pathways. Notably, we identified a glandular trichome-specific transcription factor, AaMYB8. Overexpressing and repressing AaMYB8 significantly increased and decreased artemisinin content, respectively. This study confirms the co-regulatory relationship between artemisinin and flavonoid biosynthesis in A. annua, with transcription factors serving as key regulators of both pathways. Based on these findings, metabolic engineering to cultivate A. annua lines with high levels of both artemisinin and flavonoids could help address the current challenge of artemisinin resistance in malaria treatment.

Glandular trichomes are specialized structures found on the surface of plants to produce specific compounds, including terpenes, alkaloids, and other organic substances. Artemisia annua, commonly known as sweet wormwood, synthesizes and stores the antimalarial drug artemisinin in glandular trichomes. Previous research indicated that increasing the glandular trichome density could enhance artemisinin production, and the cuticle synthesis affected the initiation and development of glandular trichomes in A. annua. In this study, AaABCG12 and AaABCG20 were isolated from A. annua that exhibited similar expression patterns to artemisinin biosynthetic genes. Of the two, AaABCG20 acted as a specific transporter in glandular trichomes. Downregulating the expression of AaABCG20 resulted in a notable reduction in the density of glandular trichome, while overexpressing AaABCG20 resulted in an increase in glandular trichome density. GC-MS analysis demonstrated that AaABCG20 was responsible for the transport of cutin and wax in A. annua. These findings indicated that AaABCG20 influenced the initiation and development of glandular trichomes through transporting cutin and wax in A. annua. This glandular trichome specific half-size ABCG-type transporter is crucial in facilitating the transportation of cutin and wax components, ultimately contributing to the successful initiation and development of glandular trichomes.

The carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is a beloved and widely embraced ornamental flower worldwide, celebrated for vibrant hues, delightful fragrance, and prolonged blooming season. Within the petals of carnation blooms, anthocyanins, natural pigments, are responsible for the diverse range of captivating colors they display. However, the intricate molecular processes orchestrating the synthesis of these anthocyanins in carnations remain unclear. This study unveils DcbHLH1 as a pivotal regulator actively participating in anthocyanin biosynthesis within carnation flowers. Y1H and dual-LUC provided evidences that DcbHLH1 exhibited direct binding to the promoters of DcCHS and DcDFR, consequently leading to the activation of their gene expressions. In the earlier stages (S2 and S3) of blooming, DcMYB1 synergistically enhances the transcriptional activation capacity of DcbHLH1 through their collaborative interaction. As the flower matures into the later stages (S4 and S5), DcMYB1 expression exhibited a rapid decline. Concurrently, the repressor gene, DcMYB2, experienced a swift upsurge in expression, ultimately inhibiting anthocyanin biosynthesis and curtailing the transcriptional activation activity of DcbHLH1 through direct interaction with DcbHLH1. Our results show a narrative of the dynamic interplay between DcbHLH1-DcMYB1 and DcbHLH1-DcMYB2, unveiling their roles in orchestrating the array of hues that adorn carnation petals over various flowering stages. These findings offer novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms influencing anthocyanin biosynthesis in ornamental plants.

Filamentous fungi present significant health hazards to immunocompromised individuals globally; however, the prompt and precise identification of them during infection remains challenging. In this study, a TaqMan probe-based multiplex real-time PCR (M-qPCR) assay was developed to detect simultaneously the target genes of four important pathogenic filamentous fungi: ANXC4 gene of Aspergillus fumigatus, EF1-α gene of Fusarium spp., mitochondrial rnl gene of Mucorales, and hcp100 gene of Histoplasma capsulatum. In this M-qPCR assay, the limit of detection (LoD) to all four kinds of fungi was 100 copies and the correlation coefficients (R2) were above 0.99. The specificity of this assay is 100%, and the minimum detection limit is 100 copies/reaction. In conclusion, an M-qPCR detection assay was well established with high specificity and sensitivity for rapid and simultaneous detection on four important filamentous fungi in the clinic. IMPORTANCE World Health Organization developed the first fungal priority pathogens list (WHO FPPL) in 2022. Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucorales, Fusarium spp., and Histoplasma spp. are the four types of pathogenic fungi with filamentous morphology in the critical priority group and high priority group of WHO FPPL. These four filamentous fungal infections have become more common and severe in immunocompromised patients with the increase in susceptible populations in recent decades, which resulted in a substantial burden on the public health system. However, prompt and precise identification of them during infection remains challenging. Our study established successfully a TaqMan probe-based multiplex real-time qPCR assay for four clinically important filamentous fungi, A. fumigatus, Fusarium spp., Mucorales, and Histoplasma capsulatum, with high sensitivity and specificity, which shows promising potential for prompt and precise diagnosis against fungal infection.

