The dynamic calculation methods of soil erosion modulus and sediment discharge modulus were brought forward by analyzing the key factors of yearly adsorbed load variation for Xiaojiang River Watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The dynamic distribution model of annual adsorbed non-point source phosphorus load,based on the watershed characteristics of hydrology,geography and non-point source pollution,was built up. In view of space uncertainty characteristics for parameters in the model which are related to rainfall,soil,topography,vegetation,soil and water conservation,sediment delivery ratio and so on,the theory of blind number was introduced to deal with them. Applying GIS technology,the soil erosion modulus and adsorbed phosphorus load of Xiaojiang River Watershed from 1997 to 2007 were simulated and quantitatively calculated. The simulation results showed that the factor of rainfall erosion and runoff are the important factors which effect annual variation of adsorbed phosphorus pollution load,and that the space distribution of adsorbed non-point source phosphorus was closely related to the types of land-use,and the size of contribution rate was glebe and mix-ground,grassland,paddy field,woodland and urban land in turn. The validation revealed that the established model in which parameters were taken as the factors of blind number can be successfully applied for the assessment of the adsorbed non-point source pollution load for the watershed.

Dissolved nitrogen(DN)on land is washed away into waters by runoff, forming the pollution load of non-point source. Therefore, simulation of runoff from each land use or land cover type plays a very important part in estimated pollution load of dissolved nitrogen. Soil conservation service(SCS)runoff curve method was widely used for simulation of land runoff in popular non-point source pollution model, such as SWAT and AGNPS, etc. However, SCS model had a major limitation, that is, it was a statistical model for America, so there were some problems applying to Chinese basin directly. In this study, a physically-based and hydrological watershed model called Semi-Distributed Land Use-based Runoff Processes(SLURP)hydrological model, was used to simulate runoff from each land use or land cover type in order to estimate the DN load. Taking the Jialing River Basin as a research case, the DN model was formed. Considering the DN loss during the transport process from land to waters, a coefficient of transport loss was introduced in the DN model, and its statistical equation was educed by the monitoring data. Consequently, by using DN model and SLURP model, the spatial distribution of output capacity of the basin DN pollution was simulated, and the DN pollution load at the watershed outlet from1990 to 2005 was estimated by means of GIS. The results indicated that pollution in Fujiang River sub-basin which mainly consisted of dry farmland and paddy field was the most serious, and the followings were the subbasin of downstream watershed of Qujiang River and Xihanshui River sub-basin. The annual average DN load in the basin was so high that it reached 35 726 t·a-1 from 1990 to 2005 and accounted for about 32% of the total nitrogen load at the watershed outlet.

Xiao-Jiang River is the largest tributary on the north of the middle part in Three Gorges reservoir area, because of predominant hilly cropland with purple soil, the dissolved nitrogen from surface and subsurface runoff caused by raining accounts for most part of the nitrogen pollution in water. This paper develops the annual pollution models based on the characteristics of topography and soil, etc. , of the basin in order to study dissolved nitrogen pollution, and introduces a Semi-distributed Land Use-based Runoff Processes (SLURP) hydrological model into the surface and subsurface runoff simulation which is an important part of non-point source pollution modeling. Integrated with the geography information system technology, the annual temporal-spatial distribution of the dissolved nitrogen in the basin is simulated and the load at the watershed outlet is estimated from 2000 to 2007. The results show that the load from cropland is up to 68.3%～76.8% of the total load, in which over 85% from croplands and then rural settlement is 23.2%～31.7%.

Particulate nitrogen and phosphorus (PP and PN) attached to sediment from agricultural land is the main cause of water body eutrophication in the Three Gorges Reservoir. In order to identify the spatial-temporal distribution of PN and PP source and their loads imported to the reservoir, a mathematical model of annual sediment discharge for the upper reaches of the reservoir was proposed based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Integrated with the non-point source (NPS) pollution model, the PN and PP pollution loads in 1990-2006 were estimated. The simulation results show that the lower reaches of the Jinsha River, the upper reaches of the Minjiang River and the Bailong River sub-basin in the Jialing River basin are the main sources of PN and PP pollution. These regions should become the focus of the sediment and NPS pollution control in future. The sediment yield, PN and PP loads have decreased because of the key soil and water conservation project in upper Yangtze River since 1989. Compared with the loads in 1990, the PN and PP loads in 2006 have reduced by 61.7% and 54.7%, respectively.

In the of Three-Gorges Reservoir hydrology condition,algae growth is constructed,and it used to numerical simulate the algae growth in Chongqing Ciqikou of Jialing River during February to July of 2007.It is well equally between simulate value and practical value.The research result shows that velocity between 0.03-0.05 m/s is good for algae growth,relatively.

