Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of a national questionnaire on the intelligent maturity of infectious disease surveillance and early warning.Methods A questionnaire was developed based on the intelligent maturity index system for infectious disease surveillance and early warning.Expert consultation was used to assess the content,items,and content validity of the questionnaire.A random sampling method was taken to select 700 county(district)CDCs in the Chinese mainland for a one-month questionnaire survey in mid-October 2023.Item analysis was performed with the critical ratio method.Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's α coefficient and Spearman-Brown coefficient.Validity was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and content validity index.Results In the item analysis,six items did not meet the standard:IT infrastructure construction,coverage of security measures such as cloud desktop and cloud terminal,adoption of national information standards for the informatization construction of infectious disease surveillance and early warning,ability to call national application programming interfaces(APIs)and use software development kits(SDKs)to achieve application integration,missed reporting rate of infectious diseases,and proportion of confirmed cases in the syndromic surveillance of infectious diseases.After comprehensive consideration,these items were retained.The reliability analysis showed that the total Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.872.The Cronbach's α coefficients for the three dimensions were 0.755 for intelligent strategy and foundation,0.857 for intelligent business process and management,and 0.607 for intelligent effectiveness.The Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.756.The validity analysis showed that the overall content validity index of the questionnaire was 0.985,and the content validity index of each item ranged from 0.820 to 1.000.The structural equation model constructed by confirmatory factor analysis fitted well after modification.Conclusion The national questionnaire on the intelligent maturity of infectious disease surveillance and early warning has good reliability and validity,and is suitable for evaluating the intelligent maturity of infectious disease surveillance and early warning on integrated regional platforms across provinces nationwide.

Objective To examine the status quo of information construction in centers for disease control and prevention（CDCs） of provincial level and in pilot regions across China. Methods An online questionnaire survey was conducted among 32 provincial-level CDCs and 31 prefecture-level and 29 county/district level CDCs in pilot regions during 2021 via China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Results For the CDCs surveyed, there were totally 341 full-time staff engaged in the information construction. Of all the CDCs, 56.04% established specific information departments; 62.64%had the information construction fund less than 1% of their total expenditure; 43.96% put the information construction into the scope of performance evaluation; and 72.83% paid special attention to the integration of new technologies and the information construction. During 2019 – 2021, the professionals of the investigated CDCs were involved in the formulation or revision of16 standards on health information and the publication of 187 papers about informatization. The Immunization Program Information System was operated in all the provincial CDCs surveyed, together with infectious disease surveillance and early warning system and mental health management system established in 50% and 59.38% of the provincial CDCs. Cross-sectoral information sharing was carried out in 12 provincial CDCs and 3 prefecture-level CDCs in pilot regions. Conclusion The pilot work of information construction for disease control has promoted the improvement of the national information system for disease control. However, there are still some problems such as lack of investment, regional imbalance, insufficient specific informatizition support, connectivity and management collaboration.

目的:构建传染病监测预警智慧化成熟度分级评估模型并开展应用评估.方法:应用软件能力成熟度模型设计智慧化成熟度分级特征,参考相关行业国家标准确定成熟度分级评估方法.结果:初步设计并验证了传染病监测预警智慧化成熟度分级评估模型.结论:构建的分级评估模型具有一定的可用性,为评价传染病监测预警智慧化成熟度提供了工具.

目的:构建传染病监测预警智慧化成熟度评估指标体系的总体框架.方法:应用文献研究、业务分析、专家咨询等方法,设计以传染病监测预警智慧化成熟度为评估对象的评估指标体系框架.结果:初步设计了传染病监测预警智慧化成熟度评估指标体系的总体框架.结论:本研究构建的评估指标体系框架具有一定的合理性和可用性,可为构建传染病监测预警智慧化成熟度评估指标提供参考.

探讨了推进数字疾控发展的重要性,并提出了创新公共卫生管理服务模式的建议.通过整合信息化技术、建立健全数据共享机制、加强数据分析和预测能力,可以实现公共卫生管理从被动应对到主动预测和干预的转变.此外,建立多方合作机制、培养专业人才和普及公众健康知识,也是推进数字疾控发展的关键.最后,通过总结疾控数字化发展已有的实践基础,提出推进数字疾控发展,创新公共卫生管理服务模式需要把握的关键环节.