毛霉菌病是一类由毛霉目真菌感染引起的侵袭性疾病,常见于免疫功能低下患者,人群发病率每年可达到 1.2/100 万人,病死率为 40%～80%.自印度第二波新冠病毒感染疫情大流行起,世界范围内新冠相关毛霉菌病的发病率明显增加.人类主要通过吸入空气中的毛霉孢子而感染,偶尔通过摄入受污染的食物或创伤性创面接触而感染.增加毛霉菌病发病风险的重要因素包括血液系统恶性肿瘤、糖尿病、造血干细胞移植或实体器官移植受者等.临床类型主要分为鼻脑型、肺型、皮肤型、胃肠型和播散型.毛霉菌病诊断方法有影像学检查、组织病理学、真菌培养、聚合酶链式反应等.预防毛霉菌感染的主要措施包括治疗和管理、医院环境监测、个人安全维护方面,应定期监测血糖水平、避免可能造成外伤的活动、避免经空气和经皮肤传播毛霉孢子、保持个人卫生等.早期诊断、纠正潜在的诱发因素、感染组织的手术清创和适当的抗真菌治疗对于管理毛霉菌病至关重要.通过控制糖尿病、减少免疫抑制剂用量、纠正酸中毒、恢复中性粒细胞、早期手术干预以及两性霉素 B给药等措施,患者可能会有更好的预后.

Objective: Aspergillus fumigatus infection in the lungs is accompanied by the recruitment of innate immune cells, phagocytosis, and the release of inflammatory factors. Phospholipase D (PLD) is a key regulator of cell migration and phagocytosis, but the effect of PLD deficiency on antifungal infection in animals is unknown. This study aims to investigate the impact of PLD on the host immune response to A. fumigatus infection under either immunocompetent or immunosuppressed status. Methods: The invasive pulmonary aspergillosis mouse model was created using a modified protocol with immunosuppression by steroids. For collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from mice, the lungs were washed eight times with 0.5 ml of PBS. Total cell counts in BALF were determined using a Coulter Counter. The content of alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes in BALF was examined by flow cytometry and analyzed by FlowJo V10 software. Multiplex immunoassays were used to determine the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in BALF. Results: In immunocompetent mice, alveolar macrophages were the major cell population in BALF after A. fumigatus infection, and a number of neutrophils and monocytes were recruited in the alveoli. Loss of both pld1 and pld2 genes did not affect the content of alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, or monocytes in BALF. Under immunosuppression induced by hydrocortisone acetate, pld1-/-pld2-/- mice showed higher mortality after A. fumigatus infection and had a higher fungal burden and much lower number of prominent focal areas of dense inflammatory infiltrates in lung tissue than wild type mice. Moreover, interleukin (IL)-12p40 significantly decreased, and IL-10 markedly increased, in BALF from pld1 -/- pld2 -/- mice after infection. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that, during A. fumigatus infection, deficiency in both pld1 and pld2 in mice was not conducive to the infiltration of inflammatory cells into lung tissue but promoted the release of IL-10 and blocked the release of IL-12, thereby increasing fungal burden and mortality.

Aspergillus fumigatus ( A. fumigatus ) is an important fungal pathogen and its conidia can be inhaled and interact with airway epithelial cells; however, the release of inflammatory factors from bronchial epithelial cells upon A. fumigatus infection and its regulation remained unclear. Here it was demonstrated that the release of IL-27, MCP-1 and TNF-α from BEAS-2B cells were upregulated upon stimulation by conidia, while mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway was activated. Further, the inhibition of JNK, but not p38 and ERK, could inhibit inflammatory factors release and the LC3II formation in BEAS-2B cells induced by A. fumigatus conidia. In addition, an inhibitor of autophagy, bafilomycin A1 was able to significantly down-regulate the release of inflammatory factors in BEAS-2B cells upon A. fumigatus conidia, while rapamycin could reverse the effect of JNK inhibitor on IL-27 and TNF-α release. Taken together, these data demonstrated that JNK signal might play an important role in inflammatory factor release regulated by autophagy in bronchial epithelial cells against A. fumigatus infection.

Myxobacteria are widely distributed in various habitats of soil and oceanic sediment. However, it is unclear whether soil-dwelling myxobacteria tolerate a saline environment. In this study, a salt-tolerant myxobacterium Myxococcus sp. strain MxC21 was isolated from forest soil with NaCl tolerance >2% concentration. Under 1% salt-contained condition, strain MxC21 could kill and consume bacteria prey and exhibited complex social behaviors such as S-motility, biofilm, and fruiting body formation but adopted an asocial living pattern with the presence of 1.5% NaCl. To investigate the genomic basis of stress tolerance, the complete genome of MxC21 was sequenced and analyzed. Strain MxC21 consists of a circular chromosome with a total length of 9.13 Mbp and a circular plasmid of 64.3 kb. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the genomes of strain MxC21 and M. xanthus DK1622 share high genome synteny, while no endogenous plasmid was found in DK1622. Further analysis showed that approximately 21% of its coding genes from the genome of strain MxC21 are predominantly associated with signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and protein folding involved in diverse niche adaptation such as salt tolerance, which enables social behavior such as gliding motility, sporulation, and predation. Meantime, a high number of genes are also found to be involved in defense against oxidative stress and production of antimicrobial compounds. All of these functional genes may be responsible for the potential salt-toleration. Otherwise, strain MxC21 is the second reported myxobacteria containing indigenous plasmid, while only a small proportion of genes was specific to the circular plasmid of strain MxC21, and most of them were annotated as hypothetical proteins, which may have a direct relationship with the habitat adaptation of strain MxC21 under saline environment. This study provides an inspiration of the adaptive evolution of salt-tolerant myxobacterium and facilitates a potential application in the improvement of saline soil in future.

