为了明确'云烟121'在毕节烟区的推广利用价值,以云烟87(CK)为对照,从生育期、农艺性状、经济性状、化学成分及感官质量方面综合评价'云烟121'在黔西和威宁烟区的适应性.结果表明:'云烟121'在黔西和威宁烟区的大田生育期与CK相比没有差异;主要农艺性状在两个烟区表现相近,在黔西烟区表现稍好;在两个烟区的亩产量和亩产值表现均优于CK.综合化学成分表现和感官质量来看,'云烟121'在威宁烟区种植条件下化学成分更为协调,品质更好.综合表明,'云烟121'的经济性状、品质略优于对照'云烟87',适宜在毕节烟区种植,且在威宁烟区的烟叶亩产值、品质优于黔西烟区,说明更适宜于在威宁烟区推广种植.

It is common practice to apply manure onto soil as an effective way to increase soil fertility. However, the impact of different carbon sources on the transformation and fate of manure derived nitrogen (N) remains poorly understood. This study investigated the mineralization and immobilization turnover (MIT) of various manure-N fractions using sequential extractions and 15N tracing techniques combined after soil amendment with biochar, straw and mixtures thereof. Soil N was fractionated into mineral nitrogen (NH4+ and NO3-), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), hot water extractable organic nitrogen (HWDON), hydrochloric acid extractable organic nitrogen (HCl-N), and residual nitrogen (RN). Results showed that biochar addition increased the 15NH4+ content by 45% during the early stage. However, the high pH and labile C absence of biochar inhibited the remineralization of microbial immobilization N during the mid-to-late stage. Straw addition enhanced 15NH4+ assimilation by 10% to form HCl-15N. After that, microbial cellular structures and secondary metabolites were remineralized to meet crop N requirements. Adding carbon source mixtures with the organic fertilizer manifested the relationship between biochar and straw. The labile C content of the carbon sources rather than the C/N ratio was the critical factor regulating the N-MIT process. Overall, these findings offer new insights into the N transformation approaches using the co-application technique of organic amendments.

采用不同饲料饲养黏虫幼虫,对黏虫繁殖力进行分析.结果表明,不同饲料对黏虫体质量、繁殖力、死亡率影响较大,以玉米幼苗饲养黏虫效果最优,黏虫化蛹率为91.71％,产卵量为611.49粒/只,卵孵化率为66.38％;其次是墨西哥玉米草,黏虫幼虫体质量为0.329 g/头,羽化率为93.83％.人工饲料生产成本最高,墨西哥玉米草生产成本最低,比人工饲料降低成本52.76％.墨西哥玉米草最适合用作规模化饲养黏虫的饲料.

为探究配施有机肥对烤烟镁肥施用效应的影响,在田间试验条件下进行有机肥、镁肥两因素三水平完全随机试验,有机肥的三个施用水平分别为0、71、142 kg/667m2,镁肥的三个施用水平分别为6.58、13.16、19.72 kg/667m2.对不同处理烤烟农艺性状、经济性状及烟叶内在化学成分进行剖析,结果表明:相同施镁条件下,随有机肥施用量的增加,土壤交换性镁含量呈下降趋势,不同有机肥配施条件下,施镁能起到促进烟株生长发育,改善烤烟农艺性状、提高烟叶经济效益的效果,且有机肥施用量为142 kg/667m2的水平下烟叶经济性状与施镁量呈正相关,该水平下镁肥肥效最高;镁肥能起到加强有机肥配施对烟叶品质的提升作用;有机肥施用量为142 kg/667m2并配施19.72 kg/667m2硫酸镁最有利于促进烤烟生长发育,改善烟株农艺性状,提高烟叶产、质量,协调烟叶内在化学成分.

为评价不同烤烟品种的生态适应性和筛选适宜贵州毕节烟区种植的烤烟品种,以云烟87为对照,对贵烟202、湘烟5号、云烟116、CC297和CC27等5个品种的农艺性状、田间自然发病率、经济性状和感官质量进行分析,结合一年两点区域试验分析和综合指数法对各参试品种进行综合性状评价.结果表明,云烟116在两个试验点表现均优于对照,适应环境能力强,属广适性品种;CC27在黔西试验点表现优于对照,但是在七星关试验点表现较差,贵烟202和湘烟5号在黔西试验点表现良好,在七星关试验点表现与对照相当;CC297的均价、上等烟率、一年两点区域试验分析和综合指数评价均差于对照.云烟116的农艺性状、田间自然发病率、经济性状和感官质量等综合表现优于对照,适宜在毕节烟区种植.

