Plants cope with drought stress by strengthening their survival and growth capabilities through enhancing potassium absorption and utilization. In this study, we evaluate transgenic sweetpotato plants overexpressing potassium transport IbHAK5 responses to drought stresses. Overexpression of IbHAK5 can improve potassium ion (K+) absorption ability under normal condition and drought stress, which may result in the increased drought stress tolerant in transgenic plants. The transgenic plants displayed higher drought stress tolerant than wild-type plants by increasing relative water content (RWC) and alleviating oxidative stress. Transcriptome analysis further identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding aquaporins and screened K+ channel, peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and stress-related genes up-regulated by drought stress, which may provide valuable insights for breeding programs to improve drought stress tolerance. These findings broaden our understanding of the role of IbHAK5 in drought stress resistance, and provide some candidate genes for sweetpotato molecular breeding.

Potassium is a vital element in sweetpotato that plays important roles during its growth and development. In this study, potassium transporter IbHAK5, which is homologous to Arabidopsis HAK5, was cloned and overexpressed in sweetpotato. IbHAK5 encoded a protein of 739 amino acids and localized in the plasma membrane. Two IbHAK5-overexpressing transgenic lines with the highest expression level of IbHAK5 were screened for K+-deficiency stress tolerant assay. Compared with wild type sweetpotato plants, transgenic plants grew well with higher chlorophyll content, and maintain great higher K+ contents via decreasing more K+ effluxes under low potassium ion (− K+) stress condition. Additionally, IbHAK5 can help plants improve root morphology and increase endogenous hormone IAA content under both normal condition and − K+ stress, which may result in the increased root K+ absorption ability. The results indicated that IbHAK5 play an important role in sweetpotato response to − K+ stress, as well as support molecular-assisted breeding with the IbHAK5 gene.

Fertilization are commonly used strategies to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles, but long-term stationary fertilization also causes varying degrees of soil barriers that hinder the growth of crop with the extension of planting years. However, there was currently a lack of systematic research on which soil properties change caused by long-term stationary fertilization were the reasons for the production obstacles in sweetpotatoplanting fields. Here, soil samples from a 21-year-old continuously sweetpotato-planting field covering four fertilizations (CK: no fertilizer; M: organic manure only; NPK: chemical fertilizer only; MNPK: chemical fertilizer plus organic manure) were collected and analyzed. Compared with CK, fertilization significantly increased soil microbial biomass carbon content, the activities of urease, invertase and alkaline phosphatase, and the increase amplitudes in these indicators was the largest in MNPK. Moreover, fertilization significantly decreased the relative abundance of harmful fungi (i.e., Gibberella_avenacea, , Alternaria_alternata, , Mortierella_alpina, , etc.) compared with CK. Especially, the relative abundance of fungal pathogens, Fusarium_oxysporum and Fusarium_proliferatum, , showed a trend of MNPK

Plant roots are sensitive to potassium (K+) deficiency signals. Therefore, regulating root growth by exogenous methods is a vital strategy to improve low K+ tolerance of sweetpotato. We studied the effects of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on growth, K+ absorption, and root characteristics in sweetpotato exposed to low K+ treatment (LK). LK significantly inhibited dry mass, K+ concentration and accumulation, as well as the root elongation (length) and branching (forks and crossings) in sweetpotato seedlings. However, exogenous IAA increased the length, ratio, and density of lateral roots and promoted absorption and accumulation of K+, which effectively alleviated the inhibitory effect of low K+. Exogenous IAA also increased the expression levels of auxin synthesis (IbYUC6 and IbTAR2) and transport (IbPIN1, IbPIN3, and IbPIN8) genes in leaves and roots, which promoted the increase of endogenous IAA content. Furthermore, exogenous IAA was more effective on low-K-tolerant variety (XS32) than low-K-sensitive variety (NZ1) under LK stress, depending on their different IAA synthesis and transport strategies. These results indicated that exogenous IAA enhanced root responsiveness of sweetpotato to low K+ stress by modulating auxin biosynthesis and transport, thereby improving the tolerance of sweetpotato to low K+ stress.

