碳基柔性电阻式应变传感器凭借其结构简单、设计灵活、潜在可量产化和综合传感性能优异等特点,在可穿戴柔性电子领域获得了广泛应用.根据不同碳基柔性电阻式应变传感器的应用现状,介绍了炭黑基、碳纳米管基和石墨烯基三种柔性电阻式应变传感器的制备、性能及应用研究.针对碳纳米管基和石墨烯基柔性电阻式应变传感器,按照碳纳米材料宏观结构的组装形式进行了分类(一维纤维或纱线、二维薄膜或织物和三维块体)综述.

PU yarn-based flexible strain sensors have the advantages of light weight and softness, good air permeability, excellent mechanical properties, good sensing performance, cheap and easy to obtain,etc., but there are problems of nonlinear relationship between sensitivity and strain range and hysteresis.In this paper, the composition of the carbon nanomaterial/PU yarn-based flexible strain sensor was firstly introduced and the influence mechanism of each component on the sensor performance was analyzed. On this basis, according to the different preparation methods of PU sensor yarns, the research progress of three types of sensors of homogeneous PU yarn, coated PU yarn and structured PU yarn was reviewed. It was pointed out that a reasonable selection of spinning raw material addition, spinning draft ratio, coating binder, thickness ratio of conductive skin layer to non-conductive core layer, effective coverage ratio of conductive skin layer to non-conductive core layer, multi-dimensional conductive network, and novel yarn structure and yarn. New molding technology can improve the sensing performance of PU conductive yarn. Finally, the problems existing in carbon nanomaterials/PU yarn-based flexible strain sensors were analyzed, and the future prospects for high-performance PU basic yarns, high-quality carbon nanomaterials,new processing and integration technologies, and basic conditions that should be met in the process of development and application were analyzed. The key development directions of this paper were prospected in order to provide a reference for the development of high-performance yarn-based flexible strain sensors.

The classification and composition of supercapacitors were reviewed. Flexible supercapacitors were classified into integrated supercapacitors and non-integrated flexible supercapacitors according to the device structure. The research progress of the two structures of supercapacitors was introduced in detail and their advantages and disadvantages were analyzed. The challenges faced by flexible supercapacitors in wearable products were summarized, and the future development directions in the field of smart wearable were prospected, hoping to provide some new ideas for solving the research and practical applications of wearable supercapacitors.

For the inpainting of the images of textile cultural relics at the damaged parts, an improved algorithm is proposed based on K-means color segmentation and Criminisi algorithm. Due to the characteristics of textile cultural relics images, RGB images were converted into Lab color model, and K-means classifier was used to segment a* and b * layer data according to their colors to calibrate the edges of the patterns and narrow the search area of matching blocks. The standard deviation of L value was introduced to represent the color dispersion and the priority function and adaptive matching block were improved. The proposed algorithm and the three algorithms reported in the literature were used to repair the image of natural damaged textile relics and man-made damaged textile images, and the restoration results were evaluated. The experimental results show that the image restored by the proposed algorithm has natural texture, reasonable structure, and better peak signal-to- noise ratio, structural similarity, feature similarity, mean square error values.

Cashmere fiber has soft hand and good elasticity. However, it exhibits shrink because of its scale. In this work, cashmere yarn (38.26 tex) was treated using NaCl-KMnO4 to reduce the shrink of cashmere yarn. Orthogonal design and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation were used for optimizing treating parameters. Experimental results showed that the yarn shrink percentage of treated yarn was 0.56% which was less than that untreated yarn, and the treated yarn strength had a little drop compared with untreated yarn. The fiber scale outline of treated yarn could be observed by SEM, but the scale edge is blunt and irregular.

