[目的]探明烟草源微生物发酵对雪茄烟叶品质和挥发性致香成分的影响,为人工接菌发酵雪茄烟叶工业化生产提供菌种资源和理论依据.[方法]利用从进口雪茄烟中筛选的1株地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacil-lus licheniformis)FZ1发酵雪茄烟叶,对其进行感官评价,通过GC-MS检测烟叶中性致香成分,利用SIM-CA进行主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘分析(OPLS-DA),使用变量投影重要度(Variable Importance in Projection,VIP)＞1和独立t检验中P＜0.05筛选差异致香成分,并结合感官评分进行相关性分析与ROAV值变化,明确地衣芽孢杆菌(B.licheniformis)FZ1提升雪茄烟叶感官品质的关键致香成分及其对香气的贡献.[结果]雪茄烟叶经FZ1发酵后香气明显提升、刺激性减少;香气总量提高18.84％,以烯烃类、酮类和醇类增加为主;共筛选出15种差异中性致香成分,其中,11种差异致香成分显著上调,新植二烯、金合欢基丙酮、茄酮、香叶基丙酮、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚和植物醇6种与雪茄烟叶香气呈显著正相关关系,是FZ1发酵雪茄烟叶的关键差异致香成分;另有正十五烷、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、苯乙醛和2,4-二叔丁基-6-硝基苯酚共4种差异致香成分显著下调,其中,2,4-二叔丁基-6-硝基苯酚和苯乙醛与雪茄烟叶的刺激性呈显著正相关关系;茄酮、香叶基丙酮、巨豆三烯酮A、巨豆三烯酮B和植物醇对香气的贡献增大.[结论]FZ1发酵雪茄烟叶可明显改善香气品质,增加关键差异致香成分.

[Objective]The advantages of artificial inoculating strains to ferment cigar tobacco were explored to provide the basis for improving the quality of cigar tobacco leaves.[Method]Eight dominant strains isolated from finished cigars in different countries,including DVl(Davidoff Tubos 2000),FZl[The Fuente OPUS X(Father & Son)20th Anniversary Edition],FZ2[The Fuente OPUS X(Father & Son)20th Anniversary Edition],FZY8[The Fuente OPUS X(Father&Son)20th Anniversary Edition],MT1(Montecristo No.2),MTT4(Montecristo No.2),ZLX10(Romeo y Julieta Short Churchills)and GL2(Cohiba Robustos),were used to ferment cigar tobacco leaves,and then the effects of the dominant strains on the quality of cigar tobacco were analyzed.[Result]FZ1,ZLX10 and GL2 significantly increased the contents of total sugar,reducing sugar and total phenol of cigar tobacco leaves,significantly decreased the contents of alkaloids,malic acid,malonic acid,succinic acid,stearic acid and oleic acid,and increased the contents of oxalic acid and linoleic acid,but had no significant impact on the contents of total nitrogen,potassium and chloride.Furthermore,FZ1,ZLX10 and GL2 were identified as Bacillus.[Conclusion]Inoculation of FZ1,ZLX10 and GL2 for fermentation could obviously improve the taste and smoke quality of cigar.

The excessive intake of caffeine might adversely affect health, so decaffeinated food becomes a hot topic for investigation. Penicillium simplicissimum 4–17 was inoculated into sun-dried green tea for the pile fermentation (QZTWP) at a pilot scale to develop decaffeinated Qingzhuan tea (QZT). Through comparisons in chemical compositions, fungal community structure and sensory qualities, the results showed that after 21-d pile fermentation, most quality components in QZTWP were same or similar to those in naturally fermented QZT, except caffeine. Caffeine decreased nearly 50%, and some quality components were better in QZTWP than those in naturally fermented QZT. The addition of P. simplicissimum 4–17 couldn't change the dominant strains in the pile fermentation of QZT, but was conducive to increasing the amount of Saccharomyces, Candida, and Penicillium and to inhibiting the unfavorable strains. The results confirmed that P. simplicissimum 4–17 not only contributed high caffeine degradation ability of pilot fermentation of QZT, but also helped to improve the comprehensive quality of QZT. It means that there is a great potential of P. simplicissimum 4–17 for industrial production of decaffeinated QZT.