Mucormycosis, an invasive fungal disease with severe consequences, poses a significant threat to immunocompromised individuals. However, the timely and accurate identification of Mucorales infection continues to present difficulties. In this study, novel detection techniques utilizing recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were developed, specifically targeting the mitochondrial rnl gene, in order to address this challenge. The specificity of the RPA and qPCR assay was assessed by adding genomic DNAs extracted from 14 non-targeted strains, as well as human and mouse blood. No false-positive results were observed. Additionally, genomic DNAs from 13 species in five genera of order Mucorales were tested and yielded positive results in both methods. To further evaluate the sensitivity of the assays, DNAs from Rhizopus oryzae, Mucor racemosus, Absidia glauca, Rhizomucor miehei, and Cunninghamella bertholletiae were utilized, with concentrations ranging from 1 ng/μL to 1 fg/μL. The limit of detection (LoD) for the RPA assay was determined to be 1 pg., with the exception of Rhizomucor miehei which had a LoD of 1 ng. The LoD for the qPCR assay varied between 10 fg and 1 pg., depending on the specific species being tested. Sensitivity analysis conducted on simulated clinical samples revealed that the LoD for RPA and qPCR assays were capable of detecting DNA extracted from 103 and 101 colony forming units (CFU) conidia in 200 μL of blood and serum, respectively. Consequently, the real-time RPA and qPCR assays developed in this study exhibited favorable sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of mucormycosis.

磷脂酰肌醇磷酸酶(phosphatidylinositol phosphatases,PIPases)Sac1是细胞内磷脂酰肌醇磷酸(phosphatidylinositol phosphates,PIPs)代谢途径中一类重要磷酸酶,可以使磷脂酰肌醇-4-磷酸去磷酸化,同时参与肌醇代谢、肌动蛋白细胞骨架重排、ATP转运等一系列细胞功能.该文对磷脂酰肌醇磷酸酶Sac1的结构、功能及其在哺乳动物细胞、酵母细胞和其他真核细胞中的功能研究最新发现进行了综述.

Leaf disc transformation is one of the traditional methods that are now widely used in chrysanthemum with highly economical and ornamental value in world flower production, but it depends on plant genotypes and is time consuming and complicated. In addition, the transformation success rate of this method is low, generally ranging from 0.1% to 6.25%. Therefore, a highly efficient transformation system is needed. In this study, we are the first to establish a high-efficient chrysanthemum Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system via vacuum infiltration. Chrysanthemum stem internode explants were used as research material and CmLEC1 was used as a reporter gene. After approximately 3 months of culture and selection, the positive transgenic plants were obtained. Additionally, the positive probability was about 42%. The transformation efficiency was up to 37.7%, and if the escapes were removed, it was 16%. Furthermore, stable expression of CmLEC1 in transgenic 'Yuhualuoying' was confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis. These results suggest that this genetic transformation system via vacuum infiltration of chrysanthemum stem internode is highly efficient and convenient, and much better than traditional leaf disc transformation, and it will play an important role in chrysanthemum transformation and functional genetics research.

Intercropping systems improve the soil nutrient cycle through microbial community activity and then land productivity. However, their interactions mechanism underlying that the mixed aromatic plant species intercropping regulate the soil microbiome and nutrient cycling on the perennial woody orchard is still uncovered. We designed treatments with 0, 1, and 3 aromatic plant species intercropped in two scenarios of clean tillage (T model, T1, T2, and T4) and natural grass (G model, G1, G2, and G4) in apple orchards, and investigated intercrops effects at the branch growing stage (BGS) and fruit development stage (FDS), respectively. Compared with T model, G model in FDS increased alpha diversity of bacterial community and Shannon index fungal community, the relative abundance of dominant taxa, such as Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria, and also the numbers of up and down-regulated OTUs, the most of indices of co-occurrence network in both bacterial and fungal community, and then improved invertase activity and available nitrogen content. Relative to G1, G2 and G4 reduced diversity bacterial community in FDS, the relative abundance of dominant taxa, the most of indices of co-occurrence network, and then improved soil invertase activity and total phosphorus content in soil. Moreover, Shannon index of fungal community, the altered number of OTUs and the most indices of co-occurrence network were higher in G4 than those in G2 in FDS. These changes above in FDS were more markedly than those in BGS, suggesting that chemical diversity of litter from mixed species of aromatic plants in natural grass scenario led to diversity, complexity, and stability of soil microbial community and then nutrient cycling. It provided a novel highlight and method to modulate biocenosis and then improve the soil nutrient cycling.