Pre-oxidation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) filament is one of the important processes for the preparation of PAN based carbon fiber. Aiming at the problem that carbon fiber is easy to break in the weaving process, which affects the weaving efficiency and fabric quality, the pre-oxidation of PAN filament fabric is discussed. PAN filament bundle was pretreated with boric acid solution of 5% mass fraction in saturated cupric chloride solution, and the pretreated PAN filament bundle was woven into plain fabric, and then PAN fabric was pre-oxidized using muffle furnace. The structure and thermal properties of pre oxidized pan fabric were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) . The results showed that there were slightly more grooves on the fiber surface in the pre-oxidation fabric than in the pre-oxidation filament under the same pre-oxidation process conditions. The aromatization index of pre-oxidation fabric was higher than that of pre-oxidation filament. The weight loss temperature of fibers from pre-oxidation fabric was about 20 ℃ higher than that of pre-oxidation filament. The variation coefficient of single fiber strength from pre-oxidized PAN fabric was smaller than that from pre-oxidized PAN filament, and variation coefficient of single fiber strength of pre-oxidized PAN fabric was large than that of pre-oxidized PAN filament.

通过多巴胺对涤棉纱预处理,以葡萄糖为还原剂,将包覆有聚多巴胺层的涤棉纱置于硝酸银溶液中,在涤棉纱表面生成一层连续均匀致密的镀银层,制备了涤棉导电纱.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、超景深三维显微、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析仪(TG)对镀银导电涤棉纱的结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明:在AgNO3摩尔浓度为0.12 mol/L时,化学镀银涤棉纱的电阻为1.72Ω/cm;SEM观察显示纱线表面具有连续的镀银层,XRD分析得到镀银涤棉纱线的特征衍射峰与金属纳米银的衍射峰一致.四探针测试镀银导电涤棉纱作纬纱的平纹机织物的方阻为1.49Ω/□,在施加电压1.5 V时,约50 s后织物的温度达到50.9℃,以镀银导电涤棉纱作为纬纱制备的织物具备良好的电加热性能.

以涤棉纱为基材、盐酸为掺杂剂、过硫酸铵为氧化剂,采用原位聚合方法制备聚苯胺/涤棉导电纱线.通过扫描电子显微镜、VHX-5000超景深三维显微系统、傅里叶红外光谱仪、热重分析仪、X射线衍射分别对导电纱的结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明:聚苯胺原位聚合涤棉导电纱线的电阻先随着过硫酸铵浓度的增加而减小,在过硫酸铵浓度为0.4mol/L时,导电纱的电阻达到最低值,为93.5 MΩ/cm,之后纱线电阻又随过硫酸铵浓度的增加而增加;聚苯胺处理对涤棉纱的晶型结构没有明显影响;导电纱初始分解温度低于涤棉纱,最终残炭量基本相同.

柔性可穿戴电子器件对人体运动、健康等的实时监测受到了广泛关注.为开发聚酰胺长丝/氨纶混合纱线材料的应变传感器,以氨纶为芯、聚酰胺长丝为皮层,利用捻度仪制备了不同聚酰胺长丝/氨纶包覆纱.通过化学镀银和涂覆炭黑的工艺方法,获得了导电聚酰胺长丝/氨纶包覆纱.实验得到,捻度50 T/10 cm导电包覆纱的线性电阻为1.97Ω/cm;在20％应变时,该导电包覆纱拉伸-回复循环20次的电阻变化比率(?R/R0)稳定且重复稳定性误差较小,其作为应变传感器可以较好地传感人体手指弯曲、手腕弯曲运动信号.

为了揭示径距比对凸轮式气体循环泵的气动性能的影响规律,通过坐标变换推导了 3叶的圆弧-渐开线-圆弧转子型线方程,建立6种不同径距比的气体循环泵模型进行对比分析.采用重整化k-e(RNGk-e)湍流模型对转子腔内部进行三维非定常数值计算,结合动网格技术分析转子径距比对气体循环泵流量特性、转子腔速度分布的影响规律,并与试验结果进行对比.结果表明:转子径距比对气体循环泵性能影响较为明显,随着转子径距比由1.34增大到1.45,泵出口平均流量与瞬时流量脉动呈上升趋势,且在1.38～1.40时变化较为明显,平均流量增大了 0.001 833 m3/s(15.8％);转子径距比在1.38～1.40时,转子受力较好,对转子径向激励力分量Fx的抑制较为明显,对转子径向激励力分量Fy的影响不显著;随径距比变化,转子腔内涡量分布变化较为明显,转子径距比在1.40时,转子腔内涡量分布较小,有效抑制了气体回流.