Red foliated cotton is a typical dominant mutation trait in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Although mutants have been described, few responsible genes have been identified and characterized. In this study, we performed map-based cloning of the red foliated mutant gene (Re) derived from the cross between G. hirsutum cv. Emian22 and G. barbadense acc. 3-79. Through expression profiling, metabolic pathway analysis, and sequencing of candidate genes, Re was identified as an MYB113 transcription factor. A repeat sequence variation in the promoter region increased the activity of the promoter, which enhanced the expression of Re. Re expression driven by the 35S promoter produced a red foliated phenotype, as expected. When the gene was driven by a fiber elongation-specific promoter, promoter of α-expansin 2 (PGbEXPA2), Re was specifically expressed in 5- to 10-day post-anthesis fibers rather than in other tissues, resulting in brown mature fibers. Re responded to light through phytochrome-interacting factor 4 and formed a dimer with transparent testa 8, which increased its expression as well as that of anthocyanin synthase and UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-o-glucosyl transferase, and thus activated the entire anthocyanin metabolism pathway. Our research has identified the red foliated mutant gene in cotton, which paves the way for detailed studies of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin metabolism and pigment accumulation in cotton and provides an alternative strategy for producing brown fiber.

OBJECTIVES:To systematically summarize the evidence of gait tests as screening tools for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DATA SOURCES:Electronic database searches were conducted in PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane, Web of Science, Ovid, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang, and SinoMed, and studies published before November 30, 2018, were included. STUDY SELECTION:Synonyms of MCI, gait, and cognitive-motor interference (CMI) were searched. Studies that analyzed gait change of people with MCI in single- or dual-task gait tests were included. DATA EXTRACTION:The quality of the included studies was assessed with Downs and Black methodological quality appraisal tools. Study characteristics, participants' characteristics, test descriptions, and results were extracted from the included studies. DATA SYNTHESIS:Twenty-two studies involving 1928 participants were included. Meta-analysis showed that gait velocity difference in dual task (effect size [ES]=-0.89) were more obvious than in single task (ES=-0.74) between older adults with and without MCI, and the ES increased with the complexity of cognitive load (countdown by 1s, ES=-0.83; verbal fluency, ES=-0.96; serial reduction by 7s, ES=-1.26). The dual-task cost of gait velocity showed high sensitivity (ES=0.90) in detecting MCI. Meta-regression analysis demonstrated strong criterion-related validity between the CMI of gait velocity and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score. CONCLUSIONS:In comparison with the single-task gait test, gait change under cognitive load is more pronounced in older adults with MCI. CMI of gait velocity can be a potential screening tool for MCI in elderly persons.

