Soil microorganisms and plant residue decomposition are critical drivers of soil nutrient cycling and multifunctionality, yet their regulatory mechanisms in saline–alkali soils are not fully understood. This study selected bare land and forestland (shrub and tree stands) in Daqing, Heilongjiang, to investigate the effects of plant residue input on forest soil properties, microbial communities, keystone taxa, and multifunctionality using high-throughput sequencing and multivariate analysis. Results showed that plant residue cover significantly improved soil nutrients (SOC, TN, TP, TK, AN), enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, and increased soil multifunctionality compared with bare land. Plant residues also increased bacterial α-diversity and shifted community composition, with elevated relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Planctomycetota, Patescibacteria, and key genera (Mycobacterium, Pseudonocardia, Bryobacter, Steroidobacter). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and correlation analysis revealed microbial communities and keystone taxa were closely correlated with soil nutrients and multifunctionality. Overall, plant residues enhance forest soil multifunctionality by improving soil organic matter, optimizing microbial community structure, and stimulating keystone taxa, providing a scientific basis for understanding microbial-driven nutrient cycling and vegetation restoration in degraded saline–alkali soils.

Induced crop resistance using attenuated strains has been employed to prevent yield losses in several cultivated crops. Phytophthora root rot of soybean (PRRS), caused by Phytophthora sojae , is a devastating disease prevalent worldwide. In pursuit of more ecofriendly disease control strategies, this study investigated the characteristics and mechanisms through which the avirulent strain R1 primes systemic resistance. Pretreatment with the avirulent P. sojae strain R1 converted the compatible soybean–R5 interaction into an incompatible one. The optimal interval was 3 days, resistance lasted 20 days and spread 20 cm with a half‐decay distance of 16.5 cm. During 12–72 h after treatment (hat), R1 raised superoxide dismutase (SOD) but reduced catalase (CAT) activity, letting H 2 O 2 accumulate from 12 to 72 hat, and triggering GmPR1 , GmPR2 , GmPR4 and GmPR9 . Additionally, upregulation of GmPAL (12, 24, and 72 hat) increased phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activity from 24 and 72 hat, followed by sequential induction of lignin biosynthetic genes GmC3H (12 hat), GmCOMT and GmF5H (48 hat). Meanwhile, peroxidase (POD) activity increased steadily from 12 to 72 hat. Together, these changes led to visible lignin deposition in hypocotyl phloem fibers by 72 hat. Upon challenge with R5 that pretreated with R1, CAT rose at 1 days postchallenge‐inoculation (dpci) whereas hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) declined from its peaks. GmPR1 , GmPR2 and GmPR4 were repressed, yet GmRP9 and POD activity remained high, and lignin increased accordingly. Avirulent P. sojae R1 rapidly adjusts the antioxidant balance to promote H₂O₂ accumulation; the added H₂O₂ activates defense genes that limit later R5 attack and provides substrate for R1‐induced POD for lignin reinforcement. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

