As a new scheme, High Energy Electron Radiography (HEER) was considered as one of the novel mesoscale diagnostic methods for high energy density matter (HEDM) because of powerful penetration, high space-time resolution and large density dynamic diagnosis range. In this work, we R&D a practicle cascade HEER composed of a electromagnetic beamline and a permanent magnet HEER in High Energy Electron Radiography Research Platform in Lanzhou (HERPL). The field of view of the cascade HEER is about Φ3mm, and its total length is half that of the electromagnetic HEER with the same magnification. 50 MeV electron beams with picosecond pulse width bunch were used to image a TEM grid to study the spatial resolution. The excellent result was obtained with spatial resolution about 0.6 μm. In addition, electron bunch train and ultra-fast imaging acquisition system prepared for dynamic HEER were studied in this paper.

High Energy Electron Radiography (HEER) has been proposed as a new material diagnostic technology in recent years. The main features of this technology are the strong penetrating power, high space-time resolution, and large area density diagnostic range. Therefore, it is considered as one of the effective diagnostic methods in the field of high energy density material diagnosis. For further research of HEER, the High Energy Electron Radiography Platform in Lanzhou (HERPL) has designed and built as a dedicated experimental platform of HEER, which is mainly composed of a 50MeV electron linear accelerator based on a thermionic cathode RF gun, and a set of quadrupole magnet image systems. In this paper, the HEER experiment has completed and the spatial resolution of 1μm, the density resolution of 1% was obtained which reached the world record of HEER.

兰州高能电子成像实验研究平台是中国科学院近代物理研究所建造的唯一专用于高能电子成像及相关领域的实验研究平台,目前已完成第一阶段基于热阴极微波电子枪电子直线加速器的研制,电子束能量50 MeV,最大宏脉冲束流300 mA,达到了设计指标并通过技术测试.开展了高能电子成像实验,空间分辨4 μm,获得了预期结果.

The electron linear accelerator, dedicated for high-energy electron radiography (HEER) experimental studies, was developed by the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). At present, some HEER experiments have been carried out in the operation stage and further requirements are put forward for lower beam emittance, lower energy spread and better uniformity at the exit of LINAC to enhance radiography quality. This paper uses the General Particle Tracer (GPT) code to perform global optimization studies based on the current beam line setup. The beam injection angle of alpha magnet and the model of the beam scraper are re-optimized. The influence of each factor on the beam parameters is comprehensively considered, and especially the influence of the space charge effect was analyzed by simulation studies. In order to suppress the deterioration of the beam quality in the alpha magnet, this paper take the lead in researching the relationship of the transverse phase space characteristics and the emittance growth and summarizes the rules for beam matching at the alpha magnet. The detailed simulation and analysis studies are presented in this paper.

High energy electron radiography (HEER) proposed first for real-time high spatial and temporal resolution diagnosis of warm dense matter (WDM) and inertial confinement fusion (ICF) has proved experimentally feasible for mesoscale sciences diagnosis. Until now, the spatial resolution of the images close to 1 μm has been reached experimentally which is better than that of X-rays and neutron radiography. However, traditional HEER obtains two-dimensional images which cannot accurately present the three-dimensional structure of the sample. To further improve the capability of HEER to diagnose and obtain the internal information of samples, three-dimensional high energy electron radiography (TDHEER) was put forward by combining HEER with three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction tomography technology. The validity and usage of the TDHEER method have been confirmed through simulation of the fully 3D diagnostic of static mesoscale sample. This paper focuses mainly on the experimental demonstration of the 3D high energy electron radiography. The feasibility of TDHEER is for the first time confirmed by the results achieved with different 3D reconstruction algorithms. The 3D reconstruction algorithms, analytical algorithm-filtered back projection (FBP), iterative algorithms-algebraic reconstruction technique (ART), and simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) are used here. In this experiment, the less projected data are used, so it takes the less time to obtain two-dimensional (2D) HEER images and the reconstruction. In order to spend the time as little as possible and obtain the satisfactory quality of reconstruction result, there are three groups of projected image sets, 180, 36 and 18, acquired in our experiment. When all three algorithms are adopted in 180 projected images, the reconstructed images show that all three algorithms FBP, ART and SART are feasible for TDHEER. The different reconstructed slice images of the sample in X-, Y-, and Z- direction clearly show the detailed structure of the sample. The images reconstructed by ART and SART algorithm are equivalent. Comparing with ART and SART, the reconstruction results by FBP can show more details, but there are some artifacts. Because the 36 2D HEER images fail to satisfy the Nyquist sampling theory, the analytic algorithm FBP is not used. Taking the result of FBP reconstructed by 180 images as a standard reference to compare the result of ART with the results of SART, the images reconstructed by the SART algorithm are closer to the original images. Testing 18 images, the results of the ART and SART both have lots of artifacts but the SART algorithm spends less time in reconstruction. As fewer projected images are used, more artifacts are found in the reconstructed images. Therefore, it is advantageous to combine the SART algorithm with 36 HEER projected images, which obtains high-quality reconstruction images and spends less time. The feasibility of TDHEER is confirmed experimentally for the first time and all three dimensions of the sample structures are obtained. Of the three different 3D reconstruction algorithms, the SART algorithm is the most suitable for reconstructing the few-view images. The TDHEER technology will extend HEER’s application fields, especially for mesoscale sciences.