The hypothalamus plays key roles in regulating reproduction and energy balance. We determined the transcriptional profile of the hypothalamus (F0 and F1) to identify its relationship with the reproductive function and metabolic phenotypes of rats under BPA exposure and the paternal contribution. Male rats received 35 mu g/kg bw/day BPA, 5 mu g/kg bw/day ethinylestradiol (EE2) or vehicle via diet. At PND 170, the sexual behaviour of male F0 rats was assessed before mating. The metabolic and reproductive phenotypes and the transcriptional profiles of the testis (F0) and hypothalamus were tested in F0 and F1 rats. Male rats exposed to BPA exhibited no changes in fertility, metabolic phenotypes, sperm quality or serum sex hormones, but none of them ejaculated during the test period. Four differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the F0 hypothalamus and 51 DEGs in the F0 testis were identified in the BPA group. Paternal BPA and EE2 exposure increased the body weight and food intake of male offspring, and 164 and 3433 DEGs were identified in the hypothalamus of BPA- and EE2-treated rats (F1, male), respectively. The highest-ranked function impaired by BPA and EE2 in the F1 hypothalamus was immune function. BPA and EE2 exposure induced alterations in the metabolic phenotype in F1-generation males, and this effect may be related to the altered inflammatory-related signalling pathways in the hypothalamus but neither treatment affected the F0 hypothalamus. Hundreds of genes in the F1 hypothalamus showed changes upon BPA and EE2 treatment. Concern regarding paternal environmental endocrine disruptor exposure should be raised. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND:Rotating night shift work contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome and relevant diseases. However, the contribution of different aspects of rotating night shift is rarely studied. AIM:This study investigated the association of frequency and duration of rotating night shift with metabolic parameters. METHODS:A cross-sectional study was conducted in nurses. Socio-demographic characteristics, duration and frequency of rotating night shifts, and metabolic parameters including body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure (BP), triglyceride, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), were collected. Sleep quality and perceived stress were assessed with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) respectively. Ratio of rotating night shift years to age (RRSYA) was calculated to present cumulative effect. Metabolic parameters were log-transformed and z-transformed in sequence. Multiple linear regressions were applied to explore the effect of frequency and RRSYA on metabolic parameters. Mediation analysis was used to estimate potential mediating effect of sleep quality and perceived stress. RESULTS:Frequency of rotating night shift work was significantly associated with elevated FBG and BMI, and decreased LDL-C. RRSYA was significantly associated with higher BMI, TC, LDL-C, BP and FBG. Sleep quality exhibited significant mediating effect between rotating night shift features and FBG and BMI. CONCLUSIONS:Our results suggest that frequency and RRSYA are associated with metabolic profile alterations, but the effects are different. Sleep quality appears to be an important mediator of the night shift's metabolic effect. Proper shift arrangement and sleep quality assurance may reduce the negative metabolic changes.

CONTEXT:Fatigue is a common and detrimental symptom in dialysis patients; however, our understanding of it and investigation of its contributing factors is still very limited, especially in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.OBJECTIVES:To assess fatigue in PD patients and identify contributing factors.METHODS:One hundred eight PD patients in a comprehensive hospital in China were recruited. The fatigue severity of the participants was assessed using the Chalder Fatigue Scale 11. Demographic factors and results of physiological tests were collected. Quality of sleep, mental health, and social support were assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Symptom Checklist 90, and Social Support Rating Scale, respectively. Multiple linear regression models were conducted with candidate variables with a P-value of less than 0.1 on univariate analysis and variables that were clinically relevant to identify contributing factors for fatigue.RESULTS:The fatigue level in PD patients was significantly higher than the community population, and 78.7% of them were suffering from fatigue. The factors that were significantly associated with fatigue were quality of sleep, normalized protein nitrogen appearance, transferrin, alkaline phosphatase, and total cholesterol (adjusted R squared 0.86). Among them, quality of sleep, transferrin, alkaline phosphatase, and total cholesterol were significant contributors for physical fatigue, whereas the quality of sleep and normalized protein nitrogen appearance were contributing factors for mental fatigue.CONCLUSION:Fatigue is a common symptom in PD patients, suggesting that increased awareness of this symptom is required. The identification of correlates by extensive exploration of multidimensional factors in this study may help practitioners to identify patients at higher risk and to develop a multidimensional and targeted intervention plan.

Bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental endocrine-disrupting compound, has drawn a great attention for its adverse effect on behavioral development. Maternal exposure to this compound has been reported to induce anxiety and depression in offspring, but the effect of its paternal exposure is rarely discussed. This study investigated whether preconception paternal BPA exposure can affect the emotions of male rats and their offspring. Eighteen adult male rats (F0) received either a vehicle or 50 μg/kg/day BPA diet for 21 weeks and were then mated with non-exposed females to produce offspring (F1). The affective behaviors of F0 and F1 rats were evaluated in the open-field test, the elevated-plus maze and the forced swimming test, and their serum corticosterone were then examined. BPA exposure induced increased anxiety behaviors along with increased serum corticosterone in F0 rats. This paternal exposure also led to increased anxiety behaviors in F1 females and aggravated depression behaviors in both sexes of F1 rats. Furthermore, only F1 females exhibited increased serum corticosterone. Overall, these data indicate that preconception paternal exposure to a low dose of BPA may induce transgenerational sex-specific impairments in the affection of adult rats.