BACKGROUND:Induced crop resistance using attenuated strains has been employed to prevent yield losses in several cultivated crops. Phytophthora root rot of soybean (PRRS), caused by Phytophthora sojae, is a devastating disease prevalent worldwide. In pursuit of more ecofriendly disease control strategies, this study investigated the characteristics and mechanisms through which the avirulent strain R1 primes systemic resistance. RESULTS:Pretreatment with the avirulent P. sojae strain R1 converted the compatible soybean-R5 interaction into an incompatible one. The optimal interval was 3 days, resistance lasted 20 days and spread 20 cm with a half-decay distance of 16.5 cm. During 12-72 h after treatment (hat), R1 raised superoxide dismutase (SOD) but reduced catalase (CAT) activity, letting H2O2 accumulate from 12 to 72 hat, and triggering GmPR1, GmPR2, GmPR4 and GmPR9. Additionally, upregulation of GmPAL (12, 24, and 72 hat) increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity from 24 and 72 hat, followed by sequential induction of lignin biosynthetic genes GmC3H (12 hat), GmCOMT and GmF5H (48 hat). Meanwhile, peroxidase (POD) activity increased steadily from 12 to 72 hat. Together, these changes led to visible lignin deposition in hypocotyl phloem fibers by 72 hat. Upon challenge with R5 that pretreated with R1, CAT rose at 1 days postchallenge-inoculation (dpci) whereas hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) declined from its peaks. GmPR1, GmPR2 and GmPR4 were repressed, yet GmRP9 and POD activity remained high, and lignin increased accordingly. CONCLUSION:Avirulent P. sojae R1 rapidly adjusts the antioxidant balance to promote H₂O₂ accumulation; the added H₂O₂ activates defense genes that limit later R5 attack and provides substrate for R1-induced POD for lignin reinforcement. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Despite the recognized detoxification properties of mung bean, its capacity to accumulate heavy metals may pose potential risks. In this study, magnetic carbon nanotubes were modified with a supramolecular eutectic solvent (SUPRADES) to prepare a SUPRADES/MWCNTs sorbent. This sorbent was applied to develop a new method for the determination of heavy metals such as As, Pb, Cd, and Cr in mung beans by magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with ICP-MS. The sorbent was characterized by FT-IR and TEM techniques, and the optimal experimental parameters were established by evaluating adsorbent dosage, dispersion method, extraction time, elution time, and other factors. Recovery experiments were performed to validate the accuracy and reproducibility of the method. The method achieved high recoveries (95.8 % to 105.4 %) for the detection of As, Pb, Cd, and Cr in mung beans, with a linear range from 1 to 500 ng & sdot;mL- 1. Overall, this method holds significant promise for sensitive and reliable heavy metal monitoring in legumes, and provides valuable insights for developing safety assessment approaches for other food crops.

Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) rust, caused by the fungus Uromyces vignae, is an important disease affecting adzuki bean yield and quality. Previously, several NAC transcription factors (TFs) were induced by rust infection in a resistant adzuki bean variety, suggesting that NAC TF members may play important roles in rust resistance. To further explore the functions of NAC TFs in rust resistance and to provide a reference for resistant varietal breeding, 101 NAC TFs were identified from the adzuki bean genome. The synteny analysis revealed 25 pairs of VaNACs in the genome, which exhibited whole-genome/segmental duplication. Based on the phylogenetic relationships and conserved motif characteristics, the NAC TFs of V. angularis can be divided into 16 subfamilies. Previous transcriptome data showed that nine VaNACs are significantly induced by rust infection. Here, a cis-acting element analysis of these nine genes revealed that most contain hormone responsive elements, such as abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The expression levels of these nine VaNACs were dynamically regulated in response to exogenous MeJA treatment, as revealed by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Among them, seven VaNACs exhibited significantly upregulated expression, peaking at 12 h post treatment (hpt) and remaining significantly higher than that of the untreated control group for 48 hpt. These results suggest that these VaNACs are responsive to MeJA signaling and may play roles in the early and sustained transcriptional regulation of stress-related pathways. The exogenous MeJA decreased rust severity on adzuki bean leaves by 45.68