Non-point source(NPS) pollution of particulate phosphorus(PP) has recently become an important environmental concern in Three Gorges Reservoir.This study aims to identify the contributing zones of sediment and PP pollution in the upstream watershed of Three Gorges Reservoir and quantify the pollution by simulation method.Firstly,a mathematical model of annual sediment yields was proposed based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE).The proposed model introduced a coefficient according to the influence of hydrology condition and human activities on sediment yield.The spatial and temporal distribution of sediment delivery ratio(SDR) in the model was got by topography index interpolation method.Then,an annual load model of PP pollution was established on the basis of the sediment model.The PP pollution in 1990~2006 was simulated by the model integrated with GIS.The simulation results show that sub-basins of middle and lower reaches of Jinsha River,Yalong and Dadu are the main sources of the NPS pollution of PP,and the Jialing sub-basin has a relatively low degree of soil and particulate nutrients loss due to the key erosion prevention project in the upper Yangtze River program began in 1989.The PP pollution imported into the reservoir has declined since the implementation of the soil loss prevention program.Annual average load in the last five years is 16 482 t/a,which have reduced by about 37 % compared with that of in 1990.

A mathematical model of non-point source pollution loading has been established to study the change laws of non-point source pollution imported to the Three Gorges Reservoir.This model was obtained by the Export Coefficient Approach and by introducing a pollution load coefficient.Using GIS and RS technology,the SLURP hydrological model and a model of pollution loading of non-point sources are applied to forecast and analyze the change of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutant loads imported to the Three Gorges Reservoir considering changes of land use and climate.The predictions show that in 2020,although production of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus of watershed will decrease as the land uses change,their loads will increase due to climate change.The research results also indicate that pollutant production from cropland will be reduced,but it will remain the most important source of nitrogen and phosphorus export in the watershed.

In most of the first-order tributaries of Yangtze River in the Three Gorges Reservoir,the nutritional state has reached an extent needed for eutrophication.The hydrological condition becomes the key factor which impacts algal growth and induces eutrophication when climate condition,such as water temperature and illumination,is suitable for algal growth in period of March to May.While at the time,the hydrological condition in this reservoir is significantly different from that in general lakes,rivers and reservoirs because of releasing water at the dam.Aiming at the special hydrological situation in period of water level decline from March to May before flood season of the Three Gorges Reservoir,the effect of runoff on algal growth in reach of Jialing River in city zone of Chongqing was studied by analyzing water samples and by applying the principle of mass conservation.The results show that the relationship between runoff and algal growth is obvious.There are the most algal density and the mass increment in March due to lower runoff and less drainage at dam.As runoff in May accesses or excesses that of the corresponding period in history,the mass increment of algal in the reach is negative,but,as runoff is very lower,it is positive.

Some reasonable and suitable methods for factor calculation of the equation were chosen based on the American Universal Soil Loss equation,the characteristics of the Jialing River basin in P.R.China,and related research results.The soil erosion and loss in each hydrological unit of the basin were estimated using GIS.Employing the non-point source adsorbed nutrition load model,the loads of adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus pollution were calculated and analyzed.The results show that the average sediment transportation module in the Jialing River Basin in recent years is 161.94 t/(km2a),and the loads of adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus pollution are 29 620.8 t/a and 1 391.96 t/a,respectively,at the watershed outlet(Beibei hydrologic station).Adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus pollution are serious in the Bailong River and Xihanshui basins.The descending order of land type with adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus loss modulus is as follows: wild land,bush,turf,field,city and forest.

Based on the American Universal Soil Loss Equation, focused on the two main factors that are hydrology condition and land management practice which can influence the soil loss in the watershed change yearly, and took into account the sediment transport process which can effect the soil loss differ spatially, a new sediment load evaluation method was put forward which can reflect the yearly change process of soil loss. Took Jialing River basin as a research example and validated the new evaluation method. Furthermore, according to the correlation between the sediment load and adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus pollution load, established a yearly load evaluation model of the adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus pollution. By virtue of the geographical information technology, the yearly load and spatial distribution of the adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus pollution due to soil erosion in the Jialing River basin from 1990 to 2005 have been studied by the established model. The results show that adsorbed phase of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution are quite seriously in the subbasin of Bailong River and Xihanshui River. In recent years, adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loads have declined year by year because of the conservation practices of soil and water in this basin. The average loads of adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus pollution are 34 423 t/a and 1 848 t/a respectively in the past five years, which have reduced by about 60% from 1990.

The physiological response of occupants to thermal environment from the aspect of blood viscosity was presented. An animal experiment with cavy was done to study whether indoor thermal environment has significant impact on blood viscosity and in particular the impact of indoor air temperature on it. During each group of the experiment, 10 cavies were fed in a ventilation installation for 10 d and then collected the blood samples from their hearts for testing. The results show that indoor air temperature and ventilation style have statistically significant impact on the whole blood viscosity (P<0.1) and humidity has less impact on it (P>0.1). The further study on temperature indicates that the blood viscosity of living creatures is better in the range of 19.4-28.0 degrees C, especially in the range of 24 to 26 degrees C. It is inferred that microcirculation has close correlation with indoor thermal environment and is better when temperature is in the range of 24-26 degrees C.