针对兰州高能电子成像实验平台加速器,设计了基于多次改变聚焦强度法的实验来测量束流发射度.采用YAG屏及CCD相机来采集束斑图像,编制了一套完整的计算软件,具有测量方便,计算快速可靠等特点,该测量为后续的高能电子成像实验提供了相关信息.测试结果表明,x方向发射度与理论计算设计接近,y方向发射度与理论计算偏差较大,有待进一步对加速器进行优化调试.

本文通过蒙特卡罗程序EGS模拟研究了电子束与靶的相互作用,对成像束流光学进行了设计,并对束流匹配对空间分辨的影响 、超快分束技术和产生横向均匀束技术等进行了模拟研究.实验验证了高能电子成像能达到 μm量级的空间分辨,并可实现厚度 、密度分辨及明-暗场成像等特点.同时给出了后续实验及研究计划,希望进一步提高高能电子成像性能并拓宽其应用领域.

In this paper, we propose a new method for static mesoscale sample diagnosis using three-dimensional radiography with high-energy electron radiography (HEER). The principle of three-dimensional high-energy electron radiography (TDHEER) is elucidated, and the feasibility of this method is confirmed by start-to-end simulation results. TDHEER is realized by combining HEER with the three-dimensional reconstruction method, by which more information about the samples can be attained, especially regarding the samples’ internal structures. With our study, the internal structures and the three-dimensional positions of the spherical sample are determined with a ~3 μm resolution. We believe that this new method enhances the HEER diagnostic capability and extends its application potential in mesoscale sciences.

We designed an electron linear accelerator (LINAC) for High Energy Electron Radiography (HEER) studies, which consists of two different guns, either a thermionic cathode or a photocathode RF gun, for diagnosing different targets. In this paper, we present the simulation studies and optimization of the LINAC based on an S-band thermionic RF gun. The LINAC is capable of generating sub-picosecond electron pulses with low energy spread (0.13%) and large micro-bunch charge (143 pC). The beam dynamics of the LINAC is studied and optimized by different beam dynamics simulation codes. The entrance hole induced field distortion in the alpha magnet is also reported. The space charge effects are studied by the General Particle Tracer (GPT) code. The results showed that the space charge forces had a significant influence on beam dynamics in such a low energy LINAC.

Ultrafast imaging tools are of great importance for determining the dynamic density distribution in high energy density（HED） matter. In this work, we designed a high energy electron radiography（HEER） system based on a linear electron accelerator to evaluate its capability for imaging HED matter. 40 MeV electron beams were used to image an aluminum target to study the density resolution and spatial resolution of HEER. The results demonstrate a spatial resolution of tens of micrometers. The interaction of the beams with the target and the beam transport of the transmitted electrons are further simulated with EGS5 and PARMELA codes, with the results showing good agreement with the experimental resolution.Furthermore, the experiment can be improved by adding an aperture at the Fourier plane.

A new scheme that cooling international Linear Collider (ILC) positron source target by touching thermal conduction (TTC) is presented by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). Recent results of simulation for cooling the iron targets with 300 and 450 W heat reservoir by ANSYS and experiment of cooling the iron target with 300 and 450 W friction heat reservoir at Institute of Modern Physics (IMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), have proved that the TTC has good cooling effect in low temperature zone(20 ℃～50℃), and preliminarily verified the feasibility of TTC for cooling the ILC positron source target.