Background and Aim:Infection caused by Aspergillus species poses a growing global concern, yet their prevalence in Southeast China lacks comprehensive documentation. This retrospective analysis aims to elucidate the epidemiological role and antifungal susceptibilities of Aspergillus species at Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Methods:Data spanning from 2018 to 2022, encompassing demographic, clinical, and laboratory information on Aspergillus species isolates were analyzed. The isolates were subjected to susceptibility testing using YeastOneTM broth microdilution system. Results:A total of 253 Aspergillus isolates were identified, with A. fumigatus (57.71%) being the predominant species, followed by A. niger (26.88%), A. flavus (10.67%), and A. terreus (3.95%). Notably, the highest number of isolates originated from the Department of Infectious Disease (28.06%), with sputum (54.94%) being the primary source of isolation, where A. fumigatus was the dominant species. Gastrointestinal disorder (23.90%), hepatic disorder (9.09%), and diabetes (8.30%) were identified as the most prevalent underlying conditions, with A. fumigatus being the most abundant species in each case, accounting for 65.08%, 82.60%, and 73.91%, respectively, followed by A. flavus. Non-wild-type (NWT) Aspergillus isolates exhibited higher resistance against amphotericin B (AMB) compared to triazoles. Specifically, A. fumigatus showed greater resistance to AMB, with only 23.28% of isolates being susceptible, while the majority of isolates were susceptible to triazoles like itraconazole (ITR) and posaconazole (POS). POS demonstrated the highest efficacy against all species. Sequencing revealed mutations in the promoter region of the cyp51A gene and at positions Y121F and E247K in A, fumigatus which confer resistance to ITR, voriconazole (VRC), and POS. Conclusion:These findings contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology and antifungal resistance pattern of Aspergillus species in the region, providing valuable insights for the management of Aspergillus-related infections.

Background Sweetpotato is a typical ‘‘potassium (K + ) favoring’’ food crop, which root differentiation process needs a large supply of potassium fertilizer and determine the final root yield. To further understand the regulatory network of the response to low potassium stress, here we analyze physiological and biochemical characteristics, and investigated root transcriptional changes in two sweetpotato genotypes, namely, - K tolerant “Xu32” and - K susceptible“NZ1”. Result We found Xu32 had the higher capability of K + absorption than NZ1 with better growth performance, higher net photosynthetic rate and higher chlorophyll contents under low potassium stress, and identified 889 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Xu32, 634 DEGs in NZ1, 256 common DEGs in both Xu32 and NZ1. The Gene Ontology (GO) term in molecular function enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs under low K + stress are predominately involved in catalytic activity, binding, transporter activity and antioxidant activity. Moreover, the more numbers of identified DEGs in Xu32 than that in NZ1 responded to K + -deficiency belong to the process of photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, ion transport, hormone signaling, stress-related and antioxidant system may result in different ability to K + -deficiency tolerance. The unique genes in Xu32 may make a great contribution to enhance low K + tolerance, and provide useful information for the molecular regulation mechanism of K + -deficiency tolerance in sweetpotato. Conclusions The common and distinct expression pattern between the two sweetpotato genotypes illuminate a complex mechanism response to low potassium exist in sweetpotato. The study provides some candidate genes, which can be used in sweetpotato breeding program for improving low potassium stress tolerance.

Antifungal-resistant dermatophytes (ARD) infection is a hotspot issue in clinical microbiology and the dermatology field. Trichophyton indotineae as the dominant species of dermatophyte with terbinafine-resistance or multidrug resistance, is easy to be missed detection clinically, which brings severe challenges to diagnosis and treatment. ARD infection cases have emerged in China, and it predicts a risk of transmission among human. Based on the existing medical evidence and research data, the Mycology Group of Combination of Traditional and Western Medicine Dermatology and Chinese Antifungal-Resistant Dermatophytoses Expert Consensus Group organized experts to make consensus on the management of the infection. Here, the consensus formulated diagnosis and treatment recommendations, to raise attention to dermatophytes drug resistance problem, and expect to provide reference information for the clinical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control.