Iris lactea Pall. has high ornamental value and strong drought resistance, which can be used as a useful sand-stabilization and ornamental plant. In September 2021, typical anthracnose symptoms on I. lactea were found in the campus of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University (125°10'45.31"E, 46°35'36.88"N), Daqing, China. Disease incidence varied from 37 to 51% at four survey sites (~20 m2 per site) of approximately 1,000 plants. Initially brown lesions with a yellow halo, and gray in the center were observed on the leaves. As disease progressed, the lesions expanded rapidly, resulting in dieback. To identify the pathogen, symptomatic tissues were excised from four infected leaves of four individual plants, surface sterilized for 1 min in 75% ethanol, washed twice with sterile water, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) contain 0.5 g/L streptomycin sulfate, and incubated at 25℃ for 3 to 4 days under dark conditions. Four morphologically similar fungal isolates (Irs-1 to -4) were obtained by using a single-spore isolation. After growth on PDA for 17 days at 25℃, a circular like zonation colonies with a color of greyish to gray green were observed. On the reverse side, circular like with zig-zag zonation colonies light brown to light black from the margin to the center. Conidiophores were pale brown, septate. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, curved or slightly curved, round, or somewhat acute apex, base truncate, unicellular, whose sizes ranged at 18.5 ± 2.3 × 4.6 ± 0.7 μm (n = 170), with length/width ratio 4.04. Appressoria were in oval, star, or irregular shape, with brown color with sizes approximately at 13.3 ± 2.1 × 10.4 ± 2.1 μm (n = 30). These morphological characteristics are consistent with Colletotrichum spaethianum with curved conidia (Damm et al. 2009). For molecular identification, primers ITS1/ITS4 (Schoch et al. 2012), GDF1/GDR1 (Guerber et al. 2003), ACT-512F/ACT-783R and CHS-354R/CHS-79F (Carbone and Kohn 1999) were used to amplify the partial region of rDNA-ITS, a 200-bp intron of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a partial sequence of the actin (ACT), and chitin synthase 1 (CHS-1) from fresh mycelia of the four isolates (Irs-1 to -4), respectively. The sequences were submitted to GenBank (ITS: OM004553, OP804624, OR029392, and OR029391; GAPDH: OP883938, OP883939, OR060963, and OR060962; ACT: OP883940, OP883941, OR060965, and OR060964; CHS: OP868844, OP868845, OR046504, and OR046503). Phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS, GAPDH, ACT and CHS gene sequences indicated that isolates obtained in this study were all clustered with C. spaethianum. Pathogenicity test was conducted by inoculating mycelial plugs on the I. lactea seedlings (2 seedlings with 4 to 5 leaves per isolate). Two seedlings inoculated with sterilized PDA plugs were used as control. All inoculated plants were maintained in humid chamber at 25℃ under dark, and typical anthracnose symptoms were observed up to 6 days after inoculation, while the control leaves were asymptomatic. The same pathogen was successfully re-isolated and phenotypically identical to the original isolates to fulfill Koch's postulates. C. spaethianum has been described on Hemerocalis flava (Vieira and Michereff 2014) and Allium fistulosum (Santana et al. 2016) in Brazil, Polygonatum cyrtonema in China (Ma et al. 2020), Iris germanica in Japan (Sato et al. 2012). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. spaethianum causing anthracnose disease on I. lactea in Daqing, China.

本文对黑龙江省八一农垦大学安达科技示范园区芸豆真叶痕处折断症状进行诊断,通过田间植株发生特点结合症状观察,初步诊断真叶节折断为细菌性疫病病菌侵染导致.本研究是首次发现和报道该病害.