目的 了解2012-2021年全国乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)病例重复报告情况,分析其对报告发病率的影响.方法 使用不同规则组合对2012-2021年全国乙肝报告发病病例进行个案查重并对个案进行唯一标识编码,分析重复报告情况.结果 2012-2021年乙肝累计报告发病10 673 608例,共查出1 031 713例重复报告病例,重复报告率为9.67％.年度重复报告率呈上升趋势(x2=339 079.188,P＜0.001),2021年重复报告率最高(16.26％);年内平均重复报告率为1.84％.各省份重复报告率在3.44％～18.22％之间,重卡率最低的3个省份为北京市(3.44％)、天津市(3.55％)和浙江省(3.96％);随年龄组增加重复报告率呈上升趋势(x2=52 779.96,P＜0.001);医院中三级医院的重复报告构成比(52.44％)和重报率(11.72％)均最高.2012-2021年全国乙肝年均发病率为77.52/10万,删除重复报告后年均发病率为70.03/10万.结论 2012-2021年全国乙肝重复报告率为9.67％,重复报告一定程度影响着对乙肝真实流行情况的评估,应当探索适合于乙肝疫情监测管理的新机制.

构建个案流行病学标签体系,详细阐述标签体系构建方法及示范场景应用,指出构建的标签体系可用于流行病学调查过程中提取个案流行病学特征,为进一步构建知识图谱提供流行病学调查信息分级分类的基础.

With the increasing number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and worldwide vaccination coverage, ‘vaccination passports’ (vaccination certificates) may become a required permit for global travel, thereby supporting economic recovery. On March 7, 2021, Wang Yi, State Councilor and Foreign Minister of China, announced the launch of the Chinese version of an ‘international travel health certificate’ at a press conference of the National People’s Congress and the Chinese Political Consultative Conference. He proposed a feasible ‘Chinese solution’ for promoting the recovery of the global economy and the facilitation of cross-border travel, and hoped that the international travel health certificate and vaccination passport can be mutually authenticated. The Israeli government issued a vaccination certificate or ‘green passport’ to vaccinees via a smartphone application and the government website, which must be presented when entering places with a high risk of infection such as restaurants and cultural facilities. The European Union (EU) plans to introduce an EU vaccination certificate by the summer of 2021 that includes vaccination records and nucleic acid test results. The government of the Republic of Korea is exploring the implementation of a COVID19 vaccination passport by issuing vaccination passports to Korean citizens and exempting arriving foreigners with vaccination passports from quarantine. Mutual trust of electronic vaccination certificates is important to promote the implementation of vaccination passports. The World Health Organization (WHO) issued interim guidance for developing a smart vaccination certificate (hereafter referred to as the guidance) in March 2021 (1), and created the concept of digital vaccination certificates (DVCs) or ‘smart vaccination certificates’ (SVCs). The purpose of SVCs is to provide a mechanism for individuals to submit documents proving that they have been vaccinated, and the certificate can be encrypted and verified by the authorities. SVCs are considered superior to paper vaccination certificates that may be defrauded, lost, damaged, or difficult to read due to illegible handwriting. SVCs were designed for COVID-19 vaccines, but the aim is to establish a basic consensus mechanism applicable to other vaccines in the future. Following the guidance, in this work we propose a technical route for the application of blockchain, the underlying technology of Bitcoin, in trusted DVCs.

"十三五"时期,疾控信息化在应用系统建设、标准研制、网络安全、信息共享服务、人才培养、新技术应用等方面取得显著成果,达到了《"十三五"全国人口健康信息化发展规划》中涉及疾控信息化的2个指标要求."十四五"时期,疾控信息化要坚持问题导向,优化信息化发展的内外部保障环境,在信息系统整合、与医疗机构的业务协同和数据共享、建设国家级公共卫生大数据中心和新型IT基础设施、加强网络安全防护体系等方面发力.

目的 基于结核病监测工作现状,开展结核病监测最小数据集的研究.方法 采用德尔菲法确定结核病监测最小数据集的内容.结果 结核病监测最小数据集共有70个数据元,包括个人基本信息、病例报告信息、检验检测信息、流行病学调查信息、治疗用药信息和随访管理信息6部分内容.结论 构建的结核病监测最小数据集科学、合理,为规范结核病监测数据采集提供参考依据.