Plants can adapt to the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients by changing the morphology and architecture of the root system. Here, we explored the role of auxin in the response of sweetpotato roots to potassium (K+) deficiency stress. Two sweetpotato cultivars, Xushu 32 (low-K-tolerant) and Ningzishu 1 (low-K-sensitive), were cultured in low K+ (0.1 mmol L−1, LK) and normal K+ (10 mmol L−1, CK) nutrient solutions. Compared with CK, LK reduced the dry mass, K+ content, and K+ accumulation in the two cultivars, but the losses of Xushu 32 were smaller than those of Ningzishu 1. LK also affected root growth, mainly impairing the length, surface area, forks number, and crossings number. However, Xushu 32 had significantly higher lateral root length, density, and surface area than Ningzishu 1, closely related to the roots’ higher indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content. According to the qPCR results, Xushu 32 synthesized more IAA (via IbYUC8 and IbTAR2) in leaves but transported and accumulated in roots through polar transport (via IbPIN1, IbPIN3, and IbAUX1). It was also associated with the upregulation of auxin signaling pathway genes (IbIAA4 and IbIAA8) in roots. These results imply that IAA participates in the formation of lateral roots and the change in root architecture during the tolerance to low K+ stress of sweetpotato, thus improving the absorption of K+ and the formation of biomass.

Candida haemulonii, a relative of C. auris, frequently shows antifungal resistance and is transmissible. However, molecular tools for genotyping and investigating outbreaks are not yet established. We performed genome-based population analysis on 94 C. haemulonii strains, including 58 isolates from China and 36 other published strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that C. haemulonii can be divided into 4 clades. Clade 1 comprised strains from China and other global strains; clades 2–4 contained only isolates from China, were more recently evolved, and showed higher antifungal resistance. Four regional epidemic clusters (A, B, C, and D) were identified in China, each comprising ≥5 cases (largest intracluster pairwise single-nucleotide polymorphism differences <50 bp). Cluster A was identified in 2 hospitals located in the same city, suggesting potential intracity transmissions. Cluster D was resistant to 3 classes of antifungals. The emergence of more resistant phylogenetic clades and regional dissemination of antifungal-resistant C. haemulonii warrants further monitoring.

【Objective】The objective of this paper was to analyze the genetic mechanisms of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and to explore the loci and candidate genes associated nitrogen (N) efficient traits, to provide support for the N-efficient molecular breeding and genetic improvement of sweetpotato.【Method】A total of 129 sweetpotato cultivars from all over the world were treated with N deficiency (0 mmol·L-1) and normal N (14 mmol·L-1). A hydroponic experiment was conducted to facilitate the genome-wide association study (GWAS) of six phenotypic traits (shoot biomass increment, root biomass increment, shoot N accumulation, root N accumulation, shoot N physiological utilization efficiency, and root N physiological utilization efficiency) of sweetpotato at the seedling stage. The N-efficient candidate genes were identified based on the GWAS and subsequently- verified using RT-qPCR.【Result】There were wide variations among the six traits related to NUE in sweetpotato under the normal N and N deficiency treatment conditions. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the shoot biomass increment under the N deficiency treatment condition was the greatest at 69.5%. The CV of the root N physiological utilization efficiency under N deficiency treatment condition was the smallest at 12.1%. All five traits were significantly correlated except for root N physiological utilization efficiency. The MLM model was used to conduct a GWAS of the six phenotypic trait values. A total of 134 QTL and 888 SNP loci were identified as being significantly associated with four out of the six traits, namely, shoot biomass increment, root biomass increment, root N accumulation, and shoot N physiological utilization efficiency. A total of 93 SNP markers across ten regions were significantly associated with shoot N physiological utilization efficiency with a high reliability. Six N efficiency candidate genes were obtained via gene annotation. RT-qPCR verified that the three candidate genes (itf01g08120.t1, itf01g22030.t1 and itf01g221000.t2) encoded glutamate dehydrogenase, NPH3 protein and TIP41-like protein, respectively, which warrants further research.【Conclusion】A total of 888 SNP loci associated with N utilization traits were detected in 129 sweetpotato cultivars. Among these, 93 SNP loci were significantly associated with shoot N physiological utilization efficiency, and six candidate genes were identified. Preliminary verification indicated that the itf01g08120.t1, itf01G2203.t1 and itf01g22100.t2 genes hold promising value for further research.