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 106, No. 5First Report of Alternaria alternata Causing Leaf Spot on Kidney Bean in China PreviousNext DISEASE NOTE OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Alternaria alternata Causing Leaf Spot on Kidney Bean in ChinaYaZhong Jin, YaNan Xiong, ChangJian Xu, JinLi Ren, YongXia Guo, YuHu Zuo, YouLi Zhang, and XueQing GengYaZhong Jinhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0044-3111College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, ChinaNational Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing Heilongjiang, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, YaNan XiongCollege of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, ChangJian XuCollege of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing Heilongjiang, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, JinLi RenCollege of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, YongXia Guo†Corresponding authors: Y. Gu; E-mail Address: [email protected], Y. Zuo; E-mail Address: [email protected], Y. Zhang; E-mail Address: [email protected], and X. Geng; E-mail Address: [email protected]National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing Heilongjiang, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing Heilongjiang, ChinaHeilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Interaction Biology and Ecological Control, Daqing Heilongjiang, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, YuHu Zuo†Corresponding authors: Y. Gu; E-mail Address: [email protected], Y. Zuo; E-mail Address: [email protected], Y. Zhang; E-mail Address: [email protected], and X. Geng; E-mail Address: [email protected]National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing Heilongjiang, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing Heilongjiang, ChinaHeilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Interaction Biology and Ecological Control, Daqing Heilongjiang, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, YouLi Zhang†Corresponding authors: Y. Gu; E-mail Address: [email protected], Y. Zuo; E-mail Address: [email protected], Y. Zhang; E-mail Address: [email protected], and X. Geng; E-mail Address: [email protected]National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing Heilongjiang, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing Heilongjiang, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, and XueQing Geng†Corresponding authors: Y. Gu; E-mail Address: [email protected], Y. Zuo; E-mail Address: [email protected], Y. Zhang; E-mail Address: [email protected], and X. Geng; E-mail Address: [email protected]School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations YaZhong Jin1 2 YaNan Xiong1 ChangJian Xu3 JinLi Ren1 YongXia Guo2 3 4 † YuHu Zuo2 3 4 † YouLi Zhang2 3 † XueQing Geng5 † 1College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China 2National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing Heilongjiang, China 3College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing Heilongjiang, China 4Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Interaction Biology and Ecological Control, Daqing Heilongjiang, China 5School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Published Online:8 Apr 2022https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-21-2000-PDNAboutSectionsView articlePDFSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat View articleKidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), also known as common bean, dry bean, or French bean, is one of the most valuable and highly nutritious legume crops cultivated and consumed worldwide (Blair et al. 2012; Choudhary et al. 2018). It is an important edible food and one of the most economically important vegetable crops in China. It is widely grown in Heilongjiang Province in China. In July 2020, leaf spot symptoms were found on old and new leaves of kidney bean plants in experimental fields in Zhaozhou County (N45°42′ 20.16″, E125°15′ 58.63″), Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province, China. The field had a disease incidence of approximately 20%. The leaf spot is conducive to onset at high temperatures and humidity, and spreads very quickly after rainy days, so it potentially is a large risk to the development of the kidney bean industry. In its early occurrence phase, infected leaves showed a yellowish halo in which the middle mesophyll lost its green color. Then, the yellow halo turned brown, and the middle leaf tissue of the halo appeared brown; ultimately the whole leaf had many brown spots. To isolate the pathogen, diseased tissue (5 × 5 mm) was excised from the margins of individual lesions from the leaves of diseased plants with typical symptoms, and was disinfected with 75% ethanol for 10 s followed by 2% NaClO for 3 min and then washed five to eight times with sterile water. Then, the samples were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates and incubated. After 5 to 7 days of incubation at 25°C (Wei et al. 2018), the mycelia were dark green with white margins in obverse and dark in reverse. Conidiophores were light brown with 2 to 4 septa and obclavate, 17.5 to 44.0 × 6.5 to 14.5 μm, with a short beak, and with 1 to 5 transverse septa and 0 to 2 longitudinal septa, light brown to olive-brown. Based on morphological features and the sporulation pattern, the pathogen had characteristics similar to those described for Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. (Zhou et al. 2014), being identified as A. alternata. To confirm pathogenicity, the isolates were cultured on PCA for 7 days to prepare conidial suspensions with a final concentration of 1 × 108 spores/ml. Five potted kidney bean plants were sprayed with conidial suspensions, and five control potted plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water, in which these potted kidney bean plants were treated after wiping each leaf surface with 75% ethanol and washing each leaf with sterilized distilled water five times. These plants were incubated in an artificial growth chamber at 26 to 28°C with a 12 h light/dark photoperiod, with 85% relative humidity. After 3 days, yellowish halo lesions appeared on the inoculated plants, and pale lesions with distinct dark brownish red borders on kidney bean leaves were observed after 8 days, but no lesions were observed on the control leaves. Pathogenicity tests were repeated three times. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified and sequenced with primers ITS1/ITS4. BLAST analysis of the sequences showed 100% sequence identity with a pathogenic A. alternata, and the nucleotide sequence of the ITS region was submitted to GenBank under accession MZ951052. In China, there are no detailed records about the causal agent of this disease on kidney bean in a paper in Chinese. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of leaf spot caused by A. alternata on kidney bean in China.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.References:Blair, M. W., et al. 2012. PLoS One 7:0049488. Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarChoudhary, N., et al. 2018. PLoS One 13:0191700. Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarWei, M., et al. 2018. Plant Dis. 102:2034. Google ScholarZhou, Z., et al. 2014. Plant Dis. 98:1588. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-14-0726-PDN Link, ISI, Google ScholarFunding: This work was supported by Research and Development Plan of Applied Technology in Heilongjiang Province (GA19B104), and National Key R&D Program of China (2020YFD1001402).The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 106, No. 5 May 2022SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Download Metrics Article History Issue Date: 28 Apr 2022Published: 8 Apr 2022First Look: 11 Nov 2021Accepted: 4 Nov 2021 Page: 1531 Information© 2022 The American Phytopathological SocietyFundingResearch and Development Plan of Applied Technology in Heilongjiang ProvinceGrant/Award Number: GA19B104National Key R&D Program of ChinaGrant/Award Number: 2020YFD1001402KeywordsAlternaria alternatafungikidney beanThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.PDF download

