新常态下农林院校园艺学科就业创业教育中存在问题,主要为不愿意下基层,职业迷茫,无创业能力.政府、高校和学生应从"三个层面"出发,构建农林院校就业创业教育全程化、现实化、专业化、实践化和精准化的"三面五化"模式,以促进农林院校就业创业工作.

以福建某农林院校某学院2012-2016届茶学专业毕业生为例,分析发现茶学专业大学生就业创业存在基层就业较少、升学就业类型单一、自主创业比例偏低、就业实践能力较差和就业创业基地不合理使用等问题.高校应当从理论教学、实践教学和平台建设三个角度聚焦学生就业创业意识、就业创业能力和就业创业人才培养,不断提升茶学专业大学生就业创业工作质量.

采用cDNA-AFLP技术分离了一个与番木瓜果实成熟衰老相关的差异片段,经生物信息学分析证实该片段属于半胱氨酸蛋白酶(Cysteine Protease,CP)基因.将差异片段序列在NCBI中的番木瓜基因组序列中搜索,获得了半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因DNA序列.设计开放型阅读框上、下游引物,以木瓜果肉RNA逆转录的cDNA为模板扩增该基因全长cDNA序列,命名为CpCP(登录号:JN689334).该基因属于C1肽酶家族中的C1A亚家族,编码471个氨基酸,含有家族特有的催化三联体:Cys 166-His302-Asn322.Real-time PCR结果显示CpCP在果实中大量表达,是根、茎、叶、花中表达量的几十倍;CpCP受乙烯处理诱导,受1-MCP处理抑制,表达模式与番木瓜果实成熟衰老进程一致,说明CpCP参与了番木瓜果实成熟衰老进程.

Chalcone isomerase(CHI)is one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway of flavonoids and plays an important role in the process of flower color development.Three genes,named NtCHIW,NtCHIJ and NtCHIY respectively,were cloned from Narcissus tazetta var.chinensis petal by RT-PCR and RACE.The open reading frame encompassed 735 bp encoding a polypeptide of 244 amino acids.Sequencing analysis showed that the amino acid sequence of Baihua Narcissus was 93.03%,93.44%,64.75%,55.42%,50.58%,59.43%,and 58.20% homologous with CHI genes from Jinzhanyintai Narcissus,Huanghua Narcissus,Allium cepa,Elaeis oleifera,Vitis labrusca,Oryza sativa Japonica,Arabidopsis thaliana,respectively.The result of real time RT-PCR showed that the transcription expression of CHI gene changed accordingly during flower blooming,indicating the possible role of CHI genes in the change of flower color.

The rapid softening of fruit during postharvest storage has led to the limited shelf life of papaya. Transformation methods of liquid-shaking and soaking, mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring an RNAi-β-Gal two-T-DNA plant expression vector p2301/TTRG, were compared and optimized for the efficiency in co-transformation of embryogenic calli of papaya. The suitable kanamycin concentration for the selection of transformants was 150 mg·L-1 based on the antibiotic sensitivity measurements. Under this concentration, the transgenic plantlets were obtained by both the two methods, but the transformation efficiency was low. The results of orthogonal experiments indicated that AS concentration was most important among the factors which influenced the transformation efficiency in soaking method. The co-cultivation time, bacterial culture OD and infection time functioned equally. The calculated best combination consisted of 100 μmol·L-1 AS, bacterial culture OD 0.2, 20 min for infection and 3 d for co-cultivation. Two of the five regenerated plantlets were proved to be cotransformed by PCR assay and southern blot, and one of them was induced to root and transplanted. The study will facilitate the breeding of transgenic papaya lines, which are marker-free and softening-resistant.