A new scheme is proposed that high energy electron beam as a probe is used for time resolved imaging measurement of high energy density materials, especially for high energy density matter and inertial confinement fusion. The first picosecond pulse-width electron radiography experiment was achieved by Institute of Modern Physics (IMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Tsinghua University (THU), based on THU Linear electron accelerator (LINAC). It is used for principle test and certifying that this kind of LINAC with ultra-short pulse electron bunch can be used for electron radiography. The experiment results, such as magnifying factor and the imaging distortion, are consistent with the beam optical theory well. The 2.5 um RMS spatial resolution has been gotten with magnifying factor 46, without optimization the imaging lens section. It is found that in the certain range of magnifying factor, the RMS spatial resolution will get better with bigger magnifying factor. The details of experiment set up, results, analysis and discussions are presented here.

Based on the technology of the DG series electron accelerator, a 500 kV/150 mA electron acceler-ator was designed and manufactured at IMP(Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences). The new structure of high voltage and shorter accelerating tube have been used in this accelerator for high current. The specific features of this accelerator are compact of structure and higher power conversion efficiency. It has already passed the running test of 500 kV/170 mA, and the parameter is better than the designed value.

In order to put the Pulse Line Ion Accelerator (PLIA) concept to its practical application, a small experimental platform was built. It was found that the actual axial electric field is smaller than the theoretical calculation, so the accelerated ions will enter into the deceleration zone before leaving the helix, which will seriously affect the acceleration process. Based on the improved parameters, the He+ with 24 keV is accelerated to 55 keV, and the proof-of-principle experiment is completed on this platform.

Dielectric wall accelerator (DWA), towards high gradient acceleration field (30 MeV/m–100 MeV/m), is under development at Institute of Modern Physics. A prototype was designed and constructed to prove the principle. This needs a short pulse high current electron source to match the acceleration field generated by the Blumlein-type pulse forming lines (PFLs). In this paper, we report the design and test of a new type short pulse high current electron gun based on principle of vacuum arc discharge. Electron beams of 100 mA with pulse width of 10 ns were obtained.

The E-field of pulse line ion accelerator （PLIA） is unique with high frequency （～MHz）, large magnitude （～MV/m）, and limited measuring space （～cm）. The integrated optical E-field sensor （IOES） has remarkable advantages and has been used for PLIA E-field measurement. Firstly, the transfer function of the IOES has been calibrated to ensure measurement accuracy. The time-domain response illustrates that the sensor has a fast dynamic performance to effectively follow a 4 ns rising edge. Then, the E-field distribution along the axis and near the insulator surface of the PLIA was measured, showing that propagation of the E-field is almost lossless and the E-field near the insulation surface is about 1.1 times larger than that along the axis, which is in accordance with the simulation result.

To accelerate intense, short pulsed heavy ion beams to the energies of interest for studies of high energy density physics and warm dense matter, the Pulse Line Ion Accelerator (PLIA), of which the axial acceleration gradient can achieve several MeV per meter with realistic helix parameters at very low cost, was developed in recent years. A simple prototype of PLIA for a proof-of-principle experiment called the Lanzhou Test PLIA was designed and constructed at the Institute of Modern Physics in Lanzhou, and the test result matches the calculated result well. The pattern of the axial electric field Ez and the velocity of the traveling wave were simulated by CST.

An oil dielectric helical pulse line to demonstrate the principles of a Pulse Line Ion Accelerator (PLIA) has been designed and fabricated. The simulation of the axial electric field of an accelerator with CST code has been completed and the simulation results show complete agreement with the theoretical calculations. To fully understand the real value of the electric field excited from the helical line in PLIA, an optical electric integrated electric field measurement system was adopted. The measurement result shows that the real magnitude of axial electric field is smaller than that calculated, probably due to the actual pitch of the resister column which is much less than that of helix.

A high current radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) is being studied at the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMP, CAS) for the direct plasma injection scheme (DPIS). Because of the strong space charge of beams from laser ion source, the beam dynamics design of the RFQ has been carried out with a new code, which can deal with space charge effectively. The design of the RFQ structure is performed with an electromagnetic simulation code and the determination of parameters of the structure has been done to maximize the shunt impedance when the frequency is kept fixed. The influences of dipole mode effect and flatness on beams were also discussed.