[目的]筛选出防治帚用高粱炭疽病的高效药剂.[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法和分生孢子萌发抑制法测定了23种杀菌剂对高粱炭疽菌的室内生物活性,并选用5种抑菌效果较好的药剂进行田间试验.[结果]250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯EC、250g/L嘧菌酯SC、50％多菌灵WP室内抑菌效果较好,对菌丝的EC50值分别为0.0029、0.0143、0.0054mg/L;对分生孢子的EC50值分别为0.0039、0.0586、0.1887 mg/L.末次喷施3种药剂10 d后的田间防效分别为91.00％、66.20％、60.26％,分别增产4.80％、5.96％、11.75％.[结论]250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯EC、50％多菌灵WP、250 g/L嘧菌酯SC可应用于田间防治高粱炭疽病.

为探究小豆应答锈菌侵染的生理机制,以不同小豆抗性品种与豇豆单胞锈菌Uromyces vig-nae互作为研究对象,采用紫外分光光度法和实时荧光定量PCR技术分析锈菌侵染后不同抗性品种中防御酶活性及防卫反应基因表达的变化特征.结果表明,接种豇豆单胞锈菌后小豆抗病品种叶片内过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(per-oxidase,POD)和多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性均比感病品种显著提高;接种192 h后,小豆抗病品种中CAT和SOD活性最高,分别为16.93 nmol·g-1s-1和950.89 U/g,较对照提高了496.13％和89.61％,小豆感病品种中CAT和SOD活性分别在接种192 h和120 h后达到峰值,分别为10.54 nmol·g-1s-1和884.51 U/g,较对照增加了 256.08％和55.50％,增加幅度小于抗病品种;接种12 h后,小豆抗病品种和感病品种中POD活性均达到峰值,分别为28.03 nmol·g-1·s-1和 19.93 nmol·g-1·s-1,分别较对照提高了 340.03％和94.82％;接种192 h后,小豆抗病品种和感病品种中PPO活性均达到峰值,分别为103.80 U/g和89.22 U/g,分别较对照提高了 53.23％和40.37％;豇豆单胞锈菌侵染后,小豆抗病品种中几丁质酶(chitinase,CHI)和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(β-1,3-glucanase,GLU)基因相对表达量均高于小豆感病品种,接种48 h后,小豆抗病品种中CHI基因表达量达到峰值,是小豆感病品种的11.18倍;接种120 h后小豆抗病品种中GLU基因达到峰值,是小豆感病品种的1.37倍.表明CAT、SOD、POD、PPO和CHI、GLU基因参与了小豆对锈菌侵染的主动防御反应.

To advance the understanding of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) resistance to infection with the rust-causing fungus Uromyces vignae (Uv), we comprehensively analyzed histological events and the transcriptome of Uv-infected adzuki bean. Compared with the susceptible cv. Baoqinghong (BQH), the resistant cv. QH1 showed inhibition of uredospore germination and substomatal vesicle development, intense autofluorescence of cells around the infection site, and cell wall deposit formation in response to Uv infection. In cv. QH1, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed enrichment of chitin catabolic processes and responses to biotic stimuli at 24 h post-inoculation (hpi) and cell wall modification and structural constituent of cytoskeleton at 48 hpi. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated enrichment of WRKY transcription factors (TFs), the calcium binding protein cml, and hydroquinone glucosyltransferase at both 24 and 48 hpi. In total, 1992 and 557 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 24 and 48 hpi, respectively. Cell surface pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), WRKY TFs, defense-associated pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, and lignin and antimicrobial phenolic compound biosynthesis were significantly induced. Finally, we detected the chitinase (CHI) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity were higher in QH1 and increased much earlier than in BQH. In cv. QH1, cell-surface PRRs rapidly recognize Uv invasion and activate the corresponding TFs to increase the transcription of defense-related genes and corresponding enzymatic activities to prevent fungal development and spread in host tissues.