The epidemic of novel coronavirus disease was first reported in China in late December 2019 and was brought under control after some 2 months in China. However, it has become a global pandemic, and the number of cases and deaths continues to increase outside of China. We describe the emergence of the pandemic, detail the first 100 days of China's response as a phase 1 containment strategy followed by phase 2 containment, and briefly highlight areas of focus for the future. Specific, simple, and pragmatic strategies used in China for risk assessment, prioritization, and deployment of resources are described. Details of implementation, at different risk levels, of the traditional public health interventions are shared. Involvement of society in mounting a whole country response and challenges experienced with logistics and supply chains are described. Finally, the methods China is employing to cautiously restart social life and economic activity are outlined.

通过对新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情暴发流行信息体系显露出的短板与不足展开分析,有针对性的提出主要应对措施,并从法律法规制定修订与完善、建立动态医疗服务监管评价机制、加大医-防融合信息化建设投入,共建、共治、共享公共卫生大数据协同信息平台和公共卫生信息学人才队伍培养等方面,提出建设完善公共卫生应急管理信息体系的工作建议,为全面提升公共卫生风险防范的法律层次和可操作性,提供一定的借鉴.

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS TOPIC?:The exact number of incident cases of emerging infectious diseases on a daily basis is of great importance to the disease control and prevention, but it is not directly available from the current surveillance system in time.WHAT IS ADDED BY THIS REPORT?:In this study, a Bayesian statistical method was proposed to estimate the posterior parameters of the gamma probability distribution of the lag time between the onset date and the reporting time based on the surveillance data. And then the posterior parameters and corresponding cumulative gamma probability distribution were used to predict the actual number of new incident cases and the number of unreported cases per day. The proposed method was used for predicting COVID-19 incident cases from February 5 to February 26, 2020. The final results show that Bayesian probability model predictions based on data reported by February 28, 2020 are very close to those actually reported a month later.WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE?:This research provides a Bayesian statistical approach for early estimation of the actual number of cases of incidence based on surveillance data, which is of great value in the prevention and control practice of epidemics.

目的 从人群健康评价指标及其信息需求出发,研究分析满足人群健康评价要求的疾病预防控制信息化总体规划.方法 综述国内外人群健康评价指标,分析当前我国的人群健康评价信息化需求,归纳形成疾病预防控制信息化总体规划.结果 当前我国的疾病预防控制信息化体系尚未完全满足人群健康评价需求.结论 疾病预防控制信息化建设需要从条块化信息管理向覆盖全民全生命周期的健康信息管理转变.同时,要加强区域全民健康信息平台疾病预防控制信息系统建设与应用.

What is already known about this topic? The annual rates of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS among total population is increasing in China, yet HIV/AIDS in older adults has received little attention. What is added by this report? The overall rates of new diagnosis of HIV/AIDS per 100,000 populations increased 3.26 and 2.18 times among male and female in all ages from 2007 to 2018, respectively. Among adults aged ≥60 years, the rate increased 10.41 times (1.35 to 14.06 per 100,000) from 2007 to 2018. Male adults aged 60–69 and 70–79 years and female aged 50–59 and 60–69 years had the highest increasing rates among all groups. What are the implications for public health practice? This study highlights the need to strengthen HIV/AIDS prevention among older adults. Health education and other effective measurements might be used to prevent HIV/AIDS among this group.

On October 25, 2019, senior Chinese officials conveyed the significance of blockchain to all sectors of society through the 18 th Collective Study of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.Blockchain is the distributed ledger that maintains a growing list of chronological blocks linked by cryptographic techniques.It is a combined innovation of peer-to-peer networks, cryptography, consensus protocols, smart contracts, etc., which offers tamper-resistance and traceability characteristics to solve trust issues (1-2).Since blockchain is a promising technical infrastructure to promote the upgrading of strategic sectors, and industries are actively seeking to understand and apply it.'Blockchain + Public Health' has also been recognized as a vital research direction.To regulate blockchain application, the Cyberspace Administration of China issued the Regulations on the Management of Blockchain Information Services on January 10, 2019 that came into effect on February 15, 2019 (3).Based on the application scenario, blockchain systems can be classified as public, consortium, or private systems.

从管理机构、技术体系、研究方法、标准发布和应用测评等方面,综述我国公共卫生信息标准研究现状,并在此基础上分析得出我国公共卫生信息标准存在管理机制不健全、研究内容滞后和推广应用不到位等问题,亟需建立健全标准体系,促进公共卫生信息系统整合及与外部信息系统的业务协同,加强标准推广应用,以实现信息互联互通和数据共享应用,以期对我国公共卫生信息标准的研究提供工作参考和借鉴.