针对针梳工序深色涤纶纤维缠绕罗拉、皮辊的问题,文章对染藏青色涤纶纤维的质量比电阻、摩擦因数、低聚物特性进行测试分析.实验结果得到,染藏青色涤纶纤维的质量比电阻值为2.3×109(Ω·g)/cm2,大于原样涤纶纤维的质量比电阻值.染藏青色涤纶纤维提取的总低聚物含有染料分子,低聚物的热稳定性比原样涤纶提取低聚物热稳定性差.原涤纶试样提取的总低聚物在热重测试温度为239℃时,质量损失1.8％;染藏青色涤纶纤维提取的总低聚物在热重测试温度为223℃时,质量损失4.9％.

为探讨镀银导电纱的分布对导电织物电学性能及电加热性能的影响,以涤/棉混纺纱为经纱,涤纶镀银导电丝为纬纱,织制平纹、斜纹、缎纹3种织物.测试导电纱的电阻、织物方阻及其表面平衡温度,分析不同组织结构织物的电学性能和电热性.结果表明,涤纶镀银纱的电阻随纱线长度呈线性变化;平纹织物经纬纱交织点多,织物较薄,其方阻大;缎纹织物较厚,织物的方阻值较小.在电压U≤1.5V的条件下,缎纹织物的表面平衡温度最高,斜纹织物的表面平衡温度次之,平纹织物的表面平衡温度最低;且电压越高,缎纹和平纹织物的表面平衡温度的差值越大.

针织物弹性佳、柔性好,适合用作监测传感器的基底材料,所用导电纱线应具有弯曲性好、易于编织以及电阻稳定的特性.对比分析了不锈钢混纺纱线和镀银纱线的电阻、拉伸性能与勾结性能.得出结论为:不锈钢混纺纱中不锈钢纤维比例低,纱线强度大,易于针织,但纱线电阻沿长度方向不稳定;不锈钢纤维比例高时,纱线电阻稳定,但拉伸强度与勾结强度小,不易针织;镀银纱线的拉伸强度和勾结强度都较大,且电阻沿长度方向稳定,比较适合用作针织传感用导电纱线.

纺织电阻传感器具有质量轻、柔性好和可拉伸等优良特性,在可穿戴电子产品领域具有很大的应用价值.文中根据近年来不同纺织材料基电阻传感器的研究进展,介绍了无捻纤维(束)基电阻传感器、纱线(长丝纱、短纤维纱、复合纱)基电阻传感器和织物(针织物、机织物、非织造织物)基电阻传感器的制备、性能及应用研究.在纱线基电阻传感器中,主要基于导电涂覆纱线受力过程中纤维的内在弹性或长丝之间接触程度的变化所引起电阻改变的原理,制备电阻传感器;对于织物电阻传感器,主要利用织物结构体的变形特征并结合对织物进行导电涂覆或碳化等方法,制备电阻传感器.

基于服用莱卡长丝在日常洗涤中弹性损失的问题,通过测试不同条件处理后莱卡长丝的弹性指标,分析了影响莱卡弹性损失的主要因素.采用正交试验,分析不同条件处理后莱卡长丝的弹性变化,得出经不同洗涤条件处理后,莱卡的弹性回复率均有损失;用中性洗衣液处理的莱卡试样,其弹性伸长率变大,用碱性洗衣粉溶液或肥皂溶液处理的莱卡试样,其弹性伸长率变小.洗涤剂种类对莱卡的弹性损失影响显著,洗涤剂浓度和时间对莱卡的弹性损失无显著影响.

探讨耐久性防静电涤纶织物的研究进展.介绍了防静电的途径和机理.重点总结和分析耐久性防静电涤纶织物的研究情况.织物表面化学改性方法,简单易操作,但成本相对较高,效果一般.涂层整理方法,对基布性能和纤维品种要求不高,但影响织物的透气性和手感.嵌入导电纤维方法,具有最耐久的防静电效果.认为:嵌入导电纤维的防静电涤纶织物,凭借耐久的防静电性及功能多样性等优势,应用前景广阔.