为明确黑龙江省高粱靶斑病病原菌种类及其生物学特性,采用组织分离法对采集自黑龙江省8个地区的75份高粱病叶进行病原菌分离,利用形态学特征观察及分子生物学技术对选取的代表菌株进行鉴定,并分析其生物学特性.结果表明,共分离得到42株病原菌菌株,按采集地选择的8株代表菌株的菌丝生长速率不同,但形态学特征较一致,分生孢子为棕黄色,呈圆柱形,中部较宽,稍弯曲,大小为29～96μm×9～15 μm,具3～9个隔膜,脐点明显,基部平脐;8株代表菌株的ITS序列与高梁生双极蠕孢菌Bipolaris sorghicola(GenBank登录号为AF071332.1)的同源性为99％～100％;结合形态学特征和ITS序列分析确定黑龙江省高粱靶斑病病原菌为高梁生双极蠕孢菌B.sorghicola.8株代表菌株在燕麦片琼脂培养基上生长最好,但不同菌株的菌丝生长速率存在差异;在10～35℃范围内均能生长,但不同菌株的最适生长温度不同;光照对菌丝生长有促进作用;最适生长的pH为8;不同菌株对碳、氮源的利用差异较大,表明高粱生双极蠕孢菌菌株间存在生物学特性差异.

Pod and seed weight per plant (PSW) is one of the most important components of soybean yield. We analysed 147 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of soybean. Using a combination of simple sequence repeat (SSR) and specific-length amplified fragment (SLAF) high-density maps, we applied composite interval mapping (CIM) and multiple interval mapping (MIM) to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for PSW across multiple years (2006–10 and 2013). We mapped 24 QTLs for PSW, with 10 QTLs identified by SSR genetic map and 14 by SLAF genetic map. Five consensus QTLs were integrated, and they were validated by a chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) population. Furthermore, the functions of all genes located in consensus QTL intervals were predicted; nine candidate genes function directly or indirectly in regulating seed development as well as seed size and weight. Our results lay a foundation for the cloning of candidate genes related to PSW and marker-assisted breeding in soybean.

The objective of the study was to identify suitable reference genes that can be used for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis in mung bean (Vigna radiata). Therefore, 10 potential reference genes were selected and the results showed that ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme was suitable as reference under drought and pathogen infection stress; elongation factor 1-á was the most stable gene under waterlogging; and actin performed the best under saline stress. These selected reference genes were further confirmed by analysis of the expression profiles of catalase and peroxidase under waterlogging. Our results will contribute to the improvement of the accuracy of gene expression evaluation in mung bean.

[背景]黑龙江省高粱炭疽病是目前主要的高粱病害之一,严重影响高粱的产量与品质.[目的]明确黑龙江省高粱炭疽病的病原种类.[方法]采用组织分离法与单孢纯化法获得高粱炭疽病病原纯培养物.通过柯赫氏法则证病后,利用培养物菌落形态、产孢结构、分生孢子形态及大小等形态学特征,同时结合rDNA ITS序列特征对病原物进行鉴定.[结果]柯赫氏法则验证结果表明,分离自不同地区的3个分离株D13、H4和Z24是高粱炭疽病的致病真菌.形态学观察表明,3株菌在PDA培养基上在28℃形成的菌落生长速度为7.3-12.3 mm/d,菌丝白色、灰白色至灰色,菌落浅黄色至橘黄色;刚毛直立,基部膨大,褐色或深褐色,有3-5隔;分生孢子梗直接从菌丝体上产生,无色无隔,短,直立或稍弯,不分枝;分生孢子单胞,镰状,向两端渐尖,表面光滑,无色,有的具油球;附着胞从菌丝顶端或菌丝体产生,顶端膨大,褐色或深褐色,近球形、卵球形、椭圆形或纺锤形,边缘光滑、裂片、多裂片或深裂片.分离株D13、H4和Z24获得的rDNA ITS序列登录号分别为MW040055、MW040057和MW040056.基于rDNA ITS序列构建的系统发育树发现,分离株D13、H4和Z24均与高粱炭疽菌(Colletotrichum sublineola)相聚一群.[结论]黑龙江省引起高粱炭疽病的病原真菌为高粱炭疽菌.

为了解黑龙江省水稻穗褐变病主要病原菌侵染时期及致病性情况,分别于水稻破口期、扬花期、乳熟初期采用禾谷镰孢usarium graminearum、链格孢Alternaria alternata、稻黑孢Nigrospora oryzae、黑附球霉Epicoccum nigrum对水稻穗进行注射和喷雾接种.结果 表明,4种病原菌在水稻破口后即可侵染稻穗使谷粒颖壳变褐.注射接种稻稳谷粒褐变重于喷雾接种.4种病原菌的致病力存在明显差异,禾谷镰孢致病力最强,链格孢的致病力弱于禾谷镰孢.