Indoor air temperature is a main parameter of indoor thermal environment and it plays an important role in the heat exchange process between human body and environment.Therefore it has influence on the occupant's psychological and physiological state.Animal experiment was used to study the impact of temperature in air-conditioned room on organism at the aspect of blood rheological characteristics.The experimental results show that blood viscidity,plasma viscidity and erythrocyte electrophoresis time decrease when the temperature goes up.The blood rheological characteristics are comparatively better in the range of 23~24 ℃.

To understand the formation and change of non-point source pollution is the first important step to controll and manage non-point source pollution.There is a wide range of non-point source pollutants in the Three Gorges Reservoir.Every year,non-point source pollutants discharged into rivers from the upper reaches contribute the major part of non-point source pollutants in the Three Gorges Reservoir.In order to study the pattern of change in non-point source pollutants in the Three Gorges Reservoir,the model of non-point source pollution load from the upper basin of Chongqing Cuntan section of the Yangtze River was established on the basis of the SLURP model and the Export Coefficient Approach.At last,using the established model,non-point source TN and TP annual load from upper basin of Cuntan section were calculated and simulated for the period from 1996 to 2002.Except the more than 50% calculation error for non-point source TP load in 1998,all other calculation errors were less than 30%.It is considered that the model can provide a good fit to the observed data,and that the established model for non-point source pollution and its application in the Yangtze Basin will be valuable for the management and control of non-point source pollution,and may form a base for making policies on pollution control.

Objective To study the change of the hemorheological properties of guinea pigs with the change of temperature and humidity in air-conditioned environment and offer experimental evidence for studying the air-conditioned environment to the effects of microcirculation. Methods Guinea pigs were used as experimental animals with body weight ranging from 250g to 300g. The experiments were divided into three groups.The first group:The guinea pigs were fed in air-conditioned room with temperature of 18℃ and humidity of 70% for 10 days(n=31);The second group:The guinea pigs were fed in air-conditioned room with temperature of 28℃ and humidity of 70% for 10 days(n=31);The third group:The guinea pigs were fed in air-conditioned room with temperature of 18℃ and humidity of 50% for 10 days(n=31).After ten days,5ml heart blood was collected by heart puncture technique. Results There were no remarkable differences of hemorheological properties between the first group and the second group(P0.05),so the change of temperature had no remarkable influence on hemorheological properties of guinea pig in air-conditioned environment.Compared with the first group and the third group, there were no remarkable differences of whole blood viscosity at high/ middle /low shear rate and Hct and the span of RBC electrophoretic mobility(P0.05). Plasma viscosity in the first group was significantly higher than that in the third group(P0.01),while the whole blood reduced viscosity in the first group was significantly lower than that in the third group(P0.01),the aggregation index of RBC and the deformed index of RBC in the first group were less than those in the third group(P0.05). Conclusion Temperature had no marked influence on hemorheological properties of guinea pigs in the air-conditioned environment,while the change of humidity has a significant influence, which suggests that there is obvious relationship between humidity and hemorheological properties of the organism in the air-conditioned environment.

Objective To establish the normal reference range of hemorheology of cavy for study or experiment by scholar and craft brother.Methods Sample 5ml blood from the heart of cavy with heparin as anticoagulant,44 male cavies and 23 female cavies;Using MVIS-2020 completely automatic hemorheology analysis apparatus measure the indexes of the blood in hemorheology.Results The normal value range of whole blood viscosity(in high shear rate)of envy:male is(5.1 7±0.72)mpas and female is((4.86)±0.69)mpas;Whole blood viscosity(in low shear rate):male is(10.39±1.59)mpas and female is(9.34±1.38)mpas;The plasma viscosity:male is(1.42±0.15)mpas and female is(1.40±0.13)mpas;The whole blood deoxidize viscosity:male is(6.28±0.90) mpas and female is(5.93±0.88)mpas.The hematocrit:male is 0.42±0.03 and female is 0.37±0.02.Conelusion The values of the hemorheology indexes vary with the kinds of animal.And the values of the hemorheology indexes of cavy are correlated with gender.

To investigate whether the thermal environment has impact on hemorheology characteristics of living creature,twelve guinea pigs for the experimental specimen were fed in the aerator for ten days.The air's temperature, relative humidity and ventilation mode in the ventilation installation can be controlled.The blood from the hearts of guinea pigs were sampled and then the hemorheology characteristics were tested.The data of the experiment were analyzed.The result shows that thermal environment has impact on hemorheology characteristics of living creature and different indexes have different impact.The result could be a basis of indoor thermal environmental evaluation method at hemorheology aspect.The study also has guidance of design and run of HVAC system.

本文对热环境与人体健康的关系、热环境的评价指标以及热舒适标准做了一个综合性的描述.认为可以通过合理的组合室内热环境参数,不仅可以达到热舒适和热健康,还可以节能,并且阐述了基于节能的室内热环境设计参数的选择方法.

通过相关气象资料，将SLURP水文模型由点到面模拟的流域日值降雨量数据与降雨侵蚀力计算分析结合起来，以GIS技术为平台，对比研究了不同模型条件下流域各相关站点普通降雨资料下与全流域重建降雨资料下土壤侵蚀的动力因子降雨侵蚀力，以期为三峡库区小江流域水土流失的控制与水土保持的管理提供科学的依据和方法。