To explore the appropriate amount of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and improve economic yield and P use efficiency of edible sweetpotato, we took Xushu 32 as an example and compared the effects of different P application rates on yield, quality, P accumulation and P use efficiency of edible sweetpotato based on a two-year field experiment (soil available P content was 31.70 mg·kg-1) from 2018 to 2019. There were five P application levels (P2O5), including 0 (P0), 25 (P25), 50 (P50), 75 (P75) and 100 kg·hm-2(P100). The results showed that, 1) compared with P0, P application significantly increased the yield of fresh sweetpotao and commodity potato, with the effects being the stongest under P75 treatment, followed by P50 treatment. However, there was no significant difference between the two treatments. 2) P application significantly increased the contents of starch and reducing sugar in storage root. The contents of soluble sugar and protein increased significantly under P50 treatment. 3) Du-ring the growth period of 90 to 120 d, P fertilizer supply significantly increased P accumulation and dry matter accumulation of sweetpotato. 4) The apparent P use efficiency (APUE) decreased with increasing P application rates, while P agronomic efficiency (PAE) increased first and then decreased with the increases of P application rates, which was significantly higher under P50 than other treatments. Taking into account the yield, quality, economic yield and P utilization rate of edible sweetpotato, the optimal dosage of P2O5 is 50 kg·hm-2 under the experimental conditions.

利用外源方法调控根系生长是提高植物对低钾耐受性的重要策略.采用水培方式,研究低钾胁迫下喷施生长素(IAA)对苗期甘薯钾吸收、根系特征和内源IAA的影响.结果表明:1)低钾胁迫显著降低了甘薯幼苗的生物量和钾积累量,减少了根系的总根长和投影面积,与对照相比,徐薯32(耐低钾型)这4个指标的下降率比宁紫薯1号(低钾敏感型)更低.2)外源IAA通过增加侧根的长度和比例,提高根系总长度和投影面积,并增加生物量和钾积累量,从而减轻低钾的抑制作用.这一过程与外源IAA提高了叶片和根中内源IAA含量有关.3)外源IAA对缓解徐薯32低钾胁迫伤害的效应优于宁紫薯1号,是因为徐薯32合成更多的内源IAA,促发更多的侧根,以提高对钾的吸收.综上,外源IAA通过调节内源IAA的合成,提高甘薯根系对低钾胁迫的适应性,一定程度上提高了甘薯的耐低钾能力.

Aims: HIF1-α is an important transcription factor in the regulation of the immune response. The protective function of HIF1-α in the host epithelial immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus requires further clarification. Methods: In this study we demonstrated the effect of upregulation of HIF1-α expression in A549 cells and mouse airway cells exposed to A. fumigatus in vivo. Results: The killing capacity was enhanced by boosting proinflammatory factors both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, airway inflammation was reduced in the HIF1-α-upregulated mice. Conclusion: We identified a protective role for HIF1-α in anti-A. fumigatus immunity. Modulation of HIF1-α might be a target for the development of aspergillosis therapy.

从氮高效候选基团的定位及表达分析着手,概述作物中氮高效利用的分子生物学研究进展,并对甘薯的氮高效利用的分子学研究进行展望,以期为培育氮高效型甘薯品种与氮高效遗传位点挖掘提供参考.