In recent years, improved crystal growth techniques have allowed several leading groups to reduce the high background electron concentration, persistent in the GaN grown in the seventies. These reduced electron concentrations are accompanied by enhanced carrier mobilities. Amano et al. [9] demonstrated a reduction of room-temperature optical emission thresholds in AlGaN/GaN double heterostructure to about one-twelfth of that measured in simple GaN homojunctions. This research led to the construction of first carrier injection laser working under pulsed excitation. Details of the structure of GaN films grown by electron cyclotron resonance-molecular beam epitaxy have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, using the Eulerian four-circle diffraction geometry by Lei and coworkers who made the very important observation that wurtzite and zinc blende polymorphs coexist in films. Control of electrical and optical properties of a given material plays a key role in any device application. Important factors include structural quality of the grown material, doping level, the presence of intrinsic point and extended defects.

N-acetyltransferases are part of the general control non-repressible 5 (GCN5)-related N-acetyltransferases superfamily (GNATs), which play important roles in plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, VaNATA1, the N-acetyltransferase gene from Vigna angularis, was separately obtained from genomic DNA (gDNA) and complementary DNA (cDNA) samples using PCR. The two sequences amplified from gDNA and cDNA were exactly the same and were composed of 552 nucleotides, indicating that there is no intron insert in VaNATA1. Conserved domain prediction and phylogenic analysis revealed that VaNATA1 belongs to the spermine/spermidine N-acetyltransferases (SSAT) family of GNATs. Expression of VaNATA1 was analyzed in varieties with different susceptibility to the rust fungus Uromyces vignae. VaNATA1 was rapidly induced in the rustresistant cultivar at 12 h post inoculation (hpi), and then was maintained at a high level throughout the whole infection process. In the susceptible cultivar, there were no obvious changes in expression of VaNATA1 in response to U. vignae infection. The expression of VaNATA1 was further analyzed in the susceptible cultivar inoculated with U. vignae after pretreatment with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-coumaric acid (ACC), and the results showed that ACC significantly induced resistance in adzuki bean and increased the expression of VaNATA1 at 12, 48, and 120 hpi. These results suggested that VaNATA1 is a positive regulator of the defense system in V. angularis during response to U. vignae infection.

T. koningii, T. harzianum, T. asperellum, T. longibrachiatum, and T. viride were analyzed using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry to determine whether melatonin is present. Results showed that there were abundant amounts of endogenous melatonin in five Trichoderma species, but no melatonin was found in any of the culture filtrates. T. asperellum had the highest amount of melatonin (27.588 ± 0.326 μg g−1 dry mass), followed by T. koningii, T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, and T. viride. The endogenous melatonin content of T. asperellum in controlled‐stress growth conditions was also detected. The data showed that chemical stressors (CdCl2, CuSO4, and H2O2) provoked an increase in endogenous melatonin levels. CdCl2 had the highest stimulatory effect on melatonin production, as the product reached reaching up to three times the melatonin content of the control. NaCl stimulated a decrease of melatonin. Acidic conditions (pH 3 and pH 5) as well as slightly alkaline conditions (pH 9) resulted in an increase in the melatonin content, whereas pH11 resulted in a significant decrease in the melatonin content, only 12.276 ± 0.205 μg g−1 dry mass. The current study is first to report melatonin content and the change of melatonin content under different stress situations in Trichoderma spp.

Deep sequencing of small RNAs is a useful tool to identify novel small RNAs that may be involved in fungal growth and pathogenesis. In this study, we used HiSeq deep sequencing to identify 747,487 unique small RNAs from Curvularia lunata. Among these small RNAs were 1012 microRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs), which are similar to other known microRNAs, and 48 potential novel milRNAs without homologs in other organisms have been identified using the miRBase© database. We used quantitative PCR to analyze the expression of four of these milRNAs from C. lunata at different developmental stages. The analysis revealed several changes associated with germinating conidia and mycelial growth, suggesting that these milRNAs may play a role in pathogen infection and mycelial growth. A total of 8334 target mRNAs for the 1012 milRNAs that were identified, and 256 target mRNAs for the 48 novel milRNAs were predicted by computational analysis. These target mRNAs of milRNAs were also performed by gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of C. lunata's milRNA profiles. This information will provide a better understanding of pathogen development and infection mechanism.