Black tea manufacture usually involves the processes of withering, cutting, fermentation and drying. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of the relationship between the quality and withering with different light sources (ultraviolet, yellow, blue, purple, orange, red, cyan, green and white) an quality attribute of tea. The results indicated that the yellow, orange and red light withering significantly improved the aroma and taste, imparting the tea a sweet flavor and a fresh and mellow taste. Tea treated with yellow light was scored highest the sensory scores and showed the highest content in catechins, theaflavins, amino acids and aroma components, followed by the orange and red light treatments. The black tea withered with ultraviolet light showed a strong astringency, probably resulting from low contents of theaflavins, amino acids and soluble sugar. The green light irradiation remarkably damaged the aroma and taste of the tea, leading to a strong greenish flavor and an astringent taste, probably owing to the lowest contents of chemical compositions. No significant cumulative effect was found in the hybrid light withering treatments. Therefore, monochromatic yellow, orange and red lights were suggested for withering the black tea to improve its overall quality.

Yellow light was used to irradiate plucked leaves during its withering.The withered leav-es were subjected to cutting and drying.The qualities of black tea were analyzed.The results showed that yellow light significantly improved the aroma and taste.The sweet flavor and fresh and mellow taste of black tea was less affected.The concentrates of catchins,theaflavins,amino acids and aroma components except polyphenols and soluble sugars were significantly increased as well.After irradiation of yellow light,the total content of catechins in black tea increased by 21.6%,among which EGCG,ECG,GC and EC were increased remarkably with no significant difference in EGC and C.The total content of theafla-vins in black tea withered with yellow light had an increase of 17.6%.But each theaflavin showed differ-ent variation with a significant increment in TF1 and TF2A,but there was no significant difference in TF3 and TF2B.It is indicated that the amimo acids of black tea withered with yellow light increased by 6.8% with a significant increment in aspartic acid,glutamic acid,yaline,isoleucine and theanine.The re-sult of GC/MS analysis showed that there was 21.7% increase of total content of aroma components. The predominant types of acids and anhydrides,alcohols,esters and aromatic compounds increased by 58.5%,41.2%,25.4% and 18.6%,respectively.Amides decreased by 127.3%.It is indicated that yellow light irradiation during tea leaves withering can improve the qualities of black tea.

The results of the comparison of the allelic variation loci-related fiber quality and the Gossypium hirsutum genome. (XLSX 14Â kb)

The SSR markers information of 503 cultivars. (XLSX 22Â kb)

Two immortalized backcross populations (DHBCF1s and JMBCF1s) were developed using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population crossed with the two parents DH962 and Jimian5 (as the males), respectively. The fiber quality and yield component traits of the two backcross populations were phenotyped at four environments (two locations, two years). One hundred seventy-eight quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected including 76 for fiber qualities and 102 for yield components, explaining 4.08-17.79% of the phenotypic variation (PV). Among the 178 QTL, 22 stable QTL were detected in more than one environment or population. A stable QTL, qFL-c10-1, was detected in the previous F2 population, a RIL population in 3 environments and the current two BCF1 populations in this study, explaining 5.79-37.09% of the PV. Additionally, 117 and 110 main-effect QTL (M-QTL) and 47 and 191 digenic epistatic QTL (E-QTL) were detected in the DHBCF1s and JMBCF1s populations, respectively. The effect of digenic epistasis played a more important role on lint percentage, fiber length and fiber strength. These results obtained in the present study provided more resources to obtain stable QTL, confirming the authenticity and reliability of the QTL for molecular marker-assisted selection breeding and QTL cloning.