【Objective】The objective of this article was to establish a low-N tolerance evaluation system for sweetpotato varieties, to screen low-N-tolerant genotypes and evaluate different N efficiency categories and to provide a theoretical basis for studying the low-N-tolerant physiological mechanism of sweetpotato varieties and mining N-efficient genes.【Method】Under the treatment of low N stress (0 mmol·L-1) and normal N application (14 mmol·L-1) of hydroponic experiment. Selected 126 sweetpotato varieties from different sweetpotato areas at home and abroad, we collected eleven indicators, including the shoot biomass, shoot biomass increase, root biomass increase, plant biomass increase ratio, root-to-shoot ratio, vine length, root length, leaf number, CCI, nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen physiological utilization efficiency, and calculated the low-N tolerance index of all indicators. The study carried out principal component analysis by using the comprehensive membership function method, regression analysis and cluster analysis to comprehensively evaluate the low-N-tolerant sweetpotato varieties and N efficiency types.【Result】1) Under low N level, the average of the shoot biomass, shoot biomass increase, root biomass increase, plant biomass increase ratio, vine length, root length, leaf number, CCI, and N accumulation of 126 tested sweetpotato varieties was lower than that under normal N level, while the average of root-to-shoot ratio and nitrogen physiological utilization efficiency were higher than that under normal N level; 2) The variation coefficient of shoot biomass, shoot biomass increase, root biomass increase, plant biomass increase ratio, root-to-shoot ratio, vine length, root length, leaf number, nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen physiological utilization efficiency at low-N stress was higher than that at normal N level, and the amplification of them were ranked as shoot biomass increase>plant biomass increase ratio>root biomass increase>leaf number>shoot biomass>nitrogen physiological utilization efficiency>nitrogen accumulation>root length> root-to-shoot ratio>Vine length; 3) The principal component analysis was carried out on the low-N-tolerant index of eleven indicators, extracted three principal components, the cumulative variance contribution rate of which was 72.67%, and calculated the comprehensive evaluation Y-value; 4) The correlation between the low-N-tolerant index of shoot biomass, shoot biomass increase, root biomass increase, plant biomass increase ratio, leaf number, vine length, root length, root-to-shoot ratio, nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen physiological utilization efficiency and the Y-value were highly significant (P<0.01), among them, the correlation of shoot biomass increase, root biomass increase, plant biomass increase ratio, nitrogen accumulation and shoot biomass was higher, with the correlation coefficients of 0.85, 0.86, 0.81, 0.79 and 0.73, respectively; 5) The regression equation of the Y-value screened eight indicators to evaluate low-N tolerance of sweetpotato varieties, and the cluster analysis on eight indicators showed that the sweetpotato genotypes were classified into three types, low-N-tolerant, intermediate, and low-N-sensitive. The agronomic traits and N efficiency traits of three sweetpotato categories were analyzed by variance analysis.【Conclusion】Shoot biomass, shoot biomass increase, root biomass increase, root length, vine length, leaf number, nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen physiological utilization efficiency were selected as the low-N tolerance evaluation indicators of sweetpotato; The study screened 7 low-N-tolerant sweetpotato varieties: 13104-2/Zishu1, Yibinhongxinshu, Zhezishu 2, Yuzi 3, Yuzi 6, Luozi 1 and Yuzixiang 10; The results of variance analysis showed that the low-N-tolerant varieties performed better than the intermediate and the low-N sensitive varieties, and there are significant difference in five traits: shoot biomass, shoot biomass increase, root biomass increase, vine length and nitrogen accumulation.

DNA-binding One Zinc Finger (Dof) transcription factors are widely involved in various life activities of plants. Forty-six IbDof genes from sweetpotato cv. Taizhong 6 with a highly conserved Dof domain structured as a C2C2-type zinc finger were identified and named from IbDof1 to IbDof46 according to their position on the chromosomes. IbDof family could be divided into four subgroups (A-D), which shared the similar motifs and gene structures. Motif 1 and Motf 2 occurred in all of the identified IbDofs, Motif 5 and Motif 9 only occurred in subgroup A, and Motif 6-Motif 8 and Motif 10 only occurred in subgroup D. Twelve segment duplicated gene pairs and five tandem duplicated gene pairs of IbDofs (IbDof2/IbDof3, IbDof12/IbDof13, IbDof9/IbDof10, IbDof28/IbDof29, and IbDof32/IbDof33) contributed to the expansion of IbDof family in sweetpotato. The average divergence times of segmental duplication gene pairs and tandem duplicated gene pairs seemed to have emerged 35.22 MYA and 1.86 MYA, and the Ka/Ks ratios of the paralogous IbDofs were range from 0.07 (IbDof12/IbDof13) to 0.68 (IbDof6/IbDof25). Tirty-eight orthologous IbDof gene pairs between sweetpotato and their wild relative species Ipomoea trifida were involved in duplicated genomic blocks based on synteny analysis. Transcriptome analysis indicated different subgroups expressed specifically in various tissues, and IbDofs in the same subgroup also revealed different expression tends. Various hormones and stresses response element were identified in the promoters of IbDof genes, and qRT-PCR demonstrated specific IbDof genes responded to various environmental stresses, including cold, drought, salt, and H2O2. Most IbDof genes were regulated by cold treatment; IbDof10 and IbDof14 were up-regulated by drought treatment; IbDof-2, -14, -37, -41, -43 were up regulated by high salt stress; and IbDof-8, -10, -25, -41 were up regulated by H2O2 treatment. In summary, our result indicated that IbDof family genes coordinately regulated the growth and development of sweetpotato and been involved in the various abiotic stresses process.

This study aims to explore the effect of phosphorus (P) application on the economic yield, quality, P accumulation, and P utilisation efficiency of purple-fleshed sweetpotato and to provide a basis for the P efficient utilisation and high crop yield. Field experiments were conducted in 2018-2019, and five P application rates (0, 10.9, 21.8, 32.7, and 43.6 kg P/ha, expressed as P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4, respectively) were set. The results showed that P application significantly increased the yield and commodity potato yield of purple-fleshed sweetpotato, and that of P3 treatment was the highest, followed by P2 treatment. P application also increased the starch content in the storage root and increased the reducing sugar and soluble sugar (except for P2 treatment). P fertiliser supply significantly increased P accumulation and dry matter production of purple-fleshed sweetpotato during the growth period of 90 to 120 days. When the P application rate was over 21.8 kg/ha, the fertiliser investment rate, apparent P utilisation efficiency and P agronomic efficiency decreased with the increase of the application rate. Considering all the indexes, the supply of 21.8 kg/ha P fertiliser can meet the demand for high economic yield and P efficient utilisation in purple-fleshed type sweetpotato under the condition of this experiment.

Sweetpotato is an important crop that is very sensitive to low temperatures. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is involved in plant growth and development and is responsive to many environmental stresses. IbMPK3 is strongly regulated by low-temperature stress. We studied the function of IbMPK3 and how it may enhance the adaptability of sweetpotato plants to low-temperature stress. Transgenic sweetpotato plants overexpressing IbMPK3 were generated, and three transgenic lines with the highest expression level of IbMPK3 were used for low-temperature tests. Transgenic plants exposed to low-temperature stress had less damage associated with higher photosynthesis efficiency and less cell membrane damage. IbMPK3 -overexpressing transgenic plants could modulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism with lower levels of O 2 − and H 2 O 2 accumulation and higher enzymatic activities than WT plants. Transcript expression levels of some ROS-related genes ( IbCAT , IbCu-ZnSOD , and IbCAT ) and stress-responsive genes ( IbP3B and IbCOR27 ) were significantly upregulated in transgenic plants compared to WT. These results indicate that IbMPK3 has an important role in sweetpotato response to low temperatures.

BACKGROUND:Trichophyton rubrum, an important aetiological agent of superficial dermatophytosis, occasionally penetrates into deeper tissues, causing inflammation and a granulomatous response. Only few case reports of T. rubrum granuloma with molecular evidence for autoinoculation have been published. OBJECTIVES:To find the genetic basis of adaptation to a different microhabitat following autoinoculation of Trichophyton rubrum. METHODS:A case of Majocchi's granuloma is reported, with isolation of T. rubrum strains from foot and chin, respectively. Whole-genome sequencing of the two strains has been performed. Phylogenetic reconstruction and SIFT analysis were conducted. RESULTS:A phenotypic difference has been observed between the two isolates. 20 and 19 indels, 8 and 15 SNVs were found in foot and chin strains, respectively. Foot and chin strains formed a monophyletic group. Two non-synonymous mutations of chin strains were observed in the TERG_06754 gene encoding cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP). The G293C amino acid change in TERG_03373 was predicted to affect protein function significantly. The mutated amino acid (cysteine) was only found in the chin strain in all dermatophyte non-redundant sequences. CONCLUSIONS:Non-synonymous mutations located in TERG_06754 and TERG_03373 were predicted to affect protein functions, which may facilitate the adaption for invasion of the superficial cutaneous strain. As the different living environments of these two strains (oxygenous, lower-temperature for the pedal strain; hypoxia, higher-temperature for the chin strain), a stratum corneum-to-dermal adaption hypothesis of T. rubrum was proposed.

Society for Publication of Acta Dermato-Venereologica A 13-year-old girl presented to the hospital with lesions on her scalp, face, and neck that had developed over the course of 2.5 years, together with fever and cough present for 2 weeks. Physical examination was notable for multiple round granulomatous lesions involving the scalp, face, neck, and upper back area (Fig. 1). The patient had no further history of skin or systemic disease. Initially, she was misdiagnosed with eczema and systemic lupus ery thematosus at a local hospital. She then received systemic therapy with glucocorticoids for 2 months, but the lesions were aggravated over time. The patient was transferred to Huashan Hospital in Shanghai for further investigation.