探讨导电腈纶纱的导电性及其织物的电热性能.以腈纶长丝与腈纶短纤纱为基材,采用原位聚合法掺杂聚苯胺和化学镀银的方法,制备了聚苯胺改性腈纶长丝和聚苯胺改性腈纶短纤纱.测试分析了过硫酸铵浓度、硝酸银浓度对两种纱导电性的影响,并测试了各自导电织物的电热性能.结果表明:以0.25 mol/L过硫酸铵、10 g/L硝酸银制备的聚苯胺改性腈纶导电长丝导电性和导电均匀性更好.认为:聚苯胺改性腈纶长丝的导电性及其织物的电热性能更好.

With the development of electronic information technology and people' s pursuit of convenient life, smart flexible wearable devices have attracted the attention of many scholars. In the development of smart wearable devices, flexible conductive materials play a vital role. As the most basic flexible conductive textile material, conductive yarn is widely used in smart wearable products. However, most traditional textile materials are insulating materials and cannot directly form conductive yarns and smart wearable products. The preparation methods and application research progress of metal-based conductive yarns, carbon-based conductive yarns, and conductive polymer-based conductive yarns, as well as the application research progress in wearable strain sensors, wearable supercapacitors, wearable electric heating devices and other aspects were introduced. The problems that need to be solved in the research of conductive yarns in recent years were analyzed, mainly including improving the conductivity, flexibility and environmental stability of conductive yarns. In addition, in view of the convenience, comfort, washing durability, and sensitivity required by smart wearable devices, it was proposed that the sensitivity, durability of flexible conductive yarn and the combination of textile materials and conductive materials have become the main development of wearable flexibles smart product.

为了研究转子间隙、转子叶数与凸轮式气体循环泵气动特性曲线之间的定量关系,并获得不同叶数转子径向激励力的分布规律,基于对称性原理,采用数学分析法和坐标变换法推导了3～6叶的圆弧渐开线圆弧型转子型线方程,并分别选择5种不同的转子间隙加以研究.基于动网格技术和RN G k-ε湍流模型,对不同间隙、不同叶数的转子进行三维非定常数值分析,揭示转子间隙、叶数对气体循环泵流量/压力特性、激励力的影响规律,并通过实验进行了验证.研究表明:随着转子间隙由0.1 mm增大到0.3 mm,不同叶数的转子出口平均流量、容积效率均呈下降趋势,且3叶转子的下降幅度最大,分别下降了0.0094 kg·s-1、28.6％;3叶、4叶转子在0.15 m m间隙时流量脉动强度相对最低,5叶、6叶转子在0.25 mm间隙时流量脉动强度相对最低;泵出口平均流量、出口平均总压均与转子叶数呈反比关系,随着叶数的增加,转子腔内压力分布得到改善,内部增压过程更为稳定;随着叶数增多,转子径向激励力的x轴分量Fx的脉动幅值和脉动强度显著降低,但叶数对转子径向激励力的y轴分量Fy的影响不显著.

针对巷道围岩含水率变化引起的工程技术问题,采用TAW-2000岩石试验机和SH-II声发射采集系统进行了不同含水率砂岩单轴压缩声发射实验,得到不同含水率砂岩的应力-应变曲线、峰值强度及弹性模量等参数,探明了不同含水率砂岩单轴压缩脆性破坏及裂隙发育特征.实验结果表明:随着含水率的增加,砂岩单轴抗压强度逐渐减小,脆性逐渐降低;砂岩应力峰前变形性质由塑-弹性变形逐渐向塑-弹-塑性变形过渡;峰后声发射活动增加,残余强度降低,裂隙萌生进程延缓,裂隙汇聚贯通过程压缩,主破坏形式由剪切变为张-剪混合.该研究可为巷道围岩含水率变化引起的工程技术问题提供参考.