Since upland cotton was introduced into China during the 1920s–1950s, hundreds of inbreed cultivars have been developed. To explore the molecular diversity, population structure and elite alleles, 503 inbred cultivars developed in China and some foreign cultivars from the United States and the Soviet Union were collected and analyzed by 494 genome-wide SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeats).

Yellow light irradiation during withering process can significantly improve the quality of black tea. Thus in this paper the criteria of withering with yellow light irradiation were optimized. The result indicated that the optimal conditions which included one bud and two leaves plucked leaves, the exposure intensity ≥ 1000 lx (a distance of 15 cm under the light tubes), a thickness of the plucked tea shoots ≤ 10 cm and a irradiation time ≥ 9 hours could significantly improve the aroma and taste and imparted the black tea a sweet flavor and a fresh and mellow taste.

Tea plant, Camellia sinensis, can accumulate high levels of fluoride (F); however, it is unclear how F influences secondary metabolism in tea plants. In this study, two tea cultivars seedlings, Fuyunliuhao (FY) and Wuniuzao (WNZ), were cultivated in nutrient solutions containing different concentrations of F for 4 weeks to investigate the effects of F on the content of catechins, the activity of related biosynthetic enzymes in the leaves. The content of tea polyphenols reached to the top at 2 mg L-1 (FY) or 4 mg L-1 (WNZ) and then decreased dose-dependently with the F concentration increasing; the content of catechins increased between 2 and 8 mg L-1 and decreased at 16 mg L-1 significantly comparing with the control; the activity of PAL, C4H, CHI and DFRm in WNZ, DFRm and DFRq in FY increased significantly at 4 mg L-1 F concentration comparing to the control and the activity of ANR in WNZ, C4H in FY decreased dose-dependently with the increasing F concentration, while the activity of PAL, CHI in FY changed little with the F concentration between 0 and 16 mg L-1. These results suggested that F concentrations lower than 4 mg L-1 promote the biosynthesis of catechins in tea plants by up-regulating the activity of related biosynthetic enzymes, whereas F concentrations more than 8 mg L-1 restrain tea plant growth and the synthesis of catechins. The pathways of catechins biosynthesis are tremendously complicated, and further research is required to determine whether F regulates the metabolism of tea catechins by altering other pathways and enzymes in addition to those analyzed in this study. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

RAD sequencing was performed using DH962 and Jimian5 as upland cotton mapping parents. Sequencing data for DH962 and Jimian5 were assembled into the genome sequences of ≈55.27 and ≈57.06 Mb, respectively. Analysing genome sequences of the two parents, 1,323 SSR, 3,838 insertion/deletion (InDel), and 9,366 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) primer pairs were developed. All of the SSRs, 121 InDels, 441 SNPs, and other 6,747 primer pairs were screened in the two parents, and a total of 535 new polymorphic loci were identified. A genetic map including 1,013 loci was constructed using these results and 506 loci previously published for this population. Twenty-seven new QTLs for yield and fibre quality were identified, indicating that the efficiency of QTL detection was greatly improved by the increase in map density. Comparative genomics showed there to be considerable homology and collinearity between the AT and A2 genomes and between the DT and D5 genomes, although there were a few exchanges and introgressions among the chromosomes of the A2 genome. Here, the development of markers using parental RAD sequencing was effective, and a high-density intraspecific genetic map was constructed. This map can be used for molecular marker-assisted selection in cotton.

金庸的武侠小说《射雕英雄传》历来为人称道,其中的儿女柔情更是让人回味无穷。其实在这部小说中,还有这么一个人物,她美丽善良,温柔可人,然而她的一生却坎坷而艰辛。她的爱情时刻摇摆在情感与礼教之间,造就了她悲剧的一生,她就是杨康之母包惜弱。本文试图以文本细读法为支撑来探析包惜弱爱情悲剧的必然性,并对其人物形象进行深入解读。