为了提高烤烟品种NC82叶片数改良的效率,本研究选用与NC82叶片数差异显著的毕纳1号分别作为母本和父本,构建了P1、P2、F1、F2遗传研究材料,采用"主基因+多基因"遗传模型分析方法对烤烟叶片数进行了遗传分析,并筛选了烤烟叶片数分子标记.结果表明:烤烟叶片数为非胞质遗传,受2对主效基因与多基因共同影响,最适遗传模型为MX2-EA-AD,主基因+多基因遗传率为92％,主基因和多基因加性效应分别为-3.40、2.37;与叶片数连锁的标记为标记TM20490和TM10102,遗传距离分别是4.8 cM和5.3 cM.经过试验得知,烤烟叶片数为2对等加性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制的数量性状,主基因遗传率大,采用回交技术结合分子标记辅助选择可定向改良优质烤烟品种NC82的叶片数.

为筛选适宜在黔西县种植的烤烟品种,促进烟叶产业可持续发展,选用近年育成的贵烟201等10个品种,测定其植物学、农艺、经济和品质等性状,采用灰色关联度分析法进行综合分析.结果表明:贵烟201、贵烟202、PVH1452、毕纳1号的株高、节距、茎围适宜,顶叶开片好;贵烟201的经济性状最好,产值达55169.34元/hm2,其次是贵烟202、毕纳1号和贵烟4号,均显著优于对照品种K326;金海1号、贵烟202、贵烟201的化学成分含量和协调性略优于对照;云烟110、云烟87、金海1号的感官质量优于对照品种.灰色关联度分析结果表明:贵烟201(0.8835)、KRK26(0.8835)和贵烟202(0.8524)的综合表现明显优于对照品种K326(0.7891)和云烟87(0.7621);贵烟4号(0.8068)和毕纳1号(0.8032)的综合表现略优于对照.可见,贵烟201、KRK26、贵烟202适宜在黔西县示范推广,贵烟4号、毕纳1号宜进一步进行较大面积的示范验证.

在贵州黔西县采用定点田间试验的方法,研究了不同有机、无机肥配施比例(有机氮取代无机氮比例分别为0％、25％、50％、75％、100％)下植烟土壤细菌组成的变化及烤烟产质量的差异,以期为贵州烟区施用有机肥替代部分无机肥、实现减肥增效提供理论依据和技术支撑.结果表明,与单施无机肥处理相比,有机、无机肥配施处理可以提高土壤细菌的多样性,主要表现在Sobs指数、Shannon指数、Ace指数和Chao指数提高;可以改变土壤细菌科、属水平的结构组成,施有机肥处理间的土壤细菌各菌属丰度更为相似,且提高了有益微生物如鞘脂单细胞菌属、亚硝化单胞菌科、厌氧绳菌科、小单孢菌科等的丰度,从而改善土壤细菌的组成;同时,也能在一定程度上提高烤烟的产值和中上等烟比例,增加烤烟的经济效益.综合比较,以有机氮取代无机氮比例为50％时的效果最好.

为了充分发挥烟叶生产上施用有机肥的优势,减小有机肥氮素效应后置对烟叶产量和质量的负效应,选择贵州烟区的两种典型生态代表区,设置5种有机肥配施比例,通过分析不同处理对土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾含量及烟叶经济性状和化学成分的影响,探讨不同生态区域有机肥与无机肥配施的最佳比例.结果显示:两个试验区域间配施有机肥的效应有差异,土壤有机质的变化与该区域相应时段的温度是否适于土壤微生物活动相一致,温度过高或过低均不利于土壤有机质的转化;配施25%有机肥的供氮模式与优质烟叶生产的需氮规律相吻合,有利于前期产量形成和后期成熟落黄;威宁配施50%有机肥、黔西配施75%有机肥对提高土壤速效钾含量有利;威宁配施25%~50%的有机肥、黔西配施50%~75%的有机肥最有利于提高烟叶经济性状;威宁配施25%有机肥、黔西配施75%有机肥最有利于提高中部烟叶化学成分的协调性.结果表明有机肥配施效应因施用区域的生态条件而异,高海拔代表烟区威宁配施25%~50%有机肥、中海拔代表烟区黔西配施50%~75%有机肥最能实现施用有机肥的趋利避害.

Maturity stage is subcritical period of water demand for flue-cured tobacco.This study was to demonstrate effect of different soil moisture regimes at the maturity stage on enzyme activities of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in flue-cured tobacco in field.The results showed that:soil water deficit(50%-60% maximum field capacity) would decrease the chlorophyll content of tobacco leaves;chlorophyll content of tobacco leaves was higher when soil moisture was adequate(80%-85% maximum field capacity),however,tobacco leaves slowly matured;re-watering faded away premature of tobacco leaves by drought stress.Activities of nitrate reductase,invertase and amylase were higher in moister soil than in droughty soil;nonetheless,amylase would increase when re-watering,to some degree.

[Objective] To discuss the quality status of flue-cured tobacco in different region and different periods in Bijie.[Method] 494 flue-cured tobacco samples from 8 counties in Bijie were tested to study the external quality,phsical characteristics,internal quality,sensory smoking.[Result] The flue-cured tobacco had obvious quality characteristics in different region and the quality of flue-cured tobacco has deteriorated more and more.[Conclusion] The study could provide a theoretical basis for proper layout of flue-cured tobacco production in Bijie.