By the end of 2018, there were about 5.1 billion internet users worldwide who accounted for 67% of the total population (1). Health problems have emerged following widespread use of the internet as a new model of social activity, such as anonymous personal attacks or abuse and information leakages. A more potent threat is the unverified information being provided by the internet or electronic media that can lead to unsubstantiated judgments and improper responses to information regarding an individual’s health status. A real example was the Infodemic that occurred at the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (2). In 2002, Gunther Eysenbach brought up a creative concept named “infodemiology” to investigate the impact of various information, especially that stemming from the web or electronic media, on people’s health (3). The information sources of infodemiology cover almost all forms of electronic media, such as browser search histories, social media, mobile phone apps, and some reprocessed internet data (e.g. Google Trends) (4). Infectious diseases, such as influenza and Zika virus were the most concerned topics in infodemiology. However, chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cancers, and health-related behaviors, such as drug use, suicide, smoking, and diet were also followed and covered (4). Infodemiology is primarily used for monitoring “trends of information” through distribution and change of health-related information rising from web or electronic media in order to provide alarm or prediction. How to identify reasons related with information, further implement interventions, evaluate the effect of interventions, and optimize the scheme have not yet been solved in infodemiology and are still open. Therefore, the theoretical research system of infodemiology needs to be expanded. Because information is an outcome of internet users and each internet user is related with an actual individual in physical space, it is possible to detect the reasons and motivations of people who produce a kind of internet information. Based on different reasons, health interventions can be devised based on users’ characteristics and behaviors, which will be beneficial for those who regard internet and other electronic media as an important resource for health information. These terms and objectives are all covered by epidemiology, but by only focusing on internet users, new informatics methods are needed to analyze data of internet users. To strengthen the usage and analysis of data rising from the internet, it is necessary to study the characteristics, distribution, and impact factors of internet events related with health and diseases (including the behavior, distribution, and influencing factors of internet users, laws associated with epidemics, and trends and redundancy benefits of internet information); explore the correlation between events on the internet and in real life; optimize the prevention and control strategies of internet information; and serve public health and social governance (5). Integration of traditional data and realtime internet data of individuals and subpopulations is the object of further internet studies, and interdisciplinary research methods, such as natural language processing, knowledge graph and machine learning techniques have become the basic methods in this discipline. The most challenging question for further studies is linking an internet event and a physical event. In addition, protecting personal privacy of internet users’ health and behavior information is also a rising concern, and methods such as anonymous processing of heterogeneous data from multiple sources must be further studied. Great impact and reform will be also confronted by traditional ethics in internet era. An example of optimizing use of internet data is the ability to improve HIV/AIDS prevention and control for men who have sex with men (MSM). MSM accounted for 23.0% of new HIV infections in China, and homosexual transmission was the second major HIV transmission route after heterosexual transmission in 2019 (6). The internet socializing platforms, such as some geosocial networking applications (GSN apps), have been blamed for this problem. Recent studies indicated that about 41%–63% of Chinese MSM had China CDC Weekly

The epidemic of novel coronavirus diseases was first reported in China in late December 2019 and has been brought under control after some two months in China. However, it has become a global pandemic and the number of cases and deaths continues to increase outside of China. We describe the emergence of the pandemic, detail the first 100 days of China's response as a Phase 1 Containment followed by Phase 2 Containment strategy, and briefly highlight areas of focus for the future. Specific, simple, and pragmatic strategies used in China for risk assessment, prioritization, and deployment of resources are described. Details of implementation, at different risk levels, of the traditional public health interventions are shared. Involvement of society in mounting a whole country response and challenges experienced with logistics and supply chains are described. Finally, the methods China is employing to cautiously re-start social life and economic activity are outlined.

In the perspective of promoting the strategic goal of healthy China, this study reviewed the informatization process of disease prevention and control in China and clarified the important role of national health information in chronic disease information surveillance throughout the life cycle. Guided by goals, needs, and problems, it is proposed that when basic personal electronic health record (EHR) are not well-established, personal electronic disease record (EDR) could be established to support business collaboration. Driven by the construction of national health informatization, this study proposed the relationship between the national health and chronic disease prevention and control coverage and described the architecture design of an integrated and restructured national disease prevention and control information system and its life-cycle monitoring and information management model